There is an increase in overall health awareness in Saudi Arabia due to a rising rate of diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases in addition to obesity. Thus, Saudi Ministry of Health initiates many programs to improve their eating and drinking habitats. Black and green tea were used as healthy drinks to alternative highcalorie, sugary drinks. The effect of black and green tea consumption on serum lipid and glucose levels in untreated and galactosamine treated male Wistar rats was detected. In this study, male Wistar rats (90) were divided to 3 groups, the first one, 30 rats that drank water, the second group, 30 rats drank 2% green tea and the third group is 30 rats that drank 2% black tea for 4 weeks. Each rat group was separated into two subgroups, the first intraperitoneally injected with D-Galactosamine (GalN) and the second group was injected with saline solution. Analysis of blood indicated that serum triglyceride levels (one of the hepatotoxic parameters) showed a marked reduction in response to GalN administration by 29.21%, 36.70% and 26.94% in control, green tea and black tea groups, respectively, as compared to those untreated animals. Moreover, in the comparison between the groups of treated animals, rats drinking green tea recorded the lowest serum triglyceride level as compared to rats consuming either water or black tea. Black tea consuming groups recorded 56.73% reduction in serum total lipids as compared to the control group. Regarding serum glucose level, treated rats drinking tea (green or black) showed a significant reduction as compared to treated rats drinking water. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly elevated in response to GalN injection in rats drinking black tea by 45.22% as compared to untreated ones, while a small and not significant increase was recorded in green tea group.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of green tea on weight loss and cardiovascular health. It finds that green tea catechins have cardiovascular benefits through their antioxidant properties. Results indicate a dose-dependent relationship between green tea and lowering total and free cholesterol, as well as fat mass. The study also found that green tea upregulates LDL receptors in a dose-dependent manner related to the catechin EGCG. However, more research is still needed to definitively conclude the clinical benefits of green tea due to inconsistent past results.
The effects of dietary fats on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) have traditionally
been estimated from their effects on LDL cholesterol. Fats, however, also affect HDL
cholesterol, and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol is a more specific marker of CAD than is
LDL cholesterol. Hypolipidemic drugs and fruits can play a part to reduce LDL particles
decreasing chances of CAD development. This study was conducted to compare
hypolipidemic effects of Niacin and Jujube fruit in primary as well as secondary
hyperlipidemic patients. Study was conducted from November 2018 to February 2019 at
Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Sixty participants were enrolled of both gender male and female
patients age range from 20 to 70 years. Consent was taken from all patients. They were
divided in two groups. Group-I was advised to take 2 grams Niacin in divided doses for the
period of two months. Group-II was advised to take 500 grams of fruit Jujube daily for the
period of two months. Their baseline LDL and HDL cholesterol was determined by
conventional method of measuring Lipid Profile. After two months therapy, their post
treatment lipid profile was measured and mean values with ± SEM were analyzed
biostatistically. Group-I which was on Niacin their LDL cholesterol decreased significantly and
HDL cholesterol was increased significantly. In group-II patients LDL cholesterol was
decreased significantly but HDL increase was not significant with p-value of >0.05. It was
concluded from the research work that Niacin is potent in lowering LDL and increasing HDL
cholesterol, while Jujube has significant effect as LDL cholesterol lowering potential, but it
does not increase HDL cholesterol significantly.
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
This document summarizes a research study that compared the individual and combined effects of ispaghula (psyllium husk) and anjeer (dried figs) on lowering blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. The study involved 100 patients divided into 4 groups: group 1 took ispaghula, group 2 took anjeer, group 3 took a combination of ispaghula and anjeer, and group 4 took a placebo. After 3 months, the results showed that ispaghula and anjeer individually significantly lowered LDL cholesterol, while the combination significantly lowered systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and increased HDL cholesterol. The study concluded that ispaghula and an
The document discusses the effects of green tea on weight loss and cardiovascular health. It finds that green tea catechins have cardiovascular benefits by inhibiting LDL oxidation and cellular oxidation. Studies show a dose-dependent relationship between green tea and lowering total and free cholesterol, resulting in reduced fat mass. Green tea was also found to up-regulate LDL receptors in a dose-dependent manner relative to the catechin EGCG. More research is still needed to fully understand the clinical benefits of green tea for humans.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disordersIOSR Journals
1) The study evaluated lipids and oxidative stress in 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, including 53 hypothyroid and 27 hyperthyroid patients, compared to 40 healthy controls.
2) In hypothyroid patients, T3, T4 levels were significantly decreased while TSH was elevated. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased compared to controls.
3) MDA levels were higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients compared to controls, indicating oxidative damage in thyroid disorders.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of green tea on weight loss and cardiovascular health. It finds that green tea catechins have cardiovascular benefits through their antioxidant properties. Results indicate a dose-dependent relationship between green tea and lowering total and free cholesterol, as well as fat mass. The study also found that green tea upregulates LDL receptors in a dose-dependent manner related to the catechin EGCG. However, more research is still needed to definitively conclude the clinical benefits of green tea due to inconsistent past results.
The effects of dietary fats on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) have traditionally
been estimated from their effects on LDL cholesterol. Fats, however, also affect HDL
cholesterol, and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol is a more specific marker of CAD than is
LDL cholesterol. Hypolipidemic drugs and fruits can play a part to reduce LDL particles
decreasing chances of CAD development. This study was conducted to compare
hypolipidemic effects of Niacin and Jujube fruit in primary as well as secondary
hyperlipidemic patients. Study was conducted from November 2018 to February 2019 at
Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Sixty participants were enrolled of both gender male and female
patients age range from 20 to 70 years. Consent was taken from all patients. They were
divided in two groups. Group-I was advised to take 2 grams Niacin in divided doses for the
period of two months. Group-II was advised to take 500 grams of fruit Jujube daily for the
period of two months. Their baseline LDL and HDL cholesterol was determined by
conventional method of measuring Lipid Profile. After two months therapy, their post
treatment lipid profile was measured and mean values with ± SEM were analyzed
biostatistically. Group-I which was on Niacin their LDL cholesterol decreased significantly and
HDL cholesterol was increased significantly. In group-II patients LDL cholesterol was
decreased significantly but HDL increase was not significant with p-value of >0.05. It was
concluded from the research work that Niacin is potent in lowering LDL and increasing HDL
cholesterol, while Jujube has significant effect as LDL cholesterol lowering potential, but it
does not increase HDL cholesterol significantly.
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
This document summarizes a research study that compared the individual and combined effects of ispaghula (psyllium husk) and anjeer (dried figs) on lowering blood lipid levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. The study involved 100 patients divided into 4 groups: group 1 took ispaghula, group 2 took anjeer, group 3 took a combination of ispaghula and anjeer, and group 4 took a placebo. After 3 months, the results showed that ispaghula and anjeer individually significantly lowered LDL cholesterol, while the combination significantly lowered systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and increased HDL cholesterol. The study concluded that ispaghula and an
The document discusses the effects of green tea on weight loss and cardiovascular health. It finds that green tea catechins have cardiovascular benefits by inhibiting LDL oxidation and cellular oxidation. Studies show a dose-dependent relationship between green tea and lowering total and free cholesterol, resulting in reduced fat mass. Green tea was also found to up-regulate LDL receptors in a dose-dependent manner relative to the catechin EGCG. More research is still needed to fully understand the clinical benefits of green tea for humans.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This study evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an herbal formulation called "Herbamed" in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Herbamed contains extracts of 4 plants - Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale, and Allium sativum. Rats were made diabetic using alloxan injections. Treatment with Herbamed at 2 doses for 7 days significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved lipid profiles in diabetic rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects were comparable to the anti-diabetic drug metformin. The study suggests Herbamed has anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic properties, supporting its
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disordersIOSR Journals
1) The study evaluated lipids and oxidative stress in 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, including 53 hypothyroid and 27 hyperthyroid patients, compared to 40 healthy controls.
2) In hypothyroid patients, T3, T4 levels were significantly decreased while TSH was elevated. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased compared to controls.
3) MDA levels were higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients compared to controls, indicating oxidative damage in thyroid disorders.
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
This document describes a study that developed a herbal cocktail to prevent stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The study investigated the effects of a high fat diet on rats and the impact of treating the rats with extracts from four herbs: Artemisia Judaica, Panax ginseng, Salvia officinalis, and Polygonum multiflorum, both individually and combined in a cocktail. The herbal cocktail significantly lowered lipid levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators in the blood and liver compared to a high fat diet alone. The results suggest that the herbal cocktail has anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and may help prevent obesity-related health problems like stroke.
This research article studied the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Piper longum root aqueous extract (PlrAqe) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In short term studies, PlrAqe at 200 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats over 6 hours. In long term studies over 30 days, PlrAqe treatment normalized fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles and protected liver and kidney functions in diabetic rats. The results suggest that PlrAqe is effective in managing hyperglycemia and diabetes complications, and may be a potential source for new oral anti-diabetic agents.
Effects of Different Proportions of Salvianolic Acid and Hydroxysafflor Yello...Premier Publishers
In this experiment, SD rats were injected intravenously with different proportions of test samples to observe the protective effect of intravenous injection of pituitrin (PIT) that induced myocardial ischemia in rats, and to determine the lipid peroxidation product of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat brain and the content and activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Creatine Kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH). The role of the anti–myocardial ischemia model in the test and its optimal ratio were studied. Each group of test samples was injected through the tail vein and the Ⅱ lead ECG was traced. After injection for 30 min, the rats were sublingually injected with 2U/kg pituitrin, and Ⅱ lead ECG was recorded for 5 min. After 3 hours’ observation, the rats were sacrificed from the cervical spine, and the hearts were removed and placed in a refrigerator at –20 °C to measure various biochemical indicators. Intravenous injection of each group of tested products has the effect of reducing the content of MDA, LDH, and CK in myocardial tissue, which can enhance the activity of SOD in myocardial tissue, and has statistical significance compared with the model group (P≤0.05 or P≤0.01). Through comprehensive comparison, the A:B=1:10 dose group was found to have the best results.
ABSTRACT- This study was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of Oxidant (MDA) & antioxidant (SOD & Vitamin E) and compare oxidative stress (MDA) level among normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Oxidative stress has been relationship with mechanisms of EH (essential hypertension). A total number of 70 subjects were taken including both sex (Men and Women) between the ages of 35-70 years taken in this study. Exclusion criteria were chronic diseases, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum. In 70 subjects out of 35 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 35 hypertensive patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (4.39±0.98 µmol/l vs 1.51±0.70µmol/l and p < 0.0001). SOD acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (0.44±0.06U/mg protein/min vs 0.96±0.04 U/mg protein/min and p <0.0001).>< 0.001). These findings demonstrate the strong association of SOD and Vitamin E level decrease in hypertensive patients and by MDA level increase in hypertensive patients. Oxidative stress in hypertensive patients increasing over time may play a role in the improvement of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Hypertensive, Normotensive individuals, MDA, SOD, Vitamin E
The Use of Garlic Against Coronary Heart DiseaseMichael Kamnikar
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Four clinical trials examined the effects of garlic in treating and preventing coronary heart disease. The trials found that garlic reduced platelet aggregation, lowered LDL and raised HDL cholesterol, reduced inflammatory biomarkers associated with coronary artery disease, and decreased the risk of future cardiovascular events. Specifically, garlic intake was shown to inhibit blood clotting, lower levels of lipids that cause plaque buildup, and reduce progression of calcium deposits in coronary arteries.
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEMECYLON TERMINALE DALZ EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN INDUCE...Jing Zang
Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
Potential role of uric acid in correlation with epidemics of hypertension and...Apollo Hospitals
This document summarizes a study examining the potential role of uric acid in correlation with hypertension and albumin creatinine ratio in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The study included 180 subjects divided into three groups: healthy controls, those with type 2 diabetes but without nephropathy, and those with both type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Results showed higher levels of factors like blood sugar, HbA1c, creatinine and albumin creatinine ratio in the nephropathy group compared to the other groups. While uric acid correlated positively with blood pressure and albumin creatinine ratio in the diabetes groups, no significant difference was found. Larger future studies are needed to better evaluate
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Extraction Efficiencies of Green Tea Bioactive Metabolites and their Anti-Dia...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document summarizes extraction methods for bioactive compounds from green tea and reviews the anti-diabetic effects of green tea extracts. It finds that extraction factors like temperature, time, solvent and solvent-solid ratio influence extraction yields. Various extraction techniques are compared. Studies show green tea extracts lower blood glucose and insulin resistance in mice and rats, likely due to compounds like catechins. Future research on improved extraction techniques could maximize green tea's anti-diabetic activity.
ASTASHINE CAPSULES: AN EXCELLENT CHOICE FOR A CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH ABSTRACTPUGOS Products Pvt Ltd
- Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can help prevent cardiovascular disease.
- Studies show astaxanthin from microalgae improves blood lipid and insulin resistance levels, reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, prevents fatty liver disease, and lowers blood pressure.
- The article reviews research demonstrating that astaxanthin supplementation has beneficial effects on metabolic health and reduces risks for conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.
This document reviews the relevance of triglycerides to cardiovascular disease risk. It discusses how triglycerides are associated with future risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It also summarizes recent findings on using medications like fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids to lower triglyceride levels and potentially reduce cardiovascular events beyond statin therapy alone. However, recent clinical trials adding these other drugs to statins have not conclusively shown reductions in cardiovascular outcomes. Further research is still needed regarding lipid-lowering therapies for patients whose LDL-cholesterol is controlled by statins but who still have elevated triglyceride levels.
Effect of wet cupping on serum lipids profile levels of hyperlipidemic patientsYounis I Munshi
The document discusses a study that evaluated the effects of wet cupping therapy on serum lipid profiles and metal ion levels in 31 hyperlipidemic male patients. The study found that wet cupping therapy significantly decreased total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and LDL/HDL ratio in patients after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment compared to baseline levels. However, wet cupping did not significantly impact HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Zinc levels and copper/zinc ratio were also significantly altered after cupping. The study concluded that wet cupping therapy may help lower risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hyperlipidemic patients.
ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
This study examined the relationship between serum uric acid levels and stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus. The study compared 100 patients with both stroke and diabetes, 50 patients with stroke but no diabetes, and 50 patients with diabetes but no stroke. It found that serum uric acid levels were highest in patients with both stroke and diabetes, lower in patients with stroke only, and lowest in patients with diabetes only. Serum uric acid levels were also correlated with fasting blood glucose, post-meal blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and diabetes duration. The study concludes that high serum uric acid may be a marker for increased risk of stroke in patients with diabetes.
This document discusses treatment options after metformin for type 2 diabetes, comparing sulfonylureas and gliptins. It provides the following key points:
1. Sulfonylureas are more effective at reducing HbA1c levels and achieving glycemic control targets compared to gliptins. They lower HbA1c by 1-2% on average versus 0.5-1% for gliptins.
2. Studies show sulfonylureas may better preserve beta-cell function in the long-term compared to metformin or gliptins. They have been shown to enhance insulin secretion from beta and alpha cells.
3. While older studies linked sulfonylureas
This document discusses dyslipidemia and its relationship to stroke risk. It defines dyslipidemia as abnormal lipid levels that can contribute to atherosclerosis. While dyslipidemia is a risk factor for ischemic stroke, the relationship is complex as lipid levels also influence risks of hemorrhagic stroke. Studies show LDL cholesterol in particular is strongly associated with increased ischemic stroke risk, while low cholesterol may raise risks of hemorrhage. Triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) levels also influence stroke risk. Screening lipid profiles after stroke is recommended to guide treatment and reduce future risks.
This study examined the effects of psyllium husk on HDL-cholesterol levels. Forty hyperlipidemic patients were divided into two groups - one group took 3 grams of psyllium husk daily for 3 months, while the other group took a placebo. The results showed that psyllium husk significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels on average from 34.61 mg/dl to 36.77 mg/dl. In contrast, the placebo group showed a non-significant average increase from 35.50 mg/dl to 35.75 mg/dl. Therefore, this placebo-controlled study suggests that psyllium husk can effectively increase HDL-cholesterol levels and potentially reduce heart disease risk.
This study evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels in 43 individuals with normal or hyperglycemic blood sugar levels. For those with normal blood sugar levels, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemic levels, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may be beneficial for managing hyperglycemia.
A study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems in breast cancer patients. The study measured levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant potential (AOP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate in 40 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy controls. The results found increased MDA, SOD, and nitrite levels and decreased GSH and AOP levels in breast cancer patients compared to controls, indicating higher oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in patients. This suggests an imbalance between free radical generation and antioxidant defense that may contribute to breast cancer development.
This study compared the effects of three antimalarial drug regimens - Artemeter-Lumefantrine, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine, and Halofantrine - on G6PD activity, hemoglobin concentration, and parasite clearance rate in 40 adult humans with malaria in Nigeria. The subjects were divided into four groups receiving each of the three drug regimens or no drug (control group). Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to analyze the biological parameters. The results showed that Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine significantly lowered hemoglobin levels and increased G6PD activity compared to the other regimens, while Halofantrine achieved the highest parasite clearance rate of 76%.
Effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterolAlexander Decker
This academic article examines the effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterol levels. It discusses how green tea contains antioxidants like catechins that are involved in lowering serum cholesterol. The study involved administering green tea to mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The results showed that mice given green tea had lower serum cholesterol levels than the control group, though the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the study suggests that green tea catechins may have a modest hypocholesterolemic or cholesterol-lowering effect.
This document summarizes the key properties and health effects of green tea. It discusses how green tea contains polyphenols such as EGCG that act as antioxidants and may provide cardiovascular benefits. It also notes that green tea contains small amounts of caffeine and other stimulants. The document reviews several studies that have investigated the bioavailability of green tea catechins and their potential roles in cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular health.
This document describes a study that developed a herbal cocktail to prevent stroke and cerebrovascular diseases. The study investigated the effects of a high fat diet on rats and the impact of treating the rats with extracts from four herbs: Artemisia Judaica, Panax ginseng, Salvia officinalis, and Polygonum multiflorum, both individually and combined in a cocktail. The herbal cocktail significantly lowered lipid levels, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory mediators in the blood and liver compared to a high fat diet alone. The results suggest that the herbal cocktail has anti-hyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects and may help prevent obesity-related health problems like stroke.
This research article studied the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Piper longum root aqueous extract (PlrAqe) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In short term studies, PlrAqe at 200 mg/kg body weight significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats over 6 hours. In long term studies over 30 days, PlrAqe treatment normalized fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles and protected liver and kidney functions in diabetic rats. The results suggest that PlrAqe is effective in managing hyperglycemia and diabetes complications, and may be a potential source for new oral anti-diabetic agents.
Effects of Different Proportions of Salvianolic Acid and Hydroxysafflor Yello...Premier Publishers
In this experiment, SD rats were injected intravenously with different proportions of test samples to observe the protective effect of intravenous injection of pituitrin (PIT) that induced myocardial ischemia in rats, and to determine the lipid peroxidation product of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat brain and the content and activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Creatine Kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH). The role of the anti–myocardial ischemia model in the test and its optimal ratio were studied. Each group of test samples was injected through the tail vein and the Ⅱ lead ECG was traced. After injection for 30 min, the rats were sublingually injected with 2U/kg pituitrin, and Ⅱ lead ECG was recorded for 5 min. After 3 hours’ observation, the rats were sacrificed from the cervical spine, and the hearts were removed and placed in a refrigerator at –20 °C to measure various biochemical indicators. Intravenous injection of each group of tested products has the effect of reducing the content of MDA, LDH, and CK in myocardial tissue, which can enhance the activity of SOD in myocardial tissue, and has statistical significance compared with the model group (P≤0.05 or P≤0.01). Through comprehensive comparison, the A:B=1:10 dose group was found to have the best results.
ABSTRACT- This study was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of Oxidant (MDA) & antioxidant (SOD & Vitamin E) and compare oxidative stress (MDA) level among normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Oxidative stress has been relationship with mechanisms of EH (essential hypertension). A total number of 70 subjects were taken including both sex (Men and Women) between the ages of 35-70 years taken in this study. Exclusion criteria were chronic diseases, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum. In 70 subjects out of 35 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 35 hypertensive patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (4.39±0.98 µmol/l vs 1.51±0.70µmol/l and p < 0.0001). SOD acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (0.44±0.06U/mg protein/min vs 0.96±0.04 U/mg protein/min and p <0.0001).>< 0.001). These findings demonstrate the strong association of SOD and Vitamin E level decrease in hypertensive patients and by MDA level increase in hypertensive patients. Oxidative stress in hypertensive patients increasing over time may play a role in the improvement of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Hypertensive, Normotensive individuals, MDA, SOD, Vitamin E
The Use of Garlic Against Coronary Heart DiseaseMichael Kamnikar
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Four clinical trials examined the effects of garlic in treating and preventing coronary heart disease. The trials found that garlic reduced platelet aggregation, lowered LDL and raised HDL cholesterol, reduced inflammatory biomarkers associated with coronary artery disease, and decreased the risk of future cardiovascular events. Specifically, garlic intake was shown to inhibit blood clotting, lower levels of lipids that cause plaque buildup, and reduce progression of calcium deposits in coronary arteries.
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEMECYLON TERMINALE DALZ EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN INDUCE...Jing Zang
Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
Potential role of uric acid in correlation with epidemics of hypertension and...Apollo Hospitals
This document summarizes a study examining the potential role of uric acid in correlation with hypertension and albumin creatinine ratio in patients with diabetic nephropathy. The study included 180 subjects divided into three groups: healthy controls, those with type 2 diabetes but without nephropathy, and those with both type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. Results showed higher levels of factors like blood sugar, HbA1c, creatinine and albumin creatinine ratio in the nephropathy group compared to the other groups. While uric acid correlated positively with blood pressure and albumin creatinine ratio in the diabetes groups, no significant difference was found. Larger future studies are needed to better evaluate
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Extraction Efficiencies of Green Tea Bioactive Metabolites and their Anti-Dia...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
This document summarizes extraction methods for bioactive compounds from green tea and reviews the anti-diabetic effects of green tea extracts. It finds that extraction factors like temperature, time, solvent and solvent-solid ratio influence extraction yields. Various extraction techniques are compared. Studies show green tea extracts lower blood glucose and insulin resistance in mice and rats, likely due to compounds like catechins. Future research on improved extraction techniques could maximize green tea's anti-diabetic activity.
ASTASHINE CAPSULES: AN EXCELLENT CHOICE FOR A CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH ABSTRACTPUGOS Products Pvt Ltd
- Astaxanthin is a carotenoid with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can help prevent cardiovascular disease.
- Studies show astaxanthin from microalgae improves blood lipid and insulin resistance levels, reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, prevents fatty liver disease, and lowers blood pressure.
- The article reviews research demonstrating that astaxanthin supplementation has beneficial effects on metabolic health and reduces risks for conditions like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.
This document reviews the relevance of triglycerides to cardiovascular disease risk. It discusses how triglycerides are associated with future risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It also summarizes recent findings on using medications like fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 fatty acids to lower triglyceride levels and potentially reduce cardiovascular events beyond statin therapy alone. However, recent clinical trials adding these other drugs to statins have not conclusively shown reductions in cardiovascular outcomes. Further research is still needed regarding lipid-lowering therapies for patients whose LDL-cholesterol is controlled by statins but who still have elevated triglyceride levels.
Effect of wet cupping on serum lipids profile levels of hyperlipidemic patientsYounis I Munshi
The document discusses a study that evaluated the effects of wet cupping therapy on serum lipid profiles and metal ion levels in 31 hyperlipidemic male patients. The study found that wet cupping therapy significantly decreased total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and LDL/HDL ratio in patients after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment compared to baseline levels. However, wet cupping did not significantly impact HDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels. Zinc levels and copper/zinc ratio were also significantly altered after cupping. The study concluded that wet cupping therapy may help lower risk factors for cardiovascular disease in hyperlipidemic patients.
ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
This study examined the relationship between serum uric acid levels and stroke in patients with diabetes mellitus. The study compared 100 patients with both stroke and diabetes, 50 patients with stroke but no diabetes, and 50 patients with diabetes but no stroke. It found that serum uric acid levels were highest in patients with both stroke and diabetes, lower in patients with stroke only, and lowest in patients with diabetes only. Serum uric acid levels were also correlated with fasting blood glucose, post-meal blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and diabetes duration. The study concludes that high serum uric acid may be a marker for increased risk of stroke in patients with diabetes.
This document discusses treatment options after metformin for type 2 diabetes, comparing sulfonylureas and gliptins. It provides the following key points:
1. Sulfonylureas are more effective at reducing HbA1c levels and achieving glycemic control targets compared to gliptins. They lower HbA1c by 1-2% on average versus 0.5-1% for gliptins.
2. Studies show sulfonylureas may better preserve beta-cell function in the long-term compared to metformin or gliptins. They have been shown to enhance insulin secretion from beta and alpha cells.
3. While older studies linked sulfonylureas
This document discusses dyslipidemia and its relationship to stroke risk. It defines dyslipidemia as abnormal lipid levels that can contribute to atherosclerosis. While dyslipidemia is a risk factor for ischemic stroke, the relationship is complex as lipid levels also influence risks of hemorrhagic stroke. Studies show LDL cholesterol in particular is strongly associated with increased ischemic stroke risk, while low cholesterol may raise risks of hemorrhage. Triglycerides and lipoprotein(a) levels also influence stroke risk. Screening lipid profiles after stroke is recommended to guide treatment and reduce future risks.
This study examined the effects of psyllium husk on HDL-cholesterol levels. Forty hyperlipidemic patients were divided into two groups - one group took 3 grams of psyllium husk daily for 3 months, while the other group took a placebo. The results showed that psyllium husk significantly increased HDL-cholesterol levels on average from 34.61 mg/dl to 36.77 mg/dl. In contrast, the placebo group showed a non-significant average increase from 35.50 mg/dl to 35.75 mg/dl. Therefore, this placebo-controlled study suggests that psyllium husk can effectively increase HDL-cholesterol levels and potentially reduce heart disease risk.
This study evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels in 43 individuals with normal or hyperglycemic blood sugar levels. For those with normal blood sugar levels, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemic levels, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may be beneficial for managing hyperglycemia.
A study on the antioxidant defense system in breast cancer patients.Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems in breast cancer patients. The study measured levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant potential (AOP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrate in 40 breast cancer patients and 20 healthy controls. The results found increased MDA, SOD, and nitrite levels and decreased GSH and AOP levels in breast cancer patients compared to controls, indicating higher oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in patients. This suggests an imbalance between free radical generation and antioxidant defense that may contribute to breast cancer development.
This study compared the effects of three antimalarial drug regimens - Artemeter-Lumefantrine, Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine, and Halofantrine - on G6PD activity, hemoglobin concentration, and parasite clearance rate in 40 adult humans with malaria in Nigeria. The subjects were divided into four groups receiving each of the three drug regimens or no drug (control group). Blood samples were taken before and after treatment to analyze the biological parameters. The results showed that Sulphadoxine-Pyrimetamine significantly lowered hemoglobin levels and increased G6PD activity compared to the other regimens, while Halofantrine achieved the highest parasite clearance rate of 76%.
Effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterolAlexander Decker
This academic article examines the effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterol levels. It discusses how green tea contains antioxidants like catechins that are involved in lowering serum cholesterol. The study involved administering green tea to mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The results showed that mice given green tea had lower serum cholesterol levels than the control group, though the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the study suggests that green tea catechins may have a modest hypocholesterolemic or cholesterol-lowering effect.
This document summarizes the key properties and health effects of green tea. It discusses how green tea contains polyphenols such as EGCG that act as antioxidants and may provide cardiovascular benefits. It also notes that green tea contains small amounts of caffeine and other stimulants. The document reviews several studies that have investigated the bioavailability of green tea catechins and their potential roles in cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular health.
This meta-analysis examined the effects of green tea intake on liver enzymes, lipoproteins, body mass index, and liver cancer risk based on 22 studies including over 169,000 subjects. The results showed that green tea intake significantly lowered the risk of developing liver cancer and reduced body mass index compared to no green tea intake. Green tea intake also significantly decreased levels of liver enzymes and lipoproteins like triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol compared to no green tea intake. However, green tea intake did not significantly affect HDL cholesterol levels. These findings suggest that green tea may improve cardiovascular health and reduce liver cancer risk when consumed daily.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
Obesity and hyperlipidemia is international /worldwide problem causing heart disease leading to major predisposing factor for morbidity and death. Conventional medicine used in allopathy include statins, fibrates, niacin and resins but are going to defame due to their adverse effects. Herbal medicine ginger has proved itself as one of the potent anti hyperlipidemic and anti obesity herb with least adverse effects. We did try to compare its hypolipidemic effects with placebo effects when used in mild to moderate hyperlipidemic patients. It was placebo-controlled single blind research study. Research was conducted at National hospital, Lahore, from July to November 2016. Consent was taken from sixty hyperlipidemic patients age range from 25 to 60 years. Both gender male and female patients were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided in two groups, 30 patients were on drug ginger pasted-powder advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Thirty patients were on placebo pasted-wheat powder, with same color as of ginger powder, advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Their base line lipid profile and body weight was recorded at start of treatment and were advised to come for check-up, fortnightly.
International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review Vol 03, Issue 02,April – 2020 Page |
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When duration of study was over, their lipid profile and body weight was measured and compared statistically with pre-treatment values. Three months treatment with 5 grams of ginger decreased total cholesterol from 233.11±1.53 mg/dl to 198.44±1.23 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol reduced from 202.21±1.88 mg/dl to 187.72± 1.98 mg/dl, reduced body weight from 76.01±2.66 kg to 72.80±1.87 kg. Both plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol reduction was statistically significant, but body weight decrease was non-significant when analyzed biostatistically.
Moderate coffee consumption of 3-4 cups per day is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease such as heart disease and stroke, and overall mortality. Higher coffee intake up to about 5 cups daily shows benefits, but intake over 5 cups may increase blood pressure levels and risk of heart failure. Certain components in coffee such as chlorogenic acid and trigonelline help reduce blood glucose levels and inflammation.
Tea originated in southern China and is consumed worldwide. Green tea has long been discussed in China for its mental and physical health benefits. These benefits are attributed to compounds in tea such as catechins, caffeine, vitamins, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Modern research has found that green tea may reduce the risk of cancer, lower cholesterol, regulate blood sugar, and improve digestive health.
Tea originated in southern China and is consumed worldwide. Green tea has long been discussed in China for its mental and physical health benefits. These benefits are attributed to compounds in tea such as catechins, caffeine, vitamins, amino acids, and polysaccharides. Modern research has found that green tea may reduce the risk of cancer, lower cholesterol, regulate blood sugar, and improve digestive health.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Urtica dioica supplementation on blood lipids, hepatic enzymes, and nitric oxide levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. 50 female patients with type 2 diabetes were divided into a control group that received placebo and an intervention group that received Urtica dioica extract for 8 weeks. The results showed that the intervention group had significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, and SGPT levels, and significantly increased HDL, nitric oxide, and SOD levels compared to the control group after treatment. The study encourages the use of Urtica dioica extract as an antioxidant agent for additional therapy of diabetes.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of administering aqueous extracts of white grub and white grub waste to diabetic rats over two weeks. Key findings include:
1) After the first week, the extract-treated groups showed significant reductions in several liver enzyme and protein levels compared to the untreated diabetic group. Renal parameters were also significantly lower in the extract-treated groups.
2) After the second week, the extract-treated groups continued to show significant reductions in most liver enzymes and proteins compared to the untreated diabetic group. One extract provided more benefits than the other.
3) For renal parameters after two weeks, one extract-treated group showed significantly lower levels of parameters like urea and electroly
Effect of Aqueous Administration of White Grub and Waste Extract on the Level...BRNSS Publication Hub
Introduction: The liver plays a major role in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, as it uses glucose as a fuel and kidneys are to excrete metabolic waste products as well as to maintain water, pH, electrolyte balance, production of calcitriol, and hemopoietin. Aim: This study aims to investigate the effect of the administration of white grub and waste on liver and kidney indices on diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were induced with diabetes by alloxanization and treated with the extracts of white grub and waste for 2 weeks. A total of 25 rats used, were randomly distributed into five groups (G1-G5) each with five rats. G1 served as normal control. G2-G5 served as diabetic control. At the end of the 1st week of extract administration, two animals from each group were randomly selected and sacrificed. At the end of the 2nd week, the remaining three animals from each group were also sacrificed and serum was collected for the determination of liver function indices (serum alkaline phosphatase [ALP], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST] total bilirubin [TB], direct bilirubin [DB], total protein [TP], albumin [ALB], and globulin [GLB]) and kidney function parameters (urea, creatinine, and electrolyte [sodium “Na,” potassium “K,” bicarbonate “HCO3,” and chloride “Cl”]). Results: After the 1st week, the extract-treated group (G4 and G5) showed significant reductions of ALP, ALT, AST, TP, GLB, and ALB while TB and DB have normal value compared to diabetic untreated group and for renal function (G4 and G5) showed significantly lower levels of urea, Na, K, HCO3, creatinine, and Cl. After the 2nd week, the extract-treated group showed significant reductions of ALP, ALT, AST, DB, TP, ALB, and TB with significant increased levels of GLB and TP compared to diabetic untreated group (G2). G4 (extract treated) showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of urea, Na, Cl, HCO3, and creatinine and with significant increased K levels compared to G2. G5 also extract-treated group indicates significant lower levels of urea, Cl, Na, and HCO3 and higher levels of creatinine and K compared to G2. Conclusion: These results suggest that the administration of aqueous extract of white grub and waste did not have any adverse effect on the liver and kidney functions in diabetic rats. The extracts have positive effect which showed that G4 (treated with whole white grub [WG]) is more effective compared to G5 (treated with WG waste).
This study investigated the effects of administering aqueous extracts of white grub and its waste on liver and kidney function in diabetic rats. Rats were induced with diabetes and treated with the extracts or a diabetes drug for 2 weeks. After both 1 week and 2 weeks of treatment:
- Liver enzymes and proteins were significantly lower in extract-treated groups compared to untreated diabetic rats, indicating protective effects on the liver.
- Kidney parameters like urea and electrolytes were also significantly lower in extract-treated groups, showing renal protection.
- The whole white grub extract seemed to have slightly better effects than the waste extract alone.
- Both extracts appeared to have positive impacts on liver and kidney function in diabetic rats
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the effects of drinking Moringa oleifera tea on blood sugar levels. The study tested 43 individuals, 30 with normal blood sugar and 13 with hyperglycemia. For those with normal blood sugar, their levels did not significantly change after drinking the tea. However, for those with hyperglycemia, their blood sugar levels significantly dropped an average of 28 mg/dl after drinking the tea. The results suggest Moringa oleifera tea may benefit those managing hyperglycemia.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Gongronema Latifolium A Plant with Cardioprotective Potentialsijtsrd
Gongronema latifolium GL has gained research interest in the field of Medicine. The present study investigated the cardioprotective potentials of the ethanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves extract of G.L. 18 Male Wistar rats were divided equally into three groups. Group 1 was the control group, and was administered 0.9 normal saline. Group 2 was administered 200mg kg ethanolic leaves extract of GL. Group 3 received 200mg kg ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves extract of GL. Administration was via oral gavage and lasted for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture, allowed to clot, and later centrifuged to get serum. Laboratory assays were done for serum concentrations of total cholesterol Tc , total triglycerides Tg , high density lipoprotein HDL-c , low density lipoprotein LDL , malondialedyde MDA , total antioxidant capacity TAC , and total plasma peroxide TPP . The heart, aorta, and kidneys were also harvested for organ weight and histological studies. Administration of GL extracts resulted in an increase p 0.001 serum concentrations of HDL-c and TAC, with a consequent reduction in the serum concentrations of Tg, LDL-c, VLDL, MDA, and TPP. There was no significant p 0.01 change in organ weights of the heart, aorta, and kidneys across the groups. Histology of the blood vessels showed intact layers across the groups. There was no derangement of cellular architecture in the heart and kidney. This study therefore concludes that Gongronema latifolium leaves extract is cardioprotective, and thus provides a basis for the use of this plant as an alternative for the prevention, management or control of cardiovascular diseases. Justin Atiang Beshel | Favour Nyoh Beshel | Clement Oshie Nku | Daniel Udofia Owu "Gongronema Latifolium: A Plant with Cardioprotective Potentials" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21431.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/21431/gongronema-latifolium-a-plant-with-cardioprotective-potentials/justin-atiang-beshel
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
This study examined the anti-diabetic effects of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leaf tablets in type 2 diabetic patients. Drumstick leaves were formulated into dehydrated tablets and supplemented to 30 experimental diabetic patients for 3 months, along with a standardized diet. Glycated hemoglobin and post-prandial blood glucose were measured initially and after supplementation. Glycated hemoglobin decreased from 7.81% to 7.4% in the experimental group after supplementation, while decreasing minimally in the control group. Post-prandial blood glucose also decreased more in the experimental group compared to the control group after supplementation. The results indicate that drumstick leaf tablets may help reduce diabetic complications by lowering blood glucose
Tea, the most popular beverage consumed by two-thirds of the world’s population. Drinking the beverage tea has considered a health-promoting habit since ancient times Worldwide, 78 percent of tea produced is Black Tea.
Discovered in China in 3000 BC or earlier.
Made from un- oxidized leaves
Enriched with the highest amount of antioxidants and beneficial polyphenols with minimum amount of caffeine.
Used as medicinal plant throughout India, China and popular in various indigenous system of medicine like Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathy.
Tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world, next only to water.
It is increasingly esteemed that tea contains polyphenols and other components that may reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis and diabetes.
Further research that conforms to international standards should be performed to monitor the pharmacological and clinical effects of green tea and to clarify its mechanisms of action.
This document is a presentation by Dr. Jered Cook on low carbohydrate high fat diets. It begins by discussing the obesity and diabetes epidemics in the US and how current dietary guidelines recommending low fat intake may have contributed to increased sugar and carbohydrate consumption. It then reviews the current USDA and ACC/AHA dietary guidelines. Various food items are discussed, with potatoes being linked to increased diabetes and hypertension risk, while tree nuts, coffee and fiber intake are associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Dairy fat intake also does not appear to increase disease risk. The presentation concludes by discussing the basics of the ketogenic diet and its potential effects on cardiovascular health.
Similar to Removal of the Bad Effects of D-Galactosamine on Blood Lipids of Male Wistar Rats By Black and Green Tea Consumption (20)
Cytogenetic an Experimental Monitoring Test for Plant ExtractsIOSRJPBS
More than two centuries have been passed since the chromosomes have been firstly observed in plant cells by Nageli in 1842. During this long period, chromosomes have been discovered in human cells and well recognized as a source of genes locations. The effects of chemicals and environmental pollution in human health and caners became an interested field of studying diver mutagens and their role in affecting the genetic materials. Cytogenetic tests were the main tools to evaluate the effects of those mutagens on human genome and chromosomes. Many techniques have been used for these purposes including in vitro and in vivo analyzing tests using human and animal cells. The intent of this article is to review the role of cytogenetic techniques in detecting the effects of mutagens on chromosomal aberrations and the role of plant extracts in monitoring these effects
Prevalence of Rota Virus Detection by Reverse TranscriptasePolymerase Chain R...IOSRJPBS
The present study was conducted for the period from 1/6/2016 to 20/1/2017 in Baquba city. The study aimed to detection of rotavirus in stool specimens of children fewer than five age and also explore the effects of certain demographic factors on the detection rates by revers transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction. The study included 49 patients with acute diarrhea, 32 were male and 17 were female. The age range was two months to 5 years. Demographic information on the patients regarding age, sex, residence, type of feeding and source of drinking water were collected from their parents. Stool specimens were collected from each patients and. Detection of rotavirus in stool specimens was done by conventional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of present study showed that the overall infection rate by rotavirus among patients with acute diarrhea by RT-PCR tests was 93.88%. The highest infection rate was recorded among those >10-≤15 months of age. None of the results showed significantly difference between female and male, PCR (88% vs 96.87%). Likewise, there was insignificantly difference between urban and rural residence, PCR (95.65% vs 92.30%). The results revealed insignificantly higher infection rate among patients (those below 2 years) feed mixing (91.66%) and bottled (100%) compared to that breast feeding (77.77%) by RT-PCR. The rotavirus infection rate was insignificantly higher among patients consuming municipal water for drinking (97.22%) compared to those consuming bottled water (84.61%) by the RT-PCR. The study concluded that rotavirus was detected in high rates among children less than 5 years old with acute diarrhea in Baquba city, particularly those less than 2 year old.
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
Anti Bacterial and Anti Oxidant Activities of Evolvulus Alsinoides LinnIOSRJPBS
: Plants are very important sources of potential useful raw materials as natural chemotherapeutic agents. Shankhpushpi is botanically termed as Evolvulus alsinoides; the extracts have exhibited antioxidant, anti-ulcer, and immunomodulatory activities. The present work is to investigate the invitro therapeutic potential activities of methanolic extract of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides on the antimicrobial activity against five clinical pathogenic bacterial strains viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebshiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhii, using agar well diffusion assay and Anti oxidant activity using 1-1-Diphenyl- 2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Extract inhibited IC50: 40.2. Total phenolic content: 28.4 mg/ml & Total flavonoid content: 20.2 μg /ml. Evolvulus alsinoides (MIC): 512.5mg/ml possess 30 to 40 % inhibition, the antibacterial activity of the herbal extracts was more pronounced on the gram- negative bacteria Klebshiella pneumonia than the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The free radical scavenging activity of methanolic activity of whole plant of Evolvulus alsinoides increase in a concentration dependent manner, and posses statistically significance DPPH free radical scavenging & Anti microbial activities
A Study on Biomarkers in a Spatially Distributed Type – 2 Diabetes mellitus G...IOSRJPBS
Diabetes, a dreaded disease already ravaged a huge population worldwide, whether it is inherited through generations or invited by the people by their uncontrolled way of life is still obscure. Biomarkers assay is a boon to the diseased to opt proper prophylactic measures to curb or eradicate diseases. The elevated levels of various biomarkers related to inflammation of vital organs, liver function, kidney function and other vital parameters in our diabetic cases reveals the extent of organ(s) damage in these subjects. It is also evident that the levels of various biomarkers are similar in our diabetic subjects, irrespective of their habits or habitats.
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
Flora of Kansai Basin at Lalgarh of Paschim Medinipur District in West Bengal...IOSRJPBS
Flora is systematic enumeration of plant species in a given community of a given ecosystem. It reflects the quality as well as the health of the ecosystem because the floral community are the producers which support the growth and development of ecosystem. It reflects the inflow of nutrients and recycling processes through bio-geochemical processes. Indiscriminate use of different chemicals and articles for different purposes produced by different leading factories for the modern development of human societies causes threat to the environment and loosing the biodiversity which significantly destroying the environment rapidly. The main reason is increasing load of human population which damaging the environment and degrading the ecosystem by pollution directly or indirectly. The present paper reflects the 57 floral elements under 29 families and the community structure including eco-degradation process which could be a starting point of extension through community research by a group of workers in future. Hope that interested people will come and take that opportunity to record the problems for future study and assessment about the dwindling ecosystem for our existence at Lalgarh.
Although ATP production is very important for mitochondria, little is known about the actual rate of production and the value of “unit of currency” for mitochondrial energy transactions. “Unit of currency” for all transactions in general is named “quantum” in Physics, and no value of ATP quantum is accurately given in bibliography, other than rough estimates. This work focuses to calculating produced energy unit in mitochondrial metabolism (Quantum for ATP, or QATP for sort) and the rate of ATP production (power of “mitochondrial factory”)
High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Saudi Children And Adolescents ...IOSRJPBS
Background: Vitamin D inadequacy constitutes an increasingly recognized comorbidity among Saudi populations. There were limited data about its prevalence in Saudi children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM in Albaha region, southwestern of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 117 Saudi children and adolescents with T1DM. These patients were recruited from Albaha diabetic center, Saudi Arabia. The range of age of the participants was 1 –18 years.. All participants were subjected to history taking including, age, gender, duration of diabetes, clinical presentation at the onset of diabetes. Measurement of serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D was done in all participants. Results: There were 117 Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM, 52 (44.4%) were boys, and 65 (55.6%) were girls with a mean age 8.8 ± 3.4 and 9.2 ± 3.9 for boys and girls respectively (p=0.52). The mean serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels among them was 17.1± 10.1 ng/ml and the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy was 88.9% (59.9% of subjects had vitamin D deficiency and 29 % had vitamin D insufficiency) and 11.1% had sufficient levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D. There was a significant difference in vitamin D level among different groups of vitamin D level (p˂ 0.001). The prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency was greater in the girls with 34.2%, as compared to 25.6% among boys. Vitamin D deficiency was more common among children in the range of age 1-10 years (52.1% vs 36.8%). In vitamin D deficient group, the mean levels of vitamin D were significantly lower in patients presented with DKA as compared to those presented with hyperglycemic symptoms (p= 0.016). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is common in Saudi children and adolescent with T1DM in Albaha region. This is more common in girls and in the younger age groups. Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency, creating awareness to increase sunlight exposure, increase the fortification of food products with vitamin D and vitamin D supplementation for these patients should be warranted to prevent future morbidity.
Development of Nimbolide from Seeds of Azadirachta Indica Extract Assisted by...IOSRJPBS
The recent studies on Nimbolide, a robust cervical anticancer agent was identified for the separation of Nimbolide from Azadirachta indica berry collected from Ranga Reddy- Dist, the seeds were initially isolated, dried and transformed into coarse powder. The seed core was defatted and concentrated using methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The methanolic extract obtained from seeds is subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography [HPLC] by direct reverse phase method for isolation of Nimbolide using Molecular Docking of Nimbolide through Molecular Operatin Environment [MOE] 2008 software. This declared that Nimbolide has capability of binding 12.3% to a Glycine 131 undergoing polar interactions. Nimbolide was found to interact with Cyclin E, was redeemed from the Protein Data Bank [PDB code; 1W98]. It was observed that Nimbolide showed an satisfactory increased life span (54.32 and 65.16), decreased the viable cells (52.3±1.5 and 32.5±1.3), and tumor volume (3.2±0.03 and 2.4±0.04).
A Review on Different Benefits of MushroomIOSRJPBS
This paper reviews mushrooms. In this paper, nutritional and medicinal values, other uses of mushrooms were discussed. Mushrooms have been important in human history as food, as medicine, as legands, and in folk lore and religion. Mushrooms are basically consumed for their texture and flavor. They have recently become attractive as health - beneficent food and as sources for the development of drugs. Many higher mushrooms are known to contain a number of biologically active components that show promising antitumor and immunomodulating, cardiovascular, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic and antidiabetic effects. Nutritional value of mushrooms lies between that of meat and vegetables. The rich source of proteins, vitamins and minerals and low in fat content (2-8%) unique chemicals constitution of mushrooms makes them low calorie food 8 and choice diet for those suffering from hypertension, arthrosclerosis, diabetes, obesity. Mushrooms play a role in the development of new biological remediation techniques and filtration technologies (e.g. using fungi to lower bacterial levels in contaminated water). From the review it was observed that developing countries should harness the potentials of mushrooms as this would boost the revenue income and healthy living. It is hoped that this paper would add to existing information on this fungus
Evaluation of plasma Creatine Kinase activity and Inorganic phosphate among S...IOSRJPBS
Background: CK and phosphorus are helpful biomarker for detection of early renalabnormality particularlyCK which has been shown to be abetter predicator of acute renal failure. Objectives: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study.Conducted in Khartoum and White Nile state from March to June 2016.The aim of this study to assess serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and inorganic phosphate concentrations in Sudanese patients with sickle cell anemia. 80 subjects were enrolled in this study they were classified into 40 with sickle cell disease (SCD) as casegroup and 40 healthy apparently as control group. CK activity and phosphorus level was measured by using Spectrophotometry method. Results: The results showed significantly higher Ck activity in patients with SCD when compared with control group with (P = 0.021), and not significant differences in mean of serum phosphorus concentration in case when compared with control with (P = 0.547). Also show serum CK activity in patients used hydroxyurea when compare with the mean of patients not used hydroxyurea it is significantly decrease with (P= 0.006)
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic ManagementIOSRJPBS
A Clinical Study of Amoebic Dysentery and Its Homoeopathic Management, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan, India. Background: To study the clinical presentation of amoebic dysentery and to study the results of Homeopathic management and treatment of amoebic dysentery. To assess the influence of miasm in the case of Amoebic Dysentery. Methodology: Thirty out-patients with clinically confirmed symptomatic cases of amoebic dysentery were entered trial and treated with Homoeopathic remedies on the basis of Homoeopathic principles with fixed criteria to know the results of treatment as recovered, improved or not improved. For the present study he patients who visited on Sriganganagar Homoeopathic Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Sri Ganganagar, Rajsthan, India and peripheral Out Patient Department were selected on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result: Totally 30 patients were selected for this study. At the end of the study it was observed that, out of 30 patients, 24 patients recovered (80%), 5 case improved (16.66%) and1case is not improved (3.3%). with the help ofsuitable homoeopathic medicines. Conclusion: There were no side effects during the treatment and it can be concluded that Homoeopathic Medicines can be help the patient to take a new lease on life
Biological Efficacy of Quassia Indica (Geratn) Nooteb and Centella Asiatica (...IOSRJPBS
Antimicrobial activity of different extracts of two selected plants, Quassia indica (Geartn) Nooteb and Centella asiatica (L.) Urban were tested against selected strains of bacteria viz; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella sps and Serratia sps using agar disc diffusion technique. Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol and water extracts of seed and leaf of Q. indica and leaf of C. asiatica showed moderate to significant antimicrobial activity. Of the four extracts tested, petroleum ether and water fractions showed more activity against all the bacterial strains. The zone of inhibition of the active fractions for the petroleum ether ranged from 8.57 to 12.63 mm and 8.53 to 14.5mm for the water fraction of Q. indica seed and leaf and C. asiatica leaf; and exhibited comparable results with widely used commercial antimicrobial agents (16 to19 mm for Kanamycin and 14 to 17mm for Cefotaxime). The results prove the efficacy of the most active fractions of the selected plant extracts to be used for developing potent antimicrobial formulations.
Comparative Testing of Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous Extract of Bergenia ...IOSRJPBS
The aim of this research was to formulate a gel comprising of the both extracts of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and Butea monosperma flowers that would aid in wound healing by exhibiting antibacterial activity at the site of wound infection if any. As per the literature survey conducted it was found that aqueous extract of Bergenia ligulata rhizomes and ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma flowers have good potential of antibacterial activity. Hence this antibacterial activity was studied with the help of agar well-diffusion assay method, against the micro-organisms-S. aureus, MRSA, Pr. vulgaris, and E.coli . Both these extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction process and this process was optimized to get maximum yield of extraction. By agar gel well- diffusion assay at the concentration of about 100µg/mL both the extracts exhibited maximum zone of inhibition. This concentration was helpful in deciding the dose for topical gel formulation.
Yield Performances of Pleurotus ostreatus on Different Growth Substrates as I...IOSRJPBS
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some vegetables (Diplazium sammatii, Moringa oleifera, and Justicia insularis) as additives on the growth parameters of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on two substrates; banana leaves (BL) and banana leaves/sawdust (BL/SD). The substrates were amended with these vegetables at different concentration levels (0 g, 5 g, 10 g and 15 g). Spawn running was completed in 30, 35, and 40 days in banana leaves, banana leaves/sawdust and the control respectively. Parameters assessed included area of pileus, number of fruit bodies, fresh weight, dry weight, length of stipe and girth of stipe. Higher mean values for fresh weight (21.69 g), area of pileus (42.58 cm2 ), length of stipe (5.10 g) and girth of stipe (4.30 g) were obtained from BL substrate treated to 5 g M. oleifera leaf powder. These values were significantly different from values obtained for other plant additives. Considering the number of fruit bodiesthat emerged on BL/SD substrates, the control produced more fruit bodies than the substrates with additives. The best performance in BL/SD substrates was observed when the substrate was treated to 10 g J. insularis in some of the parameters assessed. These included fresh weight (20.64 g), number of fruit bodies (8.00) and stipe girth (3.44 cm).Other parameters like area of pileus (36.08 cm2 ) and dry weight (2.39 cm), control had a better performance. While for length of stipe, 15 g M. oleifera leaf powder had the highest mean value that was significantly different (P≤0.05) from what was observed in substrates amended with other additives. It is therefore evident that these vegetables have high potential for utilization as additives or supplements for growing of Pleurotus ostreatus especially when using BL as substrates. In addition, substratesadditive concentration combination played a significant role in selective organ growth of the test mushroom.
Dermatoglification Analysis for Selection and Training of Sports TalentsIOSRJPBS
: The term sports talent can be defined as the individual who, through his inherited and acquired conditions, has a special ability for sports performance, above the average of the general population. Fingerprints are genetic markers and can function as indicators of sporting talents. The objective of the present study was to use dermatoglyphics to identify the genetic-physical profile of soccer athletes. Twenty-four athletes belonging to the Palmeiras Sports Society Athletes' Capture Center participated in this study in the Nordeste sub-category category 16. The dermatoglyphic protocol of Cummins and Midlo (1961) was used. Standard fingerprint indices were calculated: the number of drawings for the 10 fingers and the delta index (D10). We also analyzed the types of digital formulas that indicate the representation in individuals of different types of drawings. Based on the classification of Fernandes (2002), the group presented somatofunctional classification for height, velocity and explosive strength, due to the delta index of 11.54. We conclude that dermatoglyphics can be a parameter to identify the potentiality of an individual and can be incorporated into a policy of selection and formation of sports talent.
Establishment of suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. for benzyl isoth...IOSRJPBS
Successful scale-upof the anticancer benzyl isothiocyanate compound production was achieved from cell suspension cultures of Salvadora persica L. Cell cultures were established from the stem internodal segments derived callus. Elicitation with two biotic elicitors; chitosan and salicylic acid, increased callus biomass and benzyl isothiocyanate accumulation, but chitosan induced the maximum accumulation, which reached about four-fold higher over the control at the concentration of 100 mg/L. Benzyl isothiocyanate production from cell suspension cultures was studied in shake-flask culture and stirred-tank bioreactor with the application of the optimum concentration of chitosan in the medium. Both methods elevate the compound production; however its yield was higherin the stirred-tank bioreactor.It achieved about eight-fold increase in the production of benzyl isothiocyanate after 24 days of incubation. This protocol can act as a roadmap for large-scale production of benzyl isothiocyanate from cell suspension cultures ofSalvadora persica by using bioreactors
Antimicrobial Activity of Bauhinia Purpurea (L) by Minimum Inhibitory Concent...IOSRJPBS
MIC methods are widely used in the comparative testing of new agents, or when a more accurate result is required for clinical management. As there are no CLSI (formerly NCCLS) recommendations for the determination of MICs of varies bio-compounds against gram positive and gram negative organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the lowest concentration (in μg/ml) of an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of a given strain of bacteria. In Diagnostic laboratories these MIC’S are used to confirm resistance and also most often used to determine antimicrobial invitro activity. In the present MIC method, one can get the information about Antibiotic agent, preparation of stock solutions, media and inoculation, conditions of incubation, ultimately reading and interpretation of results. The present study is focused to evaluate antibacterial activities of ethanolic extract and purified fractions of Bauhinia purpurea using a gram-positive and a gram-negative organisms Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella, E.coli and enterococcus
Evaluations of Some Biological Properties of Ethanolic Leave Extract of Costu...IOSRJPBS
Costus afer plant has been known to the traditionalist for a very long time. The locals having realized its medicinal potentials have employed it in a variety of ways. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial, biochemical and CNS depressant properties of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer in albino mice and anti-inflammatory activity in albino rats. Ninety albino mice (22-29g) of both sexes were selected and divided into eighteen groups of five mice each. Four groups for analgesic activity, three groups for in-vivo clothing time, four groups for spontaneous locomotor activity, three groups for heamatological evaluation and four groups for phenobarbitone induced hypnosis. Twenty albino rats (180-200g) of both sexes were also selected and divided into four groups of five rats each and used for anti-inflammatory activity. In all, the control groups receive 0.2ml of normal saline while two dose groups of the extract was used 400 and 1200mg/kg representing low and high dose in the treatment group. Indomethacin, Phenobarbitone, Chropromazine, Indomethacine, Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as reference drug for anlagesic activity, locomotor activity, hypnosis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal test respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer was performed. The result of the qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides and terpenoids whereas anthraquinones, essential oil and phlobatannins were absent. The results obtained shows that ethanolic leave extract of Costus afer posses antibacterial activity but no antifungal activity. There was a dose dependent increase in analgesic, anti-inflammatory activities, bleeding/clotting time and CNS activity. The hematological evaluation of the leaves of costusafer shows that the extract has no noticeable effect on the HB, PCV, RBC, but decreases the WBC, platelet count, neutrophils and lymphocytes components of the blood, also the clotting/bleeding time was seen to increase dose dependently in the treated groups. In conclusion, ethanol extract of costus afer ker Gawl leaves possess antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activity.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
Removal of the Bad Effects of D-Galactosamine on Blood Lipids of Male Wistar Rats By Black and Green Tea Consumption
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN:2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 12, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. - Feb.2017), PP 123-132
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 123 | Page
Removal of the Bad Effects of D-Galactosamine on Blood Lipids
of Male Wistar Rats By Black and Green Tea Consumption
Madeha N. Al-seeni*, Abeer A. Banjabi and Karima S. Mohamed
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO. Box 42805, Jeddah 21551,
Saudi Arabia. * email: nmalsiny@hotmail.com
Abstract: There is an increase in overall health awareness in Saudi Arabia due to a rising rate of diseases such
as diabetes and heart diseases in addition to obesity. Thus, Saudi Ministry of Health initiates many programs to
improve their eating and drinking habitats. Black and green tea were used as healthy drinks to alternative high-
calorie, sugary drinks. The effect of black and green tea consumption on serum lipid and glucose levels in
untreated and galactosamine treated male Wistar rats was detected. In this study, male Wistar rats (90) were
divided to 3 groups, the first one, 30 rats that drank water, the second group, 30 rats drank 2% green tea and
the third group is 30 rats that drank 2% black tea for 4 weeks. Each rat group was separated into two sub-
groups, the first intraperitoneally injected with D-Galactosamine (GalN) and the second group was injected
with saline solution. Analysis of blood indicated that serum triglyceride levels (one of the hepatotoxic
parameters) showed a marked reduction in response to GalN administration by 29.21%, 36.70% and 26.94% in
control, green tea and black tea groups, respectively, as compared to those untreated animals. Moreover, in the
comparison between the groups of treated animals, rats drinking green tea recorded the lowest serum
triglyceride level as compared to rats consuming either water or black tea. Black tea consuming groups
recorded 56.73% reduction in serum total lipids as compared to the control group. Regarding serum glucose
level, treated rats drinking tea (green or black) showed a significant reduction as compared to treated rats
drinking water. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly elevated in response to GalN injection in rats
drinking black tea by 45.22% as compared to untreated ones, while a small and not significant increase was
recorded in green tea group.
Keywords: male rats, lipids, D-Galactosamine, blood, back tea, green tea, liver, cholesterol
I. Introduction
Plants played a significant role in maintaining human health and improving the quality of human life
for thousands of years, and have served humans well as valuable components of seasonings, cosmetics, dyes,
medicines, and beverages (Sánchez et al., 2016). On a global level, tea is the most popular beverage and about
3 billion kilograms of tea are produced and consumed yearly (Yang and Landau, 2000). Green tea leaves of
Camellia sinensis was consumed mainly in Japan, China and Arab countries. Black tea follows some of the
processing steps used for green tea, but with the critical difference that the leaves are bruised, crushed, or
broken, thus allowing polyphenol oxidases in the leaf to generate theaflavins, thearubigins and other complex
polyphenols from the endogenous catechins. The main constituents of green tea leaves belong to the polyphenol
group accounting for 25-35% on a dry weight basis (Balentine et al., 1997 and Hara et al., 1995). In black tea,
the oxidation of polyphenols during processing leads to the formation of catechins and gallic acid complexes
such as theaflavins, theaflavinic acids, thearubigins or theasinensis, and of proanthocyanidin polymers
(Balentine et al., 1997 and Hara et al.,1995). Since the liver plays a central role in the regulation of lipid
metabolism, and with regard to prevention of liver injury, the influence of tea consumption on lipid profile
should be investigated. Also, research is highlighting that there may be a beneficial relationship between tea
drinking and serum concentration of lipids. Imai & Nakachi, (1995) indicated an inverse correlation between tea
consumption and concentration of serum total cholesterol. Moreover, the report of De Vos & De Schrijver,
(2003) showed a significant reduction of total cholesterol in plasma of rats consuming black tea. These results
were in contrast to other studies in which no correlation between tea consumption and plasma cholesterol was
found (Klatsky et al., 1985 and Brown et al., 1993). In addition, Lord, (1999) found that although tea cannot
lower blood cholesterol or decrease blood pressure, it may improve the health of the circulatory system and
reduce the risk of blood clots. Arab et al., (2009) found that consumption of green and black tea is associated
with a lower risk of stroke. Methanolic extracts of green and black teas has excellent antibacterial activity on
extended spectrum-β-Lactamases bacteria (Taherpour et al., 2016). Flavonoids, one class of antioxidant found in
tea, may prevent blood platelets from clumping and blocking arteries. Although, Green & Harari (1992)
demonstrated that the effect of drinking green tea but not black tea on plasma lipoproteins appears to be
characterized by decreasing LDL-C and increasing HDL-C. Princen et al., (1998) indicated that consumption of
black tea or green tea had no effect on plasma HDL-C and LDL-C. However, serum lipid concentrations are
2. Removal of the bad effects of D-Galactosamine on blood lipids of male Wistar rats by black and
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 124 | Page
considered as a major risk factor in cardiovascular disease which is the leading cause of death worldwide. With
regard to prevention of cardiovascular disease, the association between tea drinking and serum concentrations of
lipids and other markers must be confirmed first. The epidemiologic evidence, however, for an association
between regular consumption of tea and coronary heart disease is equivocal (Hollman et al., 1999 and
Riemersma et al., 2001). Whereas most studies suggested a decrease in the rate of cardiovascular disease
outcomes with increasing tea consumption, studies from the United States (Rosenberg et al., 1988 and Rimm et
al., 1996) indicated an increased risk with increasing tea consumption. Plant polyphenols are antioxidant and
many common flavonoids are several times more potent than Vitamin C or E (Vinson, 1995). Actually, tea is a
rich source of flavonoids (Harborne, 1994). Free radicals are unstable molecules that include the hydrogen atom,
nitric oxide and molecular oxygen. In an attempt to stabilize, they attack other molecules in the body potentially
leading to cell damage and triggering the formation of another free radical resulting in a chain reaction. Some
scientists believe that this type of free radical action has been implicated in certain chronic and aging diseases
such as cancer, heart disease, stroke, rheumatoid arthritis, cataracts and Alzheimer’s disease while antioxidant
compounds inhibit many oxidation reactions caused by free radicals thereby preventing or delaying damage to
the cells and tissues. This study aimed to determine the effect of the green and black tea on lipid and sugar rates
in blood of male Wistar rats with liver injury induced by GalN injection and comparing the effect of green and
black. Therefore, several aspects were measured in blood including serum triglycerides, total lipids, and glucose
levels.
II. Material and Methods
The D-galactosamine hydrochloride (Sigma Chemical Co.), green and black tea (from the local market, Jeddah)
and Kits for biochemical tests (from Crescent Diagnostics, KSA) were used in this study.
Animals
Male Wister rats, 90 rats of 8 weeks old, weighting 189.57 g were randomly separated to 3 groups and
and each group was seprated to 2 sub-groups as described by Banjabi et al. (2014). The groups were control
group (C), treated group with 2% Green tea group (GT) and treated group with 2% Black tea group (BT). Each
group was divided into two subgroups, the first was injected with a saline solution and the other was injected
with GalN, 350 mg/kg body weight (Sugiyama et al., 1999). All rats ate the same basic diet (Banjabi et al.
(2014).
Tea solutions were prepared by boiling 20 g/l of dry tea in dist. water for 5 min., then each solution was
filtered in dark glass and used as feeding bottles for 4 weeks.
Blood samples collection
Under diethyl ether anesthesia, blood samples were individually obtained from all rats after 22 hours
of the injection (Sugiyama et al., 1999) in centrifuge tubes by cardiac puncture and the tubes were centrifuged at
3000 rpm for 20 min. Serum was collected and stored at -70 ˚C until used.
Blood lipids
The biochemical analysis of cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins
cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured by different methods as
explained below:
a. Determination of serum total cholesterol
The determination of serum cholesterol (CHOL) is a major aid in the diagnosis and classification of
lipaemias. Cholesterol esterase catalyses hydrolysis of cholesterol esters to cholesterol, which is oxidized by
cholesterol oxidase to yield hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In a coupled reaction catalyzed by peroxidase,
quinoneimine dye (red) is formed from H2O2, 4- aminoantipyrine and phenol. The absorbance of the dye at
546nm is propotional to the concentration of cholesterol in the sample (Richmond, 1973, Allain., 1974).
b. Determination of serum triglycerides
The enzymatic method for the quantification of triglycerides (TG) includes the hydrolysis of
triglycerides to form glycerol, which is achieved by lipase. The glycerol concentration is determined
enzymatically coupled with the Trinder reaction using glycerol kinase, glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase and
peroxidase. The end product is a quinoneimine dye the concentration of which at 546nm is directly proportional
to the concentration of triglycerides in the sample (Fossati & Prencipe, 1982 and Buculo & David, 1973).
3. Removal of the bad effects of D-Galactosamine on blood lipids of male Wistar rats by black and
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 125 | Page
c. Determination of plasma high density lipoproteins-cholesterol
Phosphotungstic acid and magnesium ions specially precipitate low and very low density lipoproteins
(LDL-C and VLDL). After centrifugation the cholesterol content of the high density lipoproteins (HDL-C) in
the supernatant can be determined using Crescent Diagnostics Cholesterol test kit. The intensity of the color was
measured at 546 nm (Burstein et al., 1970 and Grove, 1979).
d. Calculation of plasma low density lipoprotein-cholesterol
Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) can be fairly accurately estimated using the Friedwald
formula:
LDL-C = Total cholesterol – HDL-C – triglyceride / 5
This formula is based on the assumption that VLDL-C is present in a concentration equal to one-fifth of
the triglyceride concentration. This assumption is usually valid for triglyceride concentrations of <400 mg/dL; at
higher triglyceride concentrations, inconsistencies in the VLDL triglyceride/ cholesterol ratio occur, and the
formula must not be used (Friedwald et al., 1972).
e. Determination of serum total lipids
For the determination of serum total lipids a colorimetric assay was utilized using sulfo-phosphovanilic
mixture (SPV). The assay of total lipids using the SPV reaction involves adding serum to concentrated sulphuric
acid and heating, removal of an aliquot of the mixture, and addition of concentrated phosphuric acid plus
vanillin. A pink color is formed, which is read spectrophotometrically at 525 nm (Chabrole & Charnnat, 1937).
f. Determination of serum glucose.
The oxidation of glucose is catalysed by glucose oxidase. The resultant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is
oxidatively coupled with 4-aminophenazone and phenol in the presence of peroxidase to yield a red
quinoneimine dye, the concentration of which at 546nm is proportional to the concentration of glucose (Trinder,
1969 and Teuscher & Richterich, 1971).
g. Hepatosomatic index (HSI)
Liver weight was determined and Hepatosomatic index was calculated using the following equation
(Sanchez-Muniz et al., 1991):
HSI = liver weight (g) x100/body weight (g).
Statistical analysis
Mean ± standard deviations of each value were calculated and One-way ANOVA between experimental
groups were applied. In some cases LSD test and independent t-test for paired data were used and differences
at P< 0.05 were significant.
III. Results
In this study, effect of tea drinking green and black tea with or without GalN injection (treated and
untreated rats) on blood sugar and lipids were determined. There was no mortality in animals at all, during the
experimental period. Table 1 and Figures 1 showed the effects of green tea and black tea consumption lipids
and sugar levels in untreated and GalN- treated rats. GalN administration induced a significant reduction in
serum triglycerides levels of all experimental groups (Control, green tea or black tea) versus the untreated ones.
Our results showed that there were no significant changes in the serum total lipids between the untreated rats
and GalN treated rats of either the control or green tea groups, but the black tea group had significantly higher
4. Removal of the bad effects of D-Galactosamine on blood lipids of male Wistar rats by black and
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 126 | Page
total lipids in GalN- treated rats than untreated rats. GalN -treated rats had higher serum glucose levels in the
control group when compared with those untreated rats, while there were no significant differences between
GalN- treated and untreated rats in either the green and black tea groups.
Table 2 and Figure 2 showed the effects of green tea and black tea consumption on serum total
cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels in untreated rats and GalN- treated rats. The results indicated that, while
in the black tea group, serum total cholesterol was significantly elevated in response to GalN injection, no
statistical differences were observed between untreated rats and GalN- treated rats in either the control or green
tea groups. GalN administration did not affect either HDL-C or LDL-C levels of all experimental groups. Table
3 and Figure 3 showed the effects of green tea and black tea consumption on liver weight and hepatosomatic
index in galactosamine treated and untreated rats. No statistical differences were recorded in either liver weight
or hepatosomatic index between all the groups of GalN-treated animals. Liver weight did not differ statistically
between rats consuming water, green tea and black tea. The same results were observed for hepatosomatic
index.
IV. Discussion
The beneficial effect of drinking green tea over black tea may be attributed to its higher content of
epicatechins, since they remain relatively unchanged compared with the fresh tea leaves, whereas in black tea,
they are mostly oxidized during the fermentation process (Graham, 1992). Since catechins have been
considered as the major effective component of green tea, many beneficial effects of green tea are attributed to
them. They are powerful antioxidants, which are thought to be at least in part responsible for green tea’s
hepatoprotective activity (Miyagawa et al., 1997, Yand and Koo, 2000). But this effect of green tea is not
dependent on its direct antioxidation effects alone. Green tea catechins have been shown to maintain
intracellular protein thiol levels. Protein thiol helps maintain the intracellular reduction-oxidation (redox)
balance, protein tertiary configuration and therefore cellular function (Miyagawa et al., 1997). Moreover,
Hikino et al., (1985) showed tha catechins had a preventive effect on GalN-induced liver injury while He et al.,
(2001) found that caffeine in tea acting for liver protection.. In contrast, Sugiyama et al., (1999) and Wada et
al., (1999) found that the effect of green tea against GalN-induced liver injury was due to flavonoid, glycosides,
theanine and soluble dietary fibers, while tea catechins had lower effects. Such contrasting results, concerning
the major effective component of green tea, may be due to a number of confounding factors including diet, tea
concentration, tea preparation, animal species and the experimental period. With this information, green tea
could be used for liver injury treatment protocol; although more human research is needed in this area before a
solid recommendation can be made.
Regarding the effect of liver injury on lipid profile, serum triglyceride levels are considered one of the
hepatotoxic parameters (Hasegawa et al., 1995). A marked reduction in serum triglyceride level was noted in
response to GalN administration by 29.21%, 36.70% and 26.94% in control, green tea and black tea groups
respectively, as compared to those untreated animals (Table 1). This reduction in serum triglyceride level was an
additional evidence of liver injury, since decreased triglyceride level is seen in cases of hepatocellular damage
(Hasegawa et al., 1995).
Moreover, in the comparison between the groups of treated animals, rats drinking green tea recorded
the lowest serum triglyceride level as compared to rats consuming either water or black tea which means that
previous drinking of black tea clearly protected against changes in triglyceride levels, caused by GalN injection.
On the other hand, our results were unable to note any significant difference in serum triglyceride levels
between all untreated groups receiving black tea, green tea or water. This is not compatible with a study of Kono
et al., (1992) that showed an association between consumption of green tea and black tea and reduced
triglyceride level. The possible explanation of this discrepancy might be related to the different tea
concentrations used in both experiments.
In respect to serum total lipids, our results indicated that they were increased significantly in response
to GalN injection in the black tea group by 116.98% compared with the untreated group. While in untreated rats,
black tea consuming groups recorded a 56.73% reduction in serum total lipids as compared to the control group.
This result suggests that black tea has a total lipid lowering effect while green tea failed to induce a significant
change.
Regarding serum glucose level, treated rats drinking tea (green or black) showed a significant reduction
as compared to treated rats drinking water and the same trend was observed in untreated rats. This was also the
case in the previous study of Zeyuan et al., (1998), who reported that green and black tea can decrease blood
glucose level of aged rats. Moreover, Li et al., (2006) indicated that tea has been credited with controlling blood
glucose levels. It seems worthwhile to suggest that either green tea or black tea may affect glucose metabolism
in untreated rats or even in GalN-treated ones.
In the same line of our suggestion, Vinson and Zhang 2005 reported that both green tea and black tea
significantly inhibited diabetic cataracts and caused significant reductions in the biochemical pathway
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implicated in the development of the pathology in rats.
The possible explanation of the hypoglycemic effect of tea could be related to its polyphenols. Since
they inhibit α-amylase activity in saliva and reduce the intestinal amylase activity which in turn lowers the
hydrolysis of starch to glucose and reduces glucose assimilation (Hara et al., 1995 a).
Moreover, polyphenols can also decrease digestive enzyme activity and reduce the glucose absorption
(Zeyuan et al., 1998). Consistent with this, Simizu et al., (1988) have already isolated soluble polysaccharides
from an extract of green tea, which had a hypoglycemic effect in Streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats.
High plasma cholesterol has been ranked as one of the greatest risk factors contributing to the
prevalence and severity of coronary heart disease. Also, liver diseases could affect the concentration of serum
total cholesterol and lipoproteins (Tietz, 1976).
Regarding the comparison between treated and untreated groups, serum total cholesterol levels were
significantly elevated in response to GalN injection in rats drinking black tea by 45.22% as compared to
untreated ones, while a small and not significant increase was found in green tea group. This could mean that
rats consuming black tea were more sensitive to the GalN administration than those consuming green tea in
respect to the serum total cholesterol level.
However, in the group of untreated rats, our results indicated that black tea had significant
hypocholesterolemic effect since it lowered serum total cholesterol by 36.16% comparing to the control animals
consuming water. Also, green tea was able to non-significantly reduce the serum total cholesterol of untreated
animals comparing to the control group. These findings with untreated rats, suggested that the
hypocholesterolemic activity of tea could contribute to the protection against heart disease. Troup et al. (2015)
found that there is little therapeutic benefit to using black tea beverage to prevent hypercholesterolemia
progression.
The cholesterol lowering effect of tea has been shown in several studies which suggested an inverse
correlation between tea consumption and concentration of serum total cholesterol (Imai & Nakachi, 1995 and
Kono et al., 1992). Also, the report of De Vos & De Schrijver, (2003) showed a significant reduction of total
cholesterol (35%) in plasma of rats consuming black tea. This is in line with our results which indicated that
there was a strong tendency of total cholesterol reduction in serum of rats drinking black tea by 36.16%.
However, our results concerning the hypocholesterolemic effect of tea was not in line with other
studies (Klatsky et al., 1985 and Brown et al., 1993) showing negative correlation between tea consumption and
plasma cholesterol.
Hypocholesterolemic effect of tea may be caused by stimulated intestinal fermentation and formation
of acetate by black tea polyphenols in the caecum and the colon (De Vos & De Schrijver., 2003). Other potential
mechanisms may be involved including: the promotion of cholesterol and bile acid excretion (Yang & Koo.,
2000) or the inhibition of cholesterol and bile acid absorption (Chan et al., 1999).
The hypocholesterolemic effect of tea may play an important role in cholesterol metabolism, which can
be regulated by the hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and the biliary excretion of sterols and bile acids (Ramesha
et al., 1980).
The results obtained in this study failed to show significant differences between the three groups of the
GalN-treated rats in either HDL-C or LDL-C levels and these observations suggest that it may be possible that
either green tea or black tea was not able to affect HDL-C or LDL-C in liver injury-induced rats, although
further evidence is required to confirm this.
On the basis of epidemiological studies, higher HDL-C: LDL-C ratio could be interpreted as an
indicator of reduced heart disease (Gordon et al., 1977). Our finding in untreated rats showed that rats drinking
black tea had significantly lower LDL-C value as compared with the control group. Moreover, they had a higher
HDL-C: LDL-C ratio (111.66%) as compared to those drinking green tea (36.67%). This means that black tea
could increase this ratio; therefore, it is effective in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease.
In contrast, Green and Harari (1992) and Imai and Nakachi, (1995) demonstrated that the effect of
drinking green tea but not black tea on plasma lipoproteins appears to be characterized by decreasing LDL-C
and increasing HDL-C. On the other hand, Princen et al., (1998) indicated that consumption of black or green
tea had no effect on plasma HDL-C and LDL-C. These contrasting results may be due to different tea
concentrations, different experimental conditions and different methods of preparation used in these studies.
In general, the present study indicated that food intake and body weight of rats drinking tea (green and
black) was significantly lower than that of rats drinking water during the experimental period. Moreover, the
green tea group consumed less food than the black tea group. In accordance with our results, previous report of
Naismith et al., (1969) showed that growth and food intake of rats were suppressed by dietary caffeine
containing beverages. Furthermore, He et al., (2001) suggested that the effect of green tea on growth and food
intake could be ascribed to caffeine, while Yang & Landau, (2000) reported that decreased nutrient absorption
and increased energy expenditure may both contribute to the suppression of growth and food intake in response
to tea consumption. On the other hand, the studies of Greger et al., (1988) and De Vos & De Schrijver, (2003)
6. Removal of the bad effects of D-Galactosamine on blood lipids of male Wistar rats by black and
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 128 | Page
showed that consumption of black tea did not affect daily food intake nor body weight gain. The authors of the
last study mentioned that the tea concentration used was not sufficient to induce a decrease in food intake and
body weight gain. Controversially, Miura et al., (2001) found that the body weight in the tea group were greater
than those in the control group. However, the data of the present study is not sufficient to evaluate the practical
benefit of tea since this experiment employed a single intraperitoneal administration of a lethal dose of GalN,
which is different from the actual exposure route and frequency of intake for humans. To clarify the benefits of
tea, it is important, in practical terms, to further examine the complete effectiveness of tea after repeated
administrations of this toxicant, to assess the influence of different tea fractions and different tea concentrations.
In addition, it’s also important to evaluate undesirable health- related consequences that may arise from
ingestion of large amounts of tea.
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Table 1: Effect of green tea and black tea consumption on serum triglycerides, total lipids and glucose levels in
untreated and galactosamine treated rats.
Groups Untreated rats Treated rats Significance
Triglyce
rides
[mg/dl]
C 98.88 ± 36.39 70.00 ± 21.83 *
GT 83.19 ± 27.25 52.66 ± 16.46 *
BT 98.09 ± 14.02 71.66 ± 9.74 *
Total
lipids
[g/l]
C 2.45 ± 0.53 2.40 ± 0.26 NS
GT 2.36 ± 0.36 2.28 ± 0.49 NS
BT 1.06 ± 0.31 2.30 ± 0.71 *
Glucose
[mg/dl]
C 140.21 ± 25.05 165.3 ± 8.48 *
GT 122.98 ± 11.57 139.23± 21.19 NS
BT 113.45 ± 18.38 115.17 ± 28.23 NS
C: Rats drinking water; GT: Rats drinking green tea; BT: Rats drinking black tea, NS: Non-significant; *: significant
(p<0.05; independent samples t-test)
Table 2:Effect of green tea and black tea consumption on serum total cholesterol, high density lipoproteins-
cholesterol and low density lipoproteins-cholesterol levels in untreated and galactosamine treated rats.
Groups Untreated rats Treated rats Significance
CHOL
[mg/dl]
C 55.11 ± 20.08 52.06 ± 8.48 NS
GT 51.93 ± 11.14 52.38 ± 5.19 NS
BT 35.18 ± 10.29 51.09 ± 14.86 *
HDL-C
[mg/dl]
C 13.40 ± 2.52 12.00 ± 3.47 NS
GT 10.91 ± 3.10 13.25 ± 3.30 NS
BT 12.35 ± 3.41 13.91 ± 2.80 NS
LDL-C
[mg/dl]
C 28.22 ± 18.54 25.74± 10.38 NS
GT 29.75 ± 11.41 32.35 ± 6.47 NS
BT 11.06 ± 6.10 24.70 ± 13.99 NS
NS: Non-significant; *: significant (p<0.05; independent samples t-test), CHOL: Total cholesterol; HDL-C: High density
lipoproteins-cholesterol; LDL-C: Low density lipoproteins-cholesterol, C: Rats drinking water; GT: Rats drinking green tea;
BT: Rats drinking black tea.
Table 3:Effect of green tea and black tea consumption on liver weight and hepatosomatic index in untreated and
galactosamine treated rats
Groups Untreated rats Treated rats Significance
Liver
weight
[g]
C 11.17 ± 1.08 10.52 ± 1.18 NS
GT 10.11 ± 1.25 10.22 ± 1.49 NS
BT 10.55 ± 1.30 10.15 ± 0.91 NS
Hepatos-
omatic
index
C 4.20 ± 0.28 4.08 ± 0.30 NS
GT 4.30 ± 0.46 4.23 ± 0.40 NS
BT 4.34 ± 0.36 4.27 ± 0.27 NS
C: Rats drinking water; GT: Rats drinking green tea; BT: Rats drinking black tea, NS: Non-significant; *: significant
(p<0.05; independent samples t-test).
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DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 130 | Page
Figure1: Effect of green tea and black tea consumption on serum triglycerides levels (A), serum total lipids
levels (B) and serum glucose levels (C) in untreated and galactosamine treated rats.
C: Rats drinking water; GT: Rats drinking green tea; BT: Rats drinking black tea, C+d: Treated rats drinking water; GT+d:
Treated rats drinking green tea; BT+d: Treated rats drinking black tea.
9. Removal of the bad effects of D-Galactosamine on blood lipids of male Wistar rats by black and
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 131 | Page
Figure-2. Effect of green tea and black tea consumption on serum total cholesterol levels (A), high density
lipoproteins-cholesterol levels (B) and serum low density lipoproteins-cholesterol levels (C) in untreated and
galactosamine treated rats.
C: Rats drinking water; GT: Rats drinking green tea; BT: Rats drinking black tea, C+ d: Treated rats drinking water; GT+ d:
Treated rats drinking green tea; BT+ d: Treated rats drinking black tea.
10. Removal of the bad effects of D-Galactosamine on blood lipids of male Wistar rats by black and
DOI: 10.9790/3008-120101123132 www.iosrjournals.org 132 | Page
Figure-3. Effect of green tea and black tea consumption on liver weight (A) and hepatosomatic index (B) in
untreated and galactosamine treated rats.
C: Rats drinking water; GT: Rats drinking green tea; BT: Rats drinking black tea, C+ d: Treated rats drinking water; GT+ d:
Treated rats drinking green tea; BT+ d: Treated rats drinking black tea.
B
A