Coffee is the second most consumed beverage worldwide after water. The document discusses several mechanisms by which coffee may provide cardiovascular benefits, including through the enzyme CYP1A2 which metabolizes caffeine, and caffeine's effects in blocking adenosine receptors. Some studies show a U-shaped relationship between coffee intake and cardiovascular risks, with 3-6 cups per day appearing safest. Coffee may lower blood pressure and have antihypertensive, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic effects.

1. Coffee & Heart
THE 2ND MOST BEVERAGE OF WORLD

2. Water 1st ,2nd is coffee

3. The most important ingredients

4. Coffee and Cigarette
1. The enzyme CYP1A2 is encoded in the CYP1A2 gene and is responsible for 13% of
chromosome’s P450 metabolism of caffeine in the liver
2. Postulated that high CYP1A2 activity is associated with rapid caffeine metabolism, which
decreases the CVD and BP effects of coffee
3. Cigarette smoking is also an important inducer of enzyme CYP1A2 activity
4. Quitting smoking leads to rapid decreases in CYP1A2 activity, which could potentiate the
protective effects of coffee. This could, perhaps, explain the lower incidence of CVD and
strokes in non-smokers compared with smokers in the Nurse’s Health Study of 83,076
women after 24 years of follow-up

5. Mechanism for the Beneficial Effects
1. The most important are caffeine, diterpene alcohols, and chlorogenic acids
2. Tmax is 30 to 45 minutes
3. In liver, the enzyme CYP1A2 metabolises into 3 components paraxanthine, theobromine, and
theophylline, with paraxanthine being the most active metabolite
4. Caffeine blocks A1 and A2a receptors of adenosine
1. A1 receptor :Vasoconstriction of the afferent renal arterioles leading to decrease in glomerular
filtration rate and renal blood flow and an increase in renal sodium reabsorption
2. A2a receptors :Vasodilation in most vascular beds including the efferent renal arteriole

6. Mechanism for the Beneficial Effects
Blockade by caffeine of the A1 receptors localized in the afferent
arteriole, glomerulus,proximal tubule, and collecting ducts improves
glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow and causes diuresis
and natriuresis and lowers the BP. These actions of adenosine
inhibitors have been shown to improve the condition of patients
with HF by improving renal function and enhancing the action of
diuretics.

7. Mechanism for the Beneficial Effects
Besides receptors A1 and A2a, 2 more adenosine receptors, A2b and
A3, with vasodilatory properties have been identified, but their
significance is not clearly known. Other mechanisms by which coffee
could lower the BP are through the caffeine metabolites , among
which are the chlorogenic acids contained in the coffee. Chlorogenic
acids are potent antioxidants and improve endothelial and vascular
function through increased availability of nitric oxide

8. Mechanism for the Beneficial Effects
Net effect is vasodilatation and protective

9. Coffee & cardiovascular diseases

10. U shape
Some studies have indicated a U shape
association for the incidence of hypertension
and CVDs between low coffee drinkers (0 to 1
cup/day) and high coffee drinkers (10 cups/day)

11. Safest dose
It appears that is 3 to 6
cups/day, which
represents the greatest
majority of coffee
drinkers
1. Rebello SA, van Dam RM. Coffee consumption and
cardiovascular health: getting to the heart of the matter. Curr
CardiolRep 2013;15:403.
2. O’KeefeJH, BhattiSK, Patil HR,DiNicolantonioJJ, Lucan SC,
Lavie CJ. Effectsof habitual coffee consumption and
cardiometabolicdisease, cardiovascular health, and all-cause
mortality.J Am CollCardiol 213;62:104.
3. Liu J, Sui X, Lavie CJ, Hebert JR, Earnest CP, Zhang J, Blair
SN.Association of coffee consumption with all-cause and
cardiovascular disease mortality.Mayo ClinProc
2013;88:1066e1074.

12. Health benefits
1.Cardiovascular protective effects
2. Antihypertensive effects
3. Antidiabetic
4.Antioxidant actions

13. Coffee induced dyslipidaemia is reduced
Drinking filtered instead of
boiled coffee that contains
the diterpenes, cafestol, and
kahweol, which increase the
serum cholesterol
Rebello SA, van Dam RM. Coffee consumption
and cardiovascular health: getting to the heart
of the matter. Curr Cardiol Rep 2013;15:403.

14. CONCLUSION
Safe to drink 3 to 4 cups/day to have
favorable health effects IN
1.Normal subjects
2.Pre-existing CVDs and hypertension