This document discusses caffeine, including its history, sources, mechanism of action, metabolism, extraction processes, health benefits, risks, and decaffeination. Caffeine is a natural stimulant found in coffee, tea, soft drinks and energy drinks. It acts as an antagonist to adenosine receptors in the brain, increasing neuronal activity. While caffeine has potential benefits like reducing Alzheimer's risk, it can also increase heart rate and blood pressure. The document examines studies on both the positive and negative health effects of caffeine consumption.

1. Caffeine :
Good & bad effects on human
Food Engineering and Technology Department
Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028
Presenting by
Jayanta Pal (FPL 13015)
Yesmin Ara Begum (FPL 13004)

2. INTRODUCTION
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a purine alkaloid that
occurs naturally in coffee beans
Some physiological effects associated with caffeine
administration include central nervous system stimulation,
acute elevation of blood pressure, increased metabolic rate,
and diuresis.
Caffeine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed in the
stomach and small intestine and distributed to all tissues,
including the brain.
It is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves
fruits of some plants, where it act as a natural
pesticide.
Beverage containing coffee such as coffee, tea
soft drinks, & energy drinks.

3. HISTORY
 1st use of caffeine as early as 600,000 BCE .
 1820 - Caffeine was first isolated from coffee by German chemist Friedlieb
Ferdinand Runge,.
 1821 - . Pelletier coined the term "caffeine" from the French word for coffee
(café), and this term became the English word "caffeine".
 1821 - Pure caffeine extracted from coffee.
 1880 - Caffeinated soft drinks appear.
 1903 - Researchers remove caffeine from beans ‘without destroying the flavor’.
 1923 - Decaffeinated coffee is introduced to the United States.
 1940 - The US imports 70 percent of the world coffee crop.
 1962 - American per-capita coffee consumption peaks at more than three cups
a day.
 1995 - Coffee becomes the worlds most popular beverage (overtaking tea ) .

4. Structure of Caffeine
Fig. 1. Structure of caffeine

5. Which Foods and Beverages Contain Caffeine
Table 1. Caffeine source and amount of caffeine content

6. Mechanism of Action
 Caffeine's primary mechanism of
action is as an
antagonist of adenosine receptors
in the brain.
Adenosine in the Brain
 In the brain neurons are transmitting
electrical energy.
 When activity is too high adenosine
molecules stop the neuron cells
from firing.
Caffeine blocks adenosine
receptors with its own
molecule preventing the
adenosine molecule from
binding.
Brain activity remains at its
excited state and can even
increase in activity because
adenosine is unable to slow
it down.

7. The binding of Adenosine
to an adenosine receptor
causes the receptor to
undergo a shape change
which triggers a
biochemical cascade. The
end result is the opening of
ion channels and the
slowing of activity.
The binding of caffeine to
a adenosine receptor
causes a shape change
that does not initiate a
biochemical cascade.
Instead, neuronal activity
remains the same or
increase.
Adenosine Caffeine
Adenosine
Receptor
Adenosine
Receptor

8. Caffeine Metabolism
 Caffeine is metabolized in liver results into three
metabolic dimethylxanthines, each of which has its
own effects on the body:
Paraxanthine : Increases lipolysis, leading to
elevated glycerol and free fatty acid levels in
the blood plasma.
Theobromine : Dilates blood vessels and
increases urine volume.
Theophylline : Relaxes smooth muscles of the
bronchi, and is used to treat asthma.

9. Fig. 2. Caffeine after metabolism in liver

10. Caffeine Extraction Processes
Super critical Fluid Extraction
Microwave-assisted extraction
ultrasonic extraction
heat reflux extraction

11. Health Benefits of Caffeine
Caffeine helps ward off Alzheimer’s.
In Japan researchers have shown that caffeine
increases memory.
Caffeine detoxes the liver and cleanses the colon
when taken as a caffeine enema.
Caffeine can stimulate hair growth on balding men
and women.
Caffeine relieves post work-out muscle pain by up
to 48%.
Caffeine can ease depression by increasing
dopamine in the brain.

12. Caffeine increases stamina during exercise.
Caffeine protects against eyelid spasm.
Caffeine may protect against Cataracts.
Caffeine may prevent skin cancer. A new study
out of Rutgers University found that caffeine
prevented skin cancer in hairless mice.
People who consume caffeine have a lower risk
of suicide.
Caffeine may reduce fatty liver in those with
non-alcohol related fatty liver disease. This study
comes out of Duke University.

13. Caffeine For Treatment of Alzheimer Disease (AD)
Epidemiologic studies have increasingly
suggested that caffeine could be an effective
therapeutic against Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
An in vivo experiments was conducted on a
transgenic mouse model for AD to determine if
caffeine have beneficial actions to protect
against or reverse AD-like cognitive impairment
and AD pathology.

14. AD transgenic (Tg) mice of age between
4 and 9 months were given (300 mg/L)
caffeine in their drinking water from young
adulthood into older age.
 The resultant amount of caffeine intake
for each mouse (approximately 1.5
mg/day) was the human equivalent of
500 mg or 5 cups of coffee per day
showed protection against memory
impairment and lower brain levels of the
abnormal protein (amyloid-β; Aβ).

15. Fig. 3. Result of effect of caffeine on Alzheimer Disease

16. The effect of acute administration of
caffeinated and decaffeinated
coffee on transgenic was also
studied .
At 3 hours following treatment,
plasma Aβ1−40 levels in 3-month old
Tg mice were substantially reduced
by 41%.
By contrast, decaffeinated coffee
and saline treatments had no effect
on plasma Aβ1−40 levels.

17. Fig. 4 . Ability of (caffeinated) coffee to acutely suppress plasma Aβ levels,
but not de-caffeinated coffee or saline control

18. A similar finding was found in a
clinical extension of this study in AD
mice.
This initial clinical studies reported
that acute oral caffeine
administration (400 mg) to aged
humans induces an immediate
decrease in blood Aβ levels.

19. Negative Side Effects of Caffeine
Effects on Heart Rate and Blood
Pressure
Osteoporosis
Diabetes
Loss of sleep
Fertility and miscarriage
Hormonal Effects

20. Fig. 5. Main symptom of caffeine overdose

21. Bad Effect of Caffeine on Coronary Heart
Diseases
 Several studies have examined the relationship between
coffee consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD)
risk. In general, case-control studies have found high
coffein intakes to be associated with significantly
increased risk of CHD or myocardial infarction (MI).
 Two separate meta-analyses that combined the results
of eight case-control studies found that CHD risk was 40–
60% higher in those who consumed 5 or more cups of
coffee daily compared to those who did not drink
coffee.

22.  The effect of coffee or caffeine consumption on people
with established CHD has not been well studied. One
case-control study found that heavy coffee
consumption, defined as more than 10 cups daily, was
associated with a significant increase in the risk of
sudden cardiac arrest in patients with established
coronary artery disease.
 However, a multi center prospective study of 1935
patients who survived a MI found no association
between coffee consumption and survival over the next
4 years, even in the heaviest coffee consumers.
 It should be noted that few patients reported consuming
more than 5-10 cups of coffee daily in all study.

23. Decaffeination
 Decaffeination is a commercial process used to remove caffeine
from coffee.
 There are four major commercial processes used to remove
caffeine from coffee.
a) Conventional decaffeination uses the chemical Methylene
Chloride.
b) "Natural" decaffeination uses the chemical Ethyl Acetate.
c) Water decaffeination uses water.
d) Carbon Dioxide decaffeination uses CO2 (SCFE).

24. Benefits of Decaffeination
Decaffeination markedly reduces the
amount of caffeine in a product without
affecting the flavor,
Making a Choice
The choice of caffeinated versus
decaffeinated comes down to personal
preference, states Fit Day. Caffeine is safe
when consumed regularly in moderate
amounts.

25. Caffeine products
Scitec Caffeine capsuleAlpecin Caffeine Shampoo
Plantur 39 Caffeine Tonic
Alert energy caffeine gum
Nestle Nescafe gold coffee
Cocacola Beverage
Awake caffeinated
chocolate

26. Decaffeinated products
Nescafe decaf coffee
Tassimo nabob decaf coffee
Zevia caffeine free cola
Twinings pure green tea

27. Conclusion
The good and bad of caffeine
Caffeine is part of modern life. Regular coffee
drinkers include the majority of adults and a growing
number of children. The recommendation for most
people is to enjoy one or two cups of coffee a day,
which will allow you to capitalize on its health benefits
without incurring health drawbacks. Extensive recent
research has put forth that coffee is far more healthful
than it is harmful. Very little bad and a lot of good
come from drinking it.

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30. Food Engineering and Technology Department
Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028