PROTEOMICS REVIEW

1. A REVIEW ON PROTEOMICS
A Seminar submitted to
VIJAYA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACEUTICAL
SCIENCES FOR WOMEN
Under the guidance of
Mrs. D. Santhi Krupa, M. Pharm ,
Asst. Professor,
Department of Pharmacology

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Goals of Proteomics
3. Need for Proteomics
4. Types of Proteomics
5. Methods for Protein measurement
6. Correlation between gene expression & protein products
7. Opportunities
8. Clinical applications
9. Challenges
10. Future perspective
11. Conclusion
12. References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Proteomics is a rapidly growing and an important field of research.
 Proteomic approach will overcome some of the limitations of other
approaches in different disease treatments.
 Study of human genes and proteins has been the identification of
potential new drugs for the treatments of disease in the present era.
 In this present topic, we are going to focus on proteomics and its
clinical applications, so as to attain knowledge and also to make use
of proteomic modifications to treat the diseases.

4. The terms proteome and proteomics were coined by
“Mark Wilkins” and his colleagues in the early
1990’s.

5. DEFINITIONS
Proteome:
A Proteome indicates the quantitative protein expression
profile of cell, an organism or a tissue.
Proteomics:
Proteomics is the large scale study of proteins particularly
their composition, structures, functions and interactions.

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8. GOALS OF PROTEOMICS
Field of Proteomics was emerged with the goals of
 Global analysis of protein expression and function.
 Systematic determination of proteins in physiological and
pathological conditions.
Discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
 To increase mechanistic understanding of the biological
processes.

9. NEED FOR PROTEOMICS
Some mRNA molecules are non-coding and don’t give
rise to any protein products and some undergo alternative
splicing, and gives rise to multiple products.
Protein identification, structure and function elucidation
Quantification
Characterization of Post-translational modification
Description of possible interactions

10. TYPES OF PROTEOMICS
Based on the protein response under stress conditions proteomics are
classified into different groups.
– Expression Proteomics
– Structural Proteomics
– Functional Proteomics

11. • Expression Proteomics
-Study of dysregulated proteins as a function of stimulation or condition
• Structural Proteomics
-High throughput characterization of the three-dimensional structures of biological
macromolecules
• Functional Proteomics
-Functional proteomics constitutes an emerging research area in the proteomic field
whose approaches are addressed towards two major targets: the elucidation of the
biological function of unknown proteins and the definition of cellular mechanisms at
the molecular level. 11

12. METHODS FOR PROTEIN MEASUREMENT
Scientists identify the structure, interactions, and functions of all proteins
within the cells by utilizing methods of the protein measurement.
The current focus in proteomics is to define the nature of proteins and
their levels of expression in cells using the protein detection technologies.
 Clinical samples in proteomics can be analyzed through
a) Mass spectroscopy
b) 2-Dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(2D PAGE)
c) Protein arrays

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14. CORRELATION BETWEEN GENE EXPRESSION
& PROTEIN PRODUCTS
Proteomics and Genomics are
complementary regarding
 The information provided by them
 Rate of synthesis
Time point of expression
 Incorporation of functional groups

15. OPPORTUNITIES
 Drug Discovery
 Drug Development

16. PROTEOMICS- CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
i. CNS related Applications
 Functional imaging and cognitive biomarkers hold promise as
sensitive indices for the early detection of abnormal circuit
function, understanding disease mechanisms, for monitoring
disease progression and response to treatment in brain disorders.
 It is used to develop diagnostic predicts after CNS injury in
neurotrauma. Mapping changes in proteins after injury will give
new therapeutic target .

17. ii. CVS related Applications
 Proteomic investigations of human heart disease have so
far concentrated on dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a
severe cardiac dysfunction characterized by impaired
systolic function resulting in heart failure.
 Several antigens involved in the processes of acute and
chronic rejection after cardiac transplantation are currently
being investigated as potential markers using Proteomics.

18. iii. Cancer related Applications
Most tumour markers in current use were identified from protein-based
approaches. Protein signatures in cancer provide valuable information that
help in more effective diagnosis, prognosis, and response to therapy.
The ability to characterize proteins within complex biological fluids such as
serum, plasma and urine by proteomic technologies will bring greater
possibility of identifying the desired cancer biomarkers.

19. Advances in target based Proteomics in cancer,
allows early cancer detection, classify tumors and
monitor disease progression, regression and
recurrence.
Abnormal urinary precipitate in myeloma to the
generation of tumour specific antibodies can be
detected using proteomics.

20. iv. Infectious Diseases related Applications
To control the prevalence of infectious disease and develop
improved therapies, the scientific community has focused on
building a molecular picture of pathogen using proteomics.
Proteomics can be used for defining the composition of viral,
bacterial pathogens and the dynamic interaction with their
hosts in space and time.
MS-based proteomics will support the development of
diagnostics and therapies of infectious diseases.

21. v. Protein-Protein interaction network: Probing disease
mechanisms
 In humans, disruptions of the normal patterns of PPIs and
protein complexes can be indicative of a disease state.
Recent developments in the biological applications of mass
spectroscopy based proteomics have expanded the horizon for
the application of systematic large-scale mapping of physical
interactions to probe disease mechanisms.

22. Overall Applications of Proteomics

23. CHALLENGES
I. Drug Target Discovery
 The ability of MS-based methods are somewhat of
Consent and Nuisance.
 Many differences such as inflammatory or acute phase
response proteins can be ruled out as potential drug
targets, but how to determine the best candidates is still a
difficult task.
 Correlation between the amount of a protein and its
transcripts abundance is poor.

24. 2. Cost
 Proteomics technologies use complex
instrumentation, critical computing power and
expensive consumables.
 Integration of proteomics with genomics, as well
as their functional interpretation in conjunction with
clinical results and epidemiology is a costly process.

25. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE
 The protein markers identified have a broad range of potential
applications. They may be used for clinical diagnostic or prognostic
purposes.
 If further biochemical research revolves that proteins have a
fundamental role in disease pathology, they may have the utility as
molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in the disease.

26. CONCLUSION
Proteomics, is a relatively new and extremely dynamically evolving
branch of science, focused on the evaluation of proteome. This field focus
to extract important biological information, to aid clinicians and scientists
in understanding the pathology of many diseases.
Research based approaches should be allowed to realize the proteomic
potential in biomedical research and their board clinical applications, so
as to combat the disease and maintain the good health.

27. REFERENCES
 Aebersold R, Cravatt BF. Proteomics: Advances, applications and the
challenges that remain. Trends Biotechnol., 2002; 20:S1-2.
 Anderson N.L., Anderson N.G., Electrophoresis., 1998; 1853-1861.
 Anderson, L., and J. Seilhamer. A comparison of selected mRNA and
protein abundances in human liver. Electrophoresis., 1997; 18:533-53.
 Cho WC. Contribution of oncoproteomics to cancer biomarker discover
Mol Cancer., 2007; 6:25.
 Kiernan UA. Biomarker rediscovery in diagnostics. Expert Opin Med
Diagn., 2008; 2:1391-400