This presentation was given at the Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference All Worms All Day on December 8, 2018, in Keedysville, Maryland. The presenter was Susan Schoenian.
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
Prepared for Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference: All Worms All Day -- by Dr. Niki Whitley. Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, December 9, 2017.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
This presentation describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of veterinary important Clostridia; their main virulence factors, pathogenesis and the common diseases in animals.
Prepared for Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference: All Worms All Day -- by Dr. Niki Whitley. Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, December 9, 2017.
Blue tongue is a non-contagious, infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of sheep, goat, cattle and deer, with a worldwide distribution. Initially, the disease was reported in sheep in South Africa in 1881 and it was ascribed as “epizootic catarrh”. In 1905, the disease was renamed as “blue tongue”. In India, the first outbreak of blue tongue disease in sheep and goat was reported by Sapre (1964) from Maharashtra. It is listed under category ‘A’ of disease by OIE. The presence of this disease disrupts international commerce by putting a trade barrier on the movement of animals, their germplasm as well as animal products (OIE Bulletin, 1998).
etiology, local names, definition, transmission, source of infection, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment prevention and control
local names, definition, etiology,epidemiology lifecycle, pathogenesis, clinical findings, necropsy finding, diagnosis,treatment, control and prevention
This presentation describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of veterinary important Clostridia; their main virulence factors, pathogenesis and the common diseases in animals.
Power point focusing on the harmful bacteria found in food industries and at home that could cause serious food poisoning. Aimed for students taking A2 Food Technology
What is diarrhea in cattle and what causes it?
• Diarrhea (purging, scours) can have many causes.
• Possible causes include bacterial and viral infections, certain chemicals, intestinal parasites, poor diet, overfeeding on milk or lush grass, poisonous plants and other toxins, food allergies and even stress.
• In diarrhea, the intestine fails to adequately absorb fluids, and/or secretion into the intestine is increased. Loss of fluids through diarrhea produces dehydration and the loss of certain body salts.
• It causes a change in body tissue composition and severe depression in the animal.
• Death from scours is usually the result of dehydration and loss of body salts rather than invasion of an infectious agent.
• The correct determination of the cause of diarrhea is important in order to take effective preventive measures.
Calf scours causes more financial losses to cow-calf producers than any health problem in their herds. Calf scours is not a single infection; it is a clinical signallied with several diseases characterized by diarrhea. Regardless of the cause, diarrhea prevents the absorption of fluids from the intestines; also, body fluids pass from the scouring calfs body into the intestines. A calf is about 70 percent water at birth.
The scouring calf loses fluids and rapidly dehydrates. In addition, dehydration is associated with loss of essential body chemicals (electrolytes)-sodium and potassium-and the buildup of acid. The scouring calf typically becomes dehydrated and suffers from electrolyte loss and acidosis. Infectious agents cause the prime damage to the intestine, but death from scours usually results from dehydration, acidosis, and loss of electrolytes. The identification of infectious agents which cause scours, is quiet essential for implementing effective preventive measures (Wenzel et al., 2009).
Jan Kleinschmidt talks about the importance of nutrition from birth to weaning. She covers topics like preparing the dam, colostrum management, milk replacers, calf starter, feeding hay, and weaning.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Coccidia
The other parasite that will get them!
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu
www.wormx.info
2. What is coccidia? Eimeria spp.
▪ Coccidia are microscopic parasites
called protozoa from the genus
Eimeria.
▪ Several species of Eimeria affect
sheep and goats, but not all are
pathogenic.
▪ Sheep and goats harbor their own
species of Eimeria and there is no
cross-infection.
▪ Coccidia develop in the intestinal
tract and produce oocysts (eggs)
that pass in the manure.
3. Coccidia life cycle
▪ Complex life cycle with many steps
and stages.
▪ Direct life cycle; does not require an
intermediate host.
▪ 2-4 week life cycle (avg. 21 d).
▪ Temperature, moisture, and oxygen
are all important for development.
▪ Sporulated oocysts have great
resistance in environment.
▪ Pasture tends to be safer than pens.
4. Immunity to coccidia
▪ Very young animals are relatively
immune to coccidia, due to the
protective role of maternal
antibodies.
▪ Immunity is quickly acquired and
maintained by continuous
exposure.
▪ Sheep develop strong, life-long
immunity; goats less so.
▪ Adult animals are highly resistant
to disease; however, they harbor
low numbers of the parasite.
5. How is coccidia transmitted?
▪ Transmission is oral; ingestion of
infective oocysts.
▪ Adult animals pass infective stage
of the parasite into their manure.
▪ Then, there is fecal contamination
of the environment: hay, grain,
bedding, pasture, teats, feeders,
waterers, etc.
▪ Clinical disease develops, 14-17
days after infection with
pathogenic levels of oocysts.
6. What is coccidiosis?
▪ Disease situation when large numbers of
the infective form of the protozoa
(oocysts) are ingested – overwhelming
the animal’s immune system.
▪ Most common in growing lambs/kids, age
1 to 6 months.
▪ Outbreaks are most common around time
of weaning (due to stress), but disease
outbreaks can occur at other times.
▪ Most common in intensively reared
(housed or grazed) lambs and kids.
▪ Adults are highly resistant to disease
(goats less).
7. There are two kinds of coccidiosis.
SUB-CLINICAL
▪ Low levels of infection cause
reduction of growth and feed
efficiency of lambs/kids.
▪ May not be any overt signs of
disease.
▪ Probably greatest economic
cost to sheep and goat
industry.
CLINICAL
▪ Immune system overwhelmed
by infection level.
▪ Clinical symptoms observed.
▪ Damage has been done.
8. How is coccidiosis diagnosed?
1. Clinical findings
2. Farm history
3. Microscopic evaluation
4. Post-mortem examination
9. Clinical signs of coccidiosis
▪ Diarrhea (not always)
▪ Dirty tails, hocks
▪ Lack of appetite
▪ Depression
▪ Weight loss
▪ Poor hair coat
▪ Thin, loss of body condition
▪ Straining and pain
▪ Dehydration
▪ Weakness
▪ Death
Consider differential diagnosis
10. Microscopic examination of feces
▪ “Large” number of oocysts in feces
may be indicative of clinical
coccidiosis.
▪ However . . .
– While some suggest values of 50,000-
100,000OPG, there is no clear threshold
for treatment.
– A low count does not rule out coccidiosis;
diarrhea may precede oocyst shedding.
– Oocyst count may be high without
clinical disease.
– Without speciation, a high oocyst count
may not be significant.
11. Post-mortem examination
Confirmation of diagnosis
▪ Most reliable indicator of
clinical coccidiosis
▪ White nodules on intestinal
mucosa
▪ Thickening of intestinal wall
▪ Blood in rumen
12. Prevention of coccidiosis
GOOD ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
▪ Hygienic conditions
▪ Good nutrition
▪ Reduce stress factors
ANTICOCCIDIALTHERAPY
▪ Feed
▪ Minerals
▪ Water
▪ Milk replacer
▪ Drench
13. Hygienic conditions
BARN
▪ Clean barn
before
birthing
▪ Dry, well-
bedded
pens
PASTURE
▪ Clean, well-rested
pastures
▪ Well-drained pastures
▪ Pasture rotation
▪ Avoid “hot spots” on
pasture
▪ Don’t let waterers
overflow
▪ No feeding on ground
▪ Minimize stocking
densities.
▪ Use feeders and waterers
that minimize fecal
contamination.
▪ Clean feeders and
waterers regularly.
▪ Tight birthing periods
▪ No mixing of different
aged animals
▪ Clean animals, especially
teats
14. Good nutrition
▪ Feed females to ensure sufficient
colostrum quantity and quality.
▪ Adequate consumption of colostrum by
newborns.
▪ Good quality diet to ensure good milk
production.
▪ Avoid mineral deficiencies.
▪ Creep feed, if milk production is a
limiting factor.
▪ Use good quality milk replacers for
artificially-reared lambs/kids.
15. Reduction of stress factors
▪ Optimize housing; keep stocking densities down.
▪ Make sure ventilation is adequate.
▪ Avoid drafts and temperature fluctuations.
▪ Provide shelter from inclement weather.
▪ Manage other diseases
▪ Minimal handling
▪ Low stress handling
▪ Low stress weaning
16. Anticoccidial therapies
Via feed, mineral, water, milk replacer, and/or drench
Tradename Drug Method Approval Use
Bovatec® Lasalocid Mix in feed or mineral Approved for confined sheep Preventative
Rumensin® Monensin Mix in feed or mineral Approved for confined goats Preventative
Deccox® Decoquinate Mix in feed or mineral Approved for young, non-
lactating sheep and goats
Preventative
Corid® Amprolium Put in drinking water or
administer as a drench
Not approved for sheep and
goats
Preventative
Treatment
Di-Methox®
Albon®,
Sulmet®
Sulfonamides Put in drinking water or
administer as a drench
Not approved for sheep and
goats; requires vet Rx
Preventative
Treatment
Marquis®
Ponazuril
Ponazuril Oral paste
Drench
Not approved for sheep and
goats; requires vet Rx
Preventative
Treatment
Toltrazuril® 5%
(Baycox®)
Toltrazuril Drench Available from
racehorsemeds.com
Preventative
Treatment
17. Anticoccidial therapies
▪ TIMING IS EVERYTHING!
▪ By the time clinical signs occur,
the damage has occurred.
▪ Coccidiostats need to be fed or
administered 3-4 weeks ahead of
expected onset of clinical signs.
▪ Consumption often limits effect of
coccidiostats put feed, mineral, or
water; drenches ensure intake.
▪ Opinions differ as to whether
pregnant ewes/does should be fed
a coccidiostat.
18. Treatment of coccidiosis
▪ No medications are FDA-
approved to treat coccidiosis in
sheep/goats; extra label drug
use (VCPR) is required.
▪ Amprolium (Corid®) is available
over-the-counter, but water
soluble sulfa antibiotics must
now be obtained from a
veterinarian (Rx).
▪ Consult with your veterinarian
for proper dosages and
withdrawal periods.
Drug Tradename
Sulfonamides
(sulfa antibiotics)
Di-Methox®
Sulmet®
Albon®
Amprolium Corid®
Lambs/kids with clinical disease should
be individually treated (drenched),
usually for 5 days. Sick animals won’t
likely drink enough water.
19. Supportive therapy for lambs/kids with
coccidiosis
▪ Fluid therapy
▪ Antidiarrheals
▪ Probiotics (yogurt)
▪ Nutritional support
▪ Low stress environment
▪ Palatable feed
Sometimes damage is permanent.
20. Natural control of coccidiosis
▪ Studies have shown that sericea
lespedeza (SL) pellets (condensed
tannins) can reduce oocyst counts
and symptoms in lambs/kids
▪ Researchers recommend that SL
be fed 1-2 weeks before weaning
and 3-4 weeks after weaning.
▪ Other potential natural
treatments include pine bark
(condensed tannins) and oregano
oil. Are there others?
Are some animals more resistant?
21. Thank your for attention. Question/comments?
SUSAN SCHOENIAN
Sheep & Goat Specialist
University of Maryland Extension
sschoen@umd.edu
www.wormx.info
www.sheepandgoat.com