Cocci , staphylococcus microbiology
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Cocci are spherical or oval shaped bacteria that can be arranged in pairs, chains, or clusters. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive coccus that grows in grape-like clusters and is an important human pathogen. S. aureus is identified by its beta-hemolytic activity on blood agar, ability to coagulate plasma, and production of golden pigment and acid from mannitol fermentation. Treatment involves penicillin for sensitive strains, or other antibiotics like cephalosporins, clindamycin, or vancomycin depending on the infection severity and patient allergy profile.
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Gram positive cocci
This document discusses gram-positive cocci bacteria including staphylococci and streptococci. It describes their physical characteristics such as being round shaped and facultative anaerobes. It highlights several pathogenic species of each genus including Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. It also covers their classification, habitats, biochemical properties, antibiotic resistance, and diseases they can cause.
Gram positive rods
Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rod that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans. It produces several toxins including alpha toxin, which lyses cells, and an enterotoxin that causes diarrhea. C. perfringens has four major types (A-D) defined by their toxin production. Type A is the most common cause of human disease. It forms double zones of hemolysis on blood agar and shows a positive Nagler reaction. Clinical manifestations include gas gangrene characterized by tissue necrosis and food poisoning presenting with diarrhea. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of toxin production.
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The document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. It describes three main ways bacteria cause disease: 1) invasiveness through mechanisms like adhesion and toxin production, 2) toxigenesis through exotoxins and endotoxins, and 3) evading host immune responses. Specific virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms are discussed for different bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The host barriers bacteria must overcome include phagocytosis, complement activation, and adaptive immune responses; bacteria have evolved strategies to inhibit or subvert these defenses.
Neisseria Meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis, commonly known as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and sepsis. It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis, with highest incidence in children aged 1-5 years. The bacterium is usually carried harmlessly in the throat but can invade the bloodstream and brain. Symptoms of meningococcal disease include fever, headache, stiff neck and a rash. Timely treatment with antibiotics is crucial to recovery.
1 spore-forming gram-positive bacilli 2014
Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Listeria, and Lactobacillus are important Gram-positive bacilli. B. anthracis causes anthrax in humans and animals. It forms spores that allow transmission. Anthrax infections can occur cutaneously, by inhalation, or gastrointestinal routes with varying mortality rates. Laboratory identification of B. anthracis involves culture, Gram stain showing characteristic morphology, lack of hemolysis and motility compared to Bacillus cereus. B. cereus can cause two types of food poisoning.
Streptococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram positive coccus that forms chains and causes beta hemolysis on blood agar. It is classified by Lancefield grouping based on cell wall carbohydrates and Griffith typing based on M proteins. S. pyogenes causes respiratory, skin, and genital infections and can lead to post-streptococcal sequelae like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Penicillin is usually the treatment of choice.
Ascaris Lumbricoides
Ascaris is a large, cylindrical, pinkish-white intestinal nematode parasite with a life cycle involving eggs. The male has a ventrally curved hook and two copulatory spicules, while the female has a midventral vulva and can produce 200,000 eggs per day. The document describes the morphology and life cycle of Ascaris.
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Gram positive cocci
This document discusses gram-positive cocci bacteria including staphylococci and streptococci. It describes their physical characteristics such as being round shaped and facultative anaerobes. It highlights several pathogenic species of each genus including Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. It also covers their classification, habitats, biochemical properties, antibiotic resistance, and diseases they can cause.
Gram positive rods
Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rod that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans. It produces several toxins including alpha toxin, which lyses cells, and an enterotoxin that causes diarrhea. C. perfringens has four major types (A-D) defined by their toxin production. Type A is the most common cause of human disease. It forms double zones of hemolysis on blood agar and shows a positive Nagler reaction. Clinical manifestations include gas gangrene characterized by tissue necrosis and food poisoning presenting with diarrhea. Diagnosis involves culture and identification of toxin production.
Salmonella
Salmonella was discovered in 1885 by Theobald Smith in pigs. It is a bacterium that causes salmonellosis, the second most common bacterial foodborne illness. Salmonella bacteria are rod-shaped, single-celled microorganisms that invade intestinal cells and multiply inside them. Symptoms of salmonellosis include fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain and nausea. While usually self-limiting, it can sometimes cause more serious illnesses and death, especially in young children, the elderly and those with weak immune systems. Person-to-person and foodborne transmission are common, with undercooked eggs and meats posing major risks. Proper hygiene and food safety practices can help prevent salmonellosis
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The document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and virulence. It describes three main ways bacteria cause disease: 1) invasiveness through mechanisms like adhesion and toxin production, 2) toxigenesis through exotoxins and endotoxins, and 3) evading host immune responses. Specific virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms are discussed for different bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The host barriers bacteria must overcome include phagocytosis, complement activation, and adaptive immune responses; bacteria have evolved strategies to inhibit or subvert these defenses.
Neisseria Meningitidis
Neisseria meningitidis, commonly known as meningococcus, is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause meningitis and sepsis. It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis, with highest incidence in children aged 1-5 years. The bacterium is usually carried harmlessly in the throat but can invade the bloodstream and brain. Symptoms of meningococcal disease include fever, headache, stiff neck and a rash. Timely treatment with antibiotics is crucial to recovery.
1 spore-forming gram-positive bacilli 2014
Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Listeria, and Lactobacillus are important Gram-positive bacilli. B. anthracis causes anthrax in humans and animals. It forms spores that allow transmission. Anthrax infections can occur cutaneously, by inhalation, or gastrointestinal routes with varying mortality rates. Laboratory identification of B. anthracis involves culture, Gram stain showing characteristic morphology, lack of hemolysis and motility compared to Bacillus cereus. B. cereus can cause two types of food poisoning.
Streptococcus
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram positive coccus that forms chains and causes beta hemolysis on blood agar. It is classified by Lancefield grouping based on cell wall carbohydrates and Griffith typing based on M proteins. S. pyogenes causes respiratory, skin, and genital infections and can lead to post-streptococcal sequelae like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Penicillin is usually the treatment of choice.
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- Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep), a cause of neonatal infections.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia.
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This document discusses several intestinal nematodes including Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm), and hookworms. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these parasites. Intestinal nematodes can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe depending on the worm burden. Diseases result from nutrient deficiency, intestinal obstruction, or blood loss caused by hookworms. Sanitation and hygiene practices like handwashing and use of toilets are important for prevention.
Streptococcus pyogens
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that can cause a variety of infections in humans. It commonly colonizes the throat and skin. It produces toxins and enzymes that contribute to its virulence and ability to cause disease. S. pyogenes can cause suppurative infections like pharyngitis, impetigo, and necrotizing fasciitis. It can also cause non-suppurative sequelae after infection like acute rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis involves culturing samples on blood agar and testing for sensitivity to bacitracin. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin. Prevention focuses on proper treatment of streptococcal infections to reduce risk of
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Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that commonly cause infections in humans. They form grape-like clusters and are facultative anaerobes. Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogenic species that is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections through production of toxins and enzymes. It has developed antibiotic resistance through mechanisms like production of beta-lactamase. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of nosocomial infections associated with healthcare settings. Proper diagnosis and treatment of MRSA requires bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
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This document summarizes three genera of gram-positive non-spore forming rods: Corynebacterium, Listeria, and Erysipelothrix.
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Chapter_4_Pathogenic_Gram_positive_cocci.pptx
Gram-positive cocci include Staphylococcus (catalase-positive), which grows clusters, and Streptococcus (catalase-negative), which grows in chains. The staphylococci further subdivide into coagulase-positive (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative (S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus) species. Streptococcus bacteria subdivide into Strep. pyogenes (Group A), Strep. agalactiae (Group B), enterococci (Group D), Strep viridans, and Strep pneumonia.
Gram-positive bacilli (rods) subdivide according to their ability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are spore-forming rods while Listeria and Corynebacterium are not. Spore-forming rods that produce spores can survive in environments for many years. Also, the branching filament rods encompass Nocardia and actinomyces.
Gram-positive organisms have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall compared with gram-negative bacteria. It is a 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with an outer lipid bilayer membrane.
Bloodstream infection mortality rates have increased by 78% in just two decades[1]. Gram-positive organisms have highly variable growth and resistance patterns. The SCOPE project (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic Importance) found that gram-positive organisms in those with an underlying malignancy accounted for 62% of all bloodstream infections in 1995 and 76% in 2000 while gram-negative organisms accounted for 22% and 14% of infections for these years.[2]
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This slide contains an introduction to bacteriology, general characteristics, reproduction, culture, identification, and classification.
Culturing Blood
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Follow Atifa Ambreen:
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVTn-4KeMtXKy1h3_9JbVmw
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/atifaambreen786/
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https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/?i=1qo1my1nb2qfx&utm_content=kbo8bi7
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.
Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com
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Scientists divide Gram-positive bacilli into spore-forming and non-spore-forming genera. The two spore-forming genera are Bacillus and Clostridium. Bacillus forms endospores centrally and is aerobic. Important pathogenic Bacillus species include B. anthracis and B. cereus. B. anthracis causes anthrax through its toxin and spores. Clostridium forms terminal or subterminal spores and is anaerobic. Important pathogenic Clostridium species are C. perfringens, C. tetani, and C. botulinum, which cause myonecrosis, tetanus, and botulism respectively through their tox
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Streptococci are a diverse group of bacteria that can be classified based on their hemolytic properties, cell surface antigens, and biochemical reactions. Some important streptococcal species include:
- Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat and can lead to post-streptococcal diseases like rheumatic fever.
- Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep), a cause of neonatal infections.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae, a common cause of pneumonia.
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The document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It describes the morphological and biochemical characteristics of B. anthracis, how it causes disease, methods for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax, treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also discusses anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent and Pakistan's experience investigating suspected anthrax cases after 2001.
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Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that commonly cause infections in humans. They form grape-like clusters and are facultative anaerobes. Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogenic species that is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections through production of toxins and enzymes. It has developed antibiotic resistance through mechanisms like production of beta-lactamase. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of nosocomial infections associated with healthcare settings. Proper diagnosis and treatment of MRSA requires bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
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This document discusses Salmonella, including its isolation, morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical activities, epidemiology, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical diseases, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment. Salmonella was first isolated in 1885 and causes diseases like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and foodborne illness in humans. It is a gram-negative rod found in the intestines of animals and can contaminate foods. Diagnosis involves culturing specimens from blood, feces, urine or vomit. Treatment includes antibiotics like chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin.
Giardia lamblia
The document discusses Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis), a protozoan parasite that infects the small intestine and causes giardiasis. It was first observed microscopically in 1681. It attaches to the small intestine epithelium and reproduces via binary fission. The life cycle involves ingestion of dormant cysts found in contaminated water or food, which excyst in the intestine to the active trophozoite stage before becoming cysts again. Symptoms include diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting cysts or trophozoites microscopically in stool samples. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole or tinidazole.
Gram Positive Non-Spore Forming Rods
This document summarizes three genera of gram-positive non-spore forming rods: Corynebacterium, Listeria, and Erysipelothrix.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is described in detail, including its club-shaped appearance, toxigenic strains that produce exotoxin, and ability to cause diphtheria through pseudomembrane formation and toxin production. Listeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen that can survive harsh conditions and cause listeriosis through cell invasion and proliferation. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae commonly causes erysipeloid skin infections in those exposed to animals through pus-less lesions and can resolve without treatment.
Common parasites of military importance
The document discusses common parasites of military importance, including intestinal parasites like Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, blood flukes like Schistosoma species, and filarial parasites including Wuchereria bancrofti. It describes the lifecycles and military relevance of these parasites, noting how military personnel are at high risk of infection due to environmental exposures during operations and missions. The document aims to increase awareness of parasitic diseases that can impact military operations and public health.
Pathology healing and repair
Tissue renewal, regeneration, and repair involve two main processes - regeneration and repair. Regeneration results in complete restoration of lost or damaged tissue through proliferation of cells and tissues. Repair may restore some original structures but can also cause structural changes through scar formation. The ability of a tissue to regenerate or repair depends on the tissue type and extent of injury. Stem cells are essential for tissue renewal as they can both self-renew and differentiate into specialized cell types to replace cells and tissues. The process of wound healing involves a combination of regeneration and fibrosis or scar formation.
types of culture media
This document describes different types of culture media used to grow microorganisms. It discusses media categorized by consistency (solid, liquid, semi-solid), constituents (simple, complex, synthetic), purpose (enriched, enrichment, selective, indicator, differential, sugar, transport), and oxygen requirement (aerobic, anaerobic). Liquid media like broths are used to grow bacteria uniformly, while solid media containing agar are used for isolating colonies. Selective and enrichment media inhibit unwanted bacteria to isolate specific microorganisms. Indicator and differential media detect microbial properties through color changes.
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Staphylococci - Staphylococcus aureus - dr.somesh 2015 - Bacteriology - Micro...
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Similar to Cocci , staphylococcus microbiology
Chapter_4_Pathogenic_Gram_positive_cocci.pptx
Gram-positive cocci include Staphylococcus (catalase-positive), which grows clusters, and Streptococcus (catalase-negative), which grows in chains. The staphylococci further subdivide into coagulase-positive (S. aureus) and coagulase-negative (S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus) species. Streptococcus bacteria subdivide into Strep. pyogenes (Group A), Strep. agalactiae (Group B), enterococci (Group D), Strep viridans, and Strep pneumonia.
Gram-positive bacilli (rods) subdivide according to their ability to produce spores. Bacillus and Clostridia are spore-forming rods while Listeria and Corynebacterium are not. Spore-forming rods that produce spores can survive in environments for many years. Also, the branching filament rods encompass Nocardia and actinomyces.
Gram-positive organisms have a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall compared with gram-negative bacteria. It is a 20 to 80 nm thick polymer while the peptidoglycan layer of the gram-negative cell wall is 2 to 3 nm thick and covered with an outer lipid bilayer membrane.
Bloodstream infection mortality rates have increased by 78% in just two decades[1]. Gram-positive organisms have highly variable growth and resistance patterns. The SCOPE project (Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic Importance) found that gram-positive organisms in those with an underlying malignancy accounted for 62% of all bloodstream infections in 1995 and 76% in 2000 while gram-negative organisms accounted for 22% and 14% of infections for these years.[2]
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This document provides information on Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including their morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical properties, virulence factors, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. N. meningitidis can cause meningitis and meningococcemia, while N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, neonatal conjunctivitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Both are Gram-negative diplococci that require special culture conditions and produce oxidase. Laboratory diagnosis involves Gram stain, culture, and tests for oxidase and sugar fermentation patterns. Treatment is generally with penicillin or related antibiotics.
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This document provides information on Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including their morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical properties, virulence factors, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. N. meningitidis can cause meningitis and meningococcemia, while N. gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, neonatal conjunctivitis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Both are Gram-negative diplococci that require special culture conditions and produce oxidase. Laboratory diagnosis involves Gram stain, culture, and tests for oxidase and sugar fermentation patterns. Treatment is generally with penicillin or related antibiotics.
4 Staphylococci & Micrococci.pdf
This document discusses Staphylococci and Micrococci. It describes the characteristics of staphylococci including their morphology, pathogenic species such as S. aureus and S. epidermidis, virulence factors, diagnosis, and treatment/resistance. Key points are: Staphylococci are catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci that commonly colonize skin/mucosa. S. aureus is the most virulent species and a cause of various infections through virulence factors like toxins and coagulase. Diagnosis involves culture, identification of colonies/biochemical tests. Treatment depends on antibiotic susceptibility; MRSA is resistant to methicillin. S. epidermid
Pathogenic Cocci. Staphylococci, Streptococci. Laboratory diagnostics of dise...
Staphylococci and streptococci are pathogenic cocci that can cause various human diseases. Staphylococci like Staphylococcus aureus are classified based on their ability to clot blood and have distinguishing morphological and cultural characteristics. They produce various enzymes and toxins that contribute to pathogenesis. Diseases range from superficial skin infections to serious conditions like toxic shock syndrome. Laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcal and streptococcal infections involves cultural isolation methods to identify the bacteria as well as serological and molecular tests.
Staphylococcal Skin Infections
Staphylococcal Skin Infections , Organism growth characteristics on Media, Biochemical Characteristics, Virulence Factors, Transmission, Epidemiology
Group b & d streptococci
This document discusses Group B and D streptococci, including their taxonomy, description, epidemiology, clinical significance, and laboratory diagnosis. It focuses on Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) and Enterococcus (Group D streptreptococcus).
Group B streptococcus is a leading cause of neonatal infections. It commonly causes early-onset meningitis in newborns. Proper screening and treatment of colonized mothers during pregnancy can help prevent early-onset neonatal infections. Identification involves culturing vaginal/rectal swabs in selective broth followed by plating on blood agar. Phenotypic tests like CAMP and hippurate hydrolysis are used to identify S. agalactiae.
wala strep.pptx
This document provides information about Streptococcus bacteria. It discusses their general characteristics, classification, morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenesis and virulence factors. It focuses on key Streptococcus species including Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), Group B Streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae), the Viridans Group, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. It also covers Enterococcus. Laboratory diagnosis techniques are summarized, including the CAMP test used to identify Group B streptococci.
Ocular - Microbiolgy
Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes that reproduce through binary fission and lack organelles. They can be classified according to morphology, metabolism, staining properties, and other characteristics. Important pathogenic bacteria that can infect the eye include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani, Propionibacterium acnes, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Virulence factors such as toxins and enzymes allow bacteria to infect tissues and evade the immune system.
Aerobic Non-Spore-Forming Gram-Positive Bacilli
Disease: listeriosis.
L. monocytogenes causes a variety of infections in neonates, pregnant women, and immunosuppressed patients.
CNS infections: meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess, spinal cord infections.
Neonatal:
Early onset: Granulomatosis infantisepticum—in utero infection disseminated systemically that causes stillbirth.
Late onset: Bacterial meningitis.
Food poisoning, bacteremia.
Mode of transmission:
Direct contact: Human gastrointestinal tract, ingestion of contaminated food, such as meat and dairy products.
Endogenous strain: Colonized mothers may pass organism to fetus. Portal of entry is probably from gastrointestinal tract to blood and in some instances from blood to meninges.
presentationofstreptococcus-180731145601.pdf
This document summarizes key information about various Streptococcus bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical properties, pathogenic species and diseases caused. Streptococcus pyogenes, pneumoniae, viridans and faecalis are discussed in detail, outlining their laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Classification systems for streptococci include Lancefield grouping and hemolytic reactions on blood agar. Streptococcus pyogenes produces various virulence factors and causes impetigo, pharyngitis, and rheumatic fever. Pneumoniae commonly colonizes the nasopharynx and can lead to pneumonia or otitis media.
Presentation of streptococcus
This document summarizes key information about various Streptococcus bacteria. It describes their morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical properties, pathogenic species and diseases caused. Streptococcus pyogenes, pneumoniae, viridans and faecalis are discussed in detail, outlining their laboratory diagnosis and treatment. Classification systems for streptococci include Lancefield grouping and hemolytic reactions on blood agar. Streptococcus pyogenes produces various virulence factors and causes impetigo, pharyngitis, and rheumatic fever. Pneumoniae commonly colonizes the nasopharynx and can lead to pneumonia or otitis media.
pseudomonas- caractères marphologi.pptx
This document discusses the bacterium Pseudomonas. It is a rod-shaped, aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that is commonly found in soil and water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections in immunocompromised or hospitalized patients. It is resistant to many antibiotics and disinfectants. The document outlines the characteristics, growth properties, biochemical reactions, laboratory identification, treatment, and prevention of Pseudomonas infections.
Anaerobic rods causing purulent wound infections. Prevention of Gas gangrene
This document discusses Clostridium bacteria that cause gas gangrene. It describes the taxonomy, morphology, culture characteristics, and virulence factors of Clostridium. The major virulence factors are exotoxins produced by Clostridium perfringens that are responsible for tissue necrosis. The pathogenesis of gas gangrene involves initial tissue trauma allowing Clostridium spores to germinate, release of exotoxins causing tissue necrosis, and toxemia resulting in shock. Laboratory diagnosis is based on microscopy of Gram-positive bacilli in smears and culture identification of Clostridium serotypes to guide specific antitoxin therapy.
Clostridium microbacteria
This document describes several species of the genus Clostridium. Clostridium species are large, straight, gram-positive, spore-forming rods. They include pathogens like C. tetani which causes tetanus, C. perfringens which causes gas gangrene and food poisoning, and C. botulinum which causes botulism. The document provides details on the morphology, culture characteristics, toxins produced, diseases caused, and laboratory diagnosis of some important Clostridium species.
Care of a dying patient
This document provides information on bacteria morphology and identification. It discusses that bacteria are microscopic, unicellular organisms that can perform essential life functions. It describes different bacterial shapes including cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirilla, and spirochaetes. Gram staining is used to classify bacteria as either gram positive or gram negative. Common gram positive cocci like staphylococci and streptococci are examined in detail. Requirements for bacterial growth such as nutrients, oxygen, temperature, and pH are also reviewed.
streptococcus-it a gram negative bacteria
Streptococci are Gram-positive spherical/ovoid cocci arranged in long chains. They are classified based on hemolysis reactions into alpha, beta, and gamma hemolytic types. Major pathogenic streptococci include S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, S. viridans, and E. faecalis. S. pyogenes causes infections like impetigo and pharyngitis. S. pneumoniae is commonly found in the nasopharynx and can cause pneumonia and otitis media. S. viridans inhabits the oral cavity and can cause endocarditis. E. faecalis is found in the intestines and associated with infections like urinary tract infections.
Pseudomonas
pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading cause of hospital-associated infection. mainly Pseudomonas is a multi drug resistant bacteria.
they are oxidase positive, non fermenters, strictly aerobic bacteria.
they are pigment producing, pigment can be appreciated on nutrient agar.
1+2 bacteria 1.pdf
This document discusses the classification and typing of bacteria. It begins by explaining that bacteria can be grouped using phenotypic typing schemes utilized by clinicians, which examine bacterial morphology, staining properties, oxygen requirements, and biochemical tests. It also notes the importance of identifying the environmental reservoir and transmission means for clinicians. The document then provides details on various classification schemes for bacteria, including based on shape, staining, oxygen requirements, temperature tolerance, and structure. It focuses on the Gram stain technique and discusses characteristics of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Similar to Cocci , staphylococcus microbiology (20)
Pathogenic Cocci. Staphylococci, Streptococci. Laboratory diagnostics of dise...
Pathogenic Cocci. Staphylococci, Streptococci. Laboratory diagnostics of dise...
Anaerobic rods causing purulent wound infections. Prevention of Gas gangrene
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
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◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
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◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Recently uploaded (20)
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Cocci , staphylococcus microbiology
- 1. Cocci Bsc Nursing 2020 Microbiology Mss. Poonam kandari
- 2. Cocci • ( From kokkos ,meaning _ berry ) • Cocci are oval or spherical cell . • Cocci may be arranged in pairs – diplococci • may be Chains _ streptococcus • And may clusters _ staphylococcus
- 3. Types of cocci : Gran positive • Staphylococcus • Streptococcus • pneumonia Gram negative • Meningococcal • Gonorrhea
- 5. Staphylococcus • The Genus staphylococcus contains various species but the medically important species are : • staphylococcus aureus • staphylococcus epidermis, • staphylococcus saprophyticus .
- 7. 1. Staphylococcus aureus • A. Morphology They are gram positive cocci arranged in grape- like clusters,non mobile, non sporting, approximately 1mm in diameter. B. Culture it grow on ordinary culture media within a temperature range of 10-42 Degree centigrade, the optimum temperature 37 degree centigrade and pH 7.4- 7.6 . .They are aerobes and facultative anaerobes.
- 8. Growth of staphylococcus on agar Staph aureus on nutrient agar : most of the staph strains produce golden yellow pigment. Staph aureus on blood agar medium : colonies are similar to those on nutrients agar and in addition a beta type of haemolysis is seen
- 9. Staph aureus on MSA : yellow colored colonies are seen ,due to fermentation of Mannitol. Staph aureus on maCconkey agar : colonies are very small and pink due to lactose fermentation.
- 10. Liquid medium • Uniform turbidity is produced in peptone water or nutrient broth .
- 11. C. Biochemical reactions. • Staph. aureus is catalase positive and oxidase negative. It ferments a number of sugars producing acid without gas. • The following characteristics help to distinguish a pathogenic stain of staphylococcus ( staph. aureus ) from other non – pathogenic stains ( e.g. Staph. Epidermis ) . • 1. Beta type of haemolysis on blood agar • 2. Coagulase production • 3. Production of a golden yellow pigment • 4. Mannitol fermentation.
- 14. Beta type of haemolysis on blood agar
- 29. TREATMENT 1 . Benzyl penicillin is the most effective Antibiotics, if the strain is sensitive. 2. In serious infections they may be combined with an aminoglycoside or fusidic acid . 3. First and second generation cephalosporins are also effective but third generation should be avoided. 4. Clindamycin is useful in case of osteomyelitis. 5. Patients allergic to penicillin may be given erythromycin, vancomycin or first generation cephalosporin.
- 30. Reference • Microbiology for nursing & allied sciences. (Second edition, D.R. Arora ) • Microbiology ( prof . C P BAVEJA) • Google slideshare https://www.slideshare.net/DrAbbasHayat/staphylococcus-33723289