staph.pptx
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The document summarizes key information about Staphylococcus, including that it is a genus of gram-positive spherical bacteria that form grape-like clusters. It notes the two main types are coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative species like S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus. It provides details on how to differentiate between these types based on laboratory tests like coagulase, catalase, hemolysis, mannitol fermentation and novobiocin sensitivity. Finally, it lists some common diseases that can be caused by Staphylococcus like pyogenic infections, food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome.
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1. Tumors can be recognized by the immune system through tumor antigens including those encoded by oncogenic viruses, fetal antigens re-expressed in cancer, mutated self-genes, and overexpressed cellular proteins.
2. The immune system responds to tumor antigens through macrophages, NK cells, CTLs, and antibodies which can kill tumor cells.
3. However, tumors evade the immune response using mechanisms such as losing antigens, lacking MHC molecules, producing immunosuppressive factors, and inducing immune tolerance.
4. Cancer immunotherapy aims to stimulate anti-tumor immunity through techniques like vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cell therapy, and immunostimulants.
media.pptx
This document discusses different types of culture media used to grow bacteria. It explains that culture media provide nutrients for bacterial growth and are used to study bacterial characteristics, isolate pathogens from specimens for diagnosis, and determine antibiotic sensitivity. The document outlines several types of culture media including simple media, indicator media, selective media, enriched media, and transport media. It provides examples of commonly used media and their purposes.
cells of innate immune response.pdf
This document discusses several key cells of the innate immune system, including their origins, surface markers, functions, and mechanisms of action. It describes natural killer (NK) cells, which spontaneously kill virus-infected and tumor cells. It also outlines macrophages and their roles in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine secretion. Dendritic cells are discussed as the most efficient antigen presenting cells that activate naive T cells. The functions of neutrophils and basophils are also summarized.
neissriae.pptx
This document discusses Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), a gram-positive coccus that is part of the normal respiratory flora but can cause pneumonia. It has a polysaccharide capsule that is a main virulence factor. It requires enriched media to grow and shows alpha hemolysis on blood agar. Identification methods include bile solubility, optochin sensitivity, Quellung reaction, and inulin fermentation tests. The document also discusses Neisseria gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis, which are gram-negative cocci that appear in pairs and are detected in pathological specimens by gram stain. They require enriched media to grow and are identified by oxidase and sugar fermentation tests
innate immune response
Innate immunity is the body's first line of defense against pathogens. It includes mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers that block pathogen entry. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system responds through cells and proteins. Key components of the innate response are phagocytic cells, complement proteins, acute phase proteins, cytokines, and inflammation. The complement system helps eliminate pathogens through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammation. Innate immunity provides non-specific protection and helps activate the adaptive immune response.
UT microbiome.pptx
The document discusses the human microbiome, specifically the urinary tract microbiome. It defines the human microbiota as the microbes found on and in the human body, which can vary between individuals due to factors like diet, age, and geography. The urinary tract is normally sterile, but the skin, mouth, nasal passages, and gut contain resident and transient bacteria that make up the normal flora. This flora plays an important role in health by preventing colonization by pathogens and producing vitamins, but under certain conditions bacteria from the normal flora can also cause disease. The vaginal flora typically contains Lactobacillus species that maintain acidity and prevent infections, while the gut flora aids in digestion and
Urinary tract infection.pdf
This document summarizes urinary tract infections including cystitis, pyelonephritis, asymptomatic bacteriuria, and prostatitis. It describes the anatomy of the urinary tract and defines the different types of urinary tract infections. It discusses the typical causative agents, risk factors, clinical presentations, diagnoses, and treatment approaches for each type of infection. The most common pathogen is E. coli and treatment involves antibiotics that can achieve high concentrations in the renal parenchyma like fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins. Asymptomatic bacteriuria generally does not require treatment except in special populations.
bacterial-staining.pptx
This document discusses various bacterial staining techniques including simple stains that use a single dye, differential stains that use a primary and counterstain separated by a decolorizing agent, and special stains for specific bacteria. The most common differential stain is the Gram stain, which distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on their cell wall structure. Another important differential stain is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain used to identify acid-fast bacteria like Mycobacterium tuberculosis through their mycolic acid cell walls. Special stains are also described that target specific bacteria like the Fontana stain for spirochetes.
lab diagnosis od meningitis.pdf
A 3-year-old is diagnosed with bacterial meningitis after a cerebrospinal fluid sample grows gram positive cocci in chains and diplococci. A separate cerebrospinal fluid sample from another patient revealed gram-negative coccobacilli that grew on chocolate agar supplemented with growth factors X and V, identifying the organism as Haemophilus influenzae. A 50-year-old woman presented with headache, fever and neck stiffness, and her cerebrospinal fluid culture grew gram-positive small bacilli showing strong beta-hemolysis on blood agar, identifying the organism as Listeria monocytogenes.
poliomylitis.pdf
This document discusses polioviruses, including their properties, transmission, replication cycle, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and prophylaxis. It focuses on the causative agent of poliomyelitis, poliovirus, describing it as a non-enveloped RNA virus that infects the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. The document compares the Salk inactivated polio vaccine and Sabin live attenuated oral polio vaccine, explaining their differences in inducing immunity and preventing transmission.
meningitis.pdf
This document discusses meningitis, including:
1) Meningitis is an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord called the meninges.
2) Causative organisms of acute meningitis include bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and viruses like enteroviruses. Subacute and chronic meningitis are often caused by organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungi.
3) Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status. Empiric antibiotic treatment depends on the suspected causative organism and includes drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier like ceftriaxone.
MHC.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of genes located on chromosome 6 that encode MHC molecules displayed on cell surfaces. MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of self and non-self antigens. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while Class II molecules present extracellular peptides internalized by antigen presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules play a crucial role in the immune system through antigen presentation and recognition.
Detection of Biofilm
This study investigated methods for detecting biofilm formation in Staphylococcal isolates from neonatal infections. Staphylococci were the most common cause of infection. Three phenotypic methods (tube method, microtiter plate method, Congo red agar) and a genotypic PCR method were used to detect biofilm formation. The tube method had the highest sensitivity and specificity compared to the PCR method. Strong biofilm formers showed higher resistance to vancomycin and meropenem. Both genotypic and phenotypic methods should be used to fully identify biofilm formation in Staphylococci.
antigen antibody reactions
This document describes various methods for detecting antigen-antibody reactions, including primary reactions like precipitation and agglutination that are visible to the naked eye, as well as secondary reactions that require labels like enzymes, radioisotopes, or fluorescent substances and can be seen using techniques like immunofluorescence (IF), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA), Western blotting, and flow cytometry. It provides details on the principles, procedures, applications, and examples of each method.
Sterlization
Sterilization kills all microbes including spores, while disinfection kills most pathogens but not necessarily all spores. Sterilization methods include heat (dry heat, moist heat like autoclaving), radiation, filtration, gases (ethylene oxide), and plasma. Autoclaving at 121°C for 20 minutes is the most effective sterilization method. Other methods like dry heat, boiling, filtration and chemicals are used for heat-sensitive items or liquids. Proper monitoring of the sterilization process is important to ensure complete sterilization.
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staph.pptx
- 2. Staphylococcus is a large genus, containing at least 30 species. General features: •Gram-positive spherical cocci arranged in grape-like clusters. •Facultative anaerobe. •Non motile, non capsulated. •Catalase positive. •Endopigment production Staphylococci
- 3. Staphylococci are divided into:- •Coagulase positive staphylococci:- S.aureus (most pathogenic species). •Coagulase negative staphylococci: -S.epidermidis and S .saprophyticus are the most important coagulase- negative species that can cause infections in man.
- 4. Coagulase positive Staph (S.aureus) Coagulase Negative Staph S.epidermidis &S.saprophyticus Growth on nutrient agar Golden yellow colonies S.epidermidis: white colonies S.saprophyticus :lemon yellow colonies Catalase test Positive Positive Coagulase test Positive Negative Hemolysis on blood agar β-haemolytic Non haemolytic Mannite fermentation Fermenter Non fermenter Gelatin liquefaction Liquefy gelatin Not Liquefy gelatin Pathogenicity Pathogenic opportunistic pathogens Difference between Coagulase positive Staph & Coagulase Negative Staph
- 5. Novobiocin sensitivity test: Is done to differentiate between the coagulase negative staphylococci: S.epidermidis (Novobiocin sensitive) and S.saprophyticus (Novobiocin resistant). S.epidermidis S.saprophyticus
- 6. I -Pyogenic staphylococcal Diseases a- Focal suppuration folliculitis, carbuncles, boils and abscesses. b- Invasive conditions: bacteraemia,osteomyelitis, necrotizing pneumonia, empyema, endocarditis, meningitis, multiple abscesses in tissues and septicaemia. c- Outbreaks of hospital acquired post-operative wound infections II. Toxigenic staphylococcal diseases a) Food poisoning b) Toxic shock syndrome c) Scalded skin syndrome Diseases caused by staphylococcal
- 7. •Specimens: according to site of infection may include pus, sputum, urine, CSF, blood ....etc. • Direct detection in clinical specimens by: Gram-stained smear: Gram-positive cocci are seen in clusters in association with pus cells. Laboratory diagnosis of S. aureus infection:
- 8. 3. Cultivation: •On nutrient agar: endopigment. •On blood agar: β-haemolysis.
- 9. •On mannitol salt agar: (selective media for staphylococci), colonies are yellow due to change in colour of phenol red indicator as a result of acid production from mannitol
- 10. Biochemical reactions:- •Catalase test: positive. •Coagulase test: positive.
- 11. •Phage typing: To trace the source of infection in nosocomial infection and outbreaks of food poisoning. •Typing of staphylococci is done by flooding the surface of an agar with broth culture of the test strain (staphylococcus) then after dryness different phages are applied as drops on different square areas on the plate, which is incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, lysis will occur in the area which determine the phage type of the strain.