Clinical pathology case presentation
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A 9-year old female neutered boxer presented with a history of lameness. Bloodwork showed normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, and rouleaux formation. Biochemistry revealed hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypercalcemia. Urinalysis showed isosthenuria. Serum protein electrophoresis was normal. Differentials included multiple myeloma due to hyperproteinemia, hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome, cytopenias from myelophthisis, and monoclonal gammopathy. Lymphoma was also considered.
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CES 2016 02 - Acute and Chronic myeloid leukemias
1. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood stem cells, characterized by the overproduction of immature white blood cells or myeloblasts in the bone marrow.
2. AML is classified according to morphology, immunophenotype, genetics, and molecular characteristics. Common genetic mutations include those involving genes such as NPM1, CEBPA, FLT3, and others.
3. Prognosis depends on factors such as specific chromosome abnormalities present (e.g. t(15;17) conferring a better prognosis vs a complex karyotype conferring worse prognosis).
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AML is characterized by accumulation of abnormal blast cells in the bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells. It results from clonal expansion of myeloid precursor cells with reduced ability to differentiate. Treatment involves induction chemotherapy with anthracyclines and cytarabine to achieve complete remission, defined as less than 5% blasts in the bone marrow. Risk is then assessed based on genetics to determine if additional chemotherapy or stem cell transplant is needed.
Acute myeloid leukemia
This document discusses the case of a 35-year-old female patient presenting with fever, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Her medical history includes a hysterectomy for menorrhagia and treatment for genitourinary tuberculosis. On examination, she has pallor and tachycardia. Laboratory tests show pancytopenia and blasts in her peripheral blood smear. A bone marrow biopsy confirms the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia. The discussion reviews the epidemiology, etiology, classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and initial treatment evaluation for AML.
ALL
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood leukemia, accounting for 80% of cases. It is a cancer of the lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. Patients present with fatigue, fever, and bleeding due to bone marrow failure. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing reduced blood counts and blast cells in the bone marrow. Treatment involves remission induction, intensification, and maintenance therapy, with an overall cure rate of around 85%. Prognosis depends on factors like age, genetics, and response to initial treatment.
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This document provides an overview of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It discusses the etiology, classification, clinical features, laboratory findings, treatment including induction chemotherapy, post-remission therapy such as stem cell transplantation, and prognostic factors of AML. The key points are that AML is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells, its incidence increases with age, and treatment involves induction chemotherapy to achieve remission followed by post-remission therapy to prevent relapse.
Pancytopenia
Pancytopenia is a condition defined by low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can be caused by bone marrow failure, bone marrow infiltration, ineffective hematopoiesis, or peripheral destruction/pooling of blood cells. Evaluating the history, examination, blood counts, blood film, bone marrow aspiration/biopsy, and other tests can help determine the underlying cause, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, or myelodysplastic syndrome. The bone marrow may appear hypocellular, normocellular, or hypercellular, providing clues to diagnoses like aplastic anemia or hematologic malignancies.
ACUTE MYELOID / MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA 2016
1. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a clonal, malignant disease characterized by accumulation of abnormal blast cells in the bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells.
2. AML results from a series of somatic mutations in a primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell. Additional mutations are required for progression to AML.
3. Standard induction treatment involves "7+3" chemotherapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline, achieving remission in 55-90% of patients. Post-remission therapy aims to prolong remission.
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood leukemia, accounting for 80% of cases. It is a cancer of the lymphoid cells of the bone marrow. Patients present with fatigue, fever, and bleeding due to bone marrow failure. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing reduced blood counts and blast cells in the bone marrow. Treatment involves remission induction, intensification, and maintenance therapy, with an overall cure rate of around 85%. Prognosis depends on factors like age, genetics, and response to initial treatment.
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Pancytopenia is a condition defined by low levels of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It can be caused by bone marrow failure, bone marrow infiltration, ineffective hematopoiesis, or peripheral destruction/pooling of blood cells. Evaluating the history, examination, blood counts, blood film, bone marrow aspiration/biopsy, and other tests can help determine the underlying cause, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, or myelodysplastic syndrome. The bone marrow may appear hypocellular, normocellular, or hypercellular, providing clues to diagnoses like aplastic anemia or hematologic malignancies.
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1. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a clonal, malignant disease characterized by accumulation of abnormal blast cells in the bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells.
2. AML results from a series of somatic mutations in a primitive hematopoietic progenitor cell. Additional mutations are required for progression to AML.
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plasmacytoma-1
This document presents a case report of a 65-year-old female patient diagnosed with extramedullary plasmacytoma of the oral cavity. On examination, she had a lingual gingival growth involving her lower front teeth. Biopsies of the oral growth and a neck swelling found sheets of plasma cells confirming soft tissue plasmacytoma. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are rare neoplastic proliferations of plasma cells in soft tissue, accounting for 3% of plasma cell tumors. While prognosis is generally good, lifelong monitoring is needed to check for progression to multiple myeloma or new lesions.
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The document provides information on multiple myeloma, including its definition, history, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations and staging. Some key points:
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- Clinical features include bone pain, pathological fractures, anemia, hypercalcemia and renal impairment. Diagnosis requires ≥10% plasma cells on bone marrow biopsy and evidence of end organ damage.
- Investigations include serum and urine protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, skeletal survey, MRI and bone marrow biopsy to assess disease burden and abnormalities. Staging involves blood
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Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that develops in the bone marrow. It causes abnormalities in plasma cells which invade and destroy bone tissue, causing pain, fractures, and other symptoms. Risk factors include genetic abnormalities and exposure to chemicals, radiation, or certain infections. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging to detect myeloma cells and bone damage. While rarely curable, myeloma is treatable through chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, and surgery to strengthen weakened bones. Nursing care focuses on monitoring the patient, providing psychological support, preventing infections, and educating the patient and family.
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Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) is the term used to refer to the disorders that accompany the benign or the malignant tumors and are not caused by mass effect or invasion / metastasis.
These disorders are triggered by an immune system response to neuronal proteins expressed by the tumor(onconeural proteins).
These PNS also occur due to substances secreted by the neoplasm itself.
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This document provides information on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), including:
- AML is a stem cell disorder characterized by a block in differentiation of myeloid precursors.
- It has several predisposing factors such as Down syndrome and exposure to radiation or chemicals.
- Diagnosis involves evaluation of blood counts, identification of blasts in blood and bone marrow, immunophenotyping of blasts, and cytogenetic/molecular testing.
- Several classification systems exist including the French-American-British (FAB) system and the current World Health Organization (WHO) system.
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1) Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells that present with skeletal lesions. It most commonly involves the spine, ribs, and pelvis.
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Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells. The main pathological changes in AML involve abnormal proliferation, blocked differentiation, and abolished apoptosis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Benzene exposure can cause AML and other hematological malignancies. AML is classified based on the type of cells affected and how quickly the disease progresses. The disease involves accumulation of genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, leading to increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and a block in cellular differentiation. Clinical manifestations include marrow failure, tissue infiltration, and leukostasis. Prognostic factors include age, white blood cell count, specific genetic mutations, and disease characteristics
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This document contains an agenda and summary for a noon conference on bone marrow failure. The agenda includes discussing the pathogenesis, basic workup, additional tests that were done for a patient, and taking questions. The pathogenesis section outlines different causes of bone marrow failure including congenital issues, acquired issues, bone marrow infiltration/replacement, destruction/sequestration/redistribution, consumption, and ineffective hematopoiesis. The basic workup section lists various blood tests that should be considered. Additional tests that were done for their patient are also listed.
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Bracken, an 11-year-old English Springer Spaniel, presented with a 5-week history of paraparesis, lethargy, and decreased appetite. Clinical examination revealed weakness in all limbs, especially the hind limbs. Diagnostic testing showed an elevated creatine kinase level and abnormal electromyography results. A small bladder mass and enlarged lymph node were also found. A muscle biopsy displayed lymphocytic infiltration and necrosis consistent with polymyositis. Bracken was diagnosed with immune-mediated polymyositis and started on immunosuppressive treatment and physical therapy. His condition is slowly improving.
Agranulocytosis
Agranulocytosis is a condition involving a severe decrease in neutrophils in the blood, increasing the risk of infection. It can be caused by decreased neutrophil production due to conditions like aplastic anemia or cancer treatments, or increased neutrophil destruction from infections, autoimmune disorders, or drug reactions. Symptoms include fever, chills, and mouth sores. Diagnosis is made through blood tests showing very low neutrophil counts. Treatment focuses on managing infections with antibiotics, stimulating new neutrophil production with growth factors, and addressing any underlying causes.
Renal Impairment in Multiple Myeloma
Renal impairment is a common complication of multiple myeloma, affecting 20-40% of cases. The most important causes include light chain tubular casts (myeloma kidney), hypercalcemia, light chain deposition disease associated with kappa light chains, and AL amyloidosis associated with lambda light chains. Other potential causes are NSAIDs, hyperuricemia, chemotherapy, IV contrast, and bisphosphonates. While renal impairment was generally associated with a poor prognosis, novel therapies have improved renal prognosis. Treatment involves hydration, correcting contributing factors like hypercalcemia, and using renally safe agents like steroids, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and thalidomide. Plasmap
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. It most commonly affects bones and causes symptoms like bone pain. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests to detect the abnormal plasma cells and antibodies. Treatment involves chemotherapy, steroids, immunomodulatory drugs, and stem cell transplantation to suppress the cancer. Outcomes have improved in recent years but still vary depending on individual risk factors.
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia PPT, PDF
A brief information regarding Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is very basic information about acute lymphoblastic leukemia, I strongly recommend other sources as well for further investigations.
Thanks
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Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that are found in the bone marrow. It is characterized by an overproduction of abnormal plasma cells which produce a monoclonal protein known as M protein. Symptoms include bone pain or fractures, anemia, kidney problems, and infections. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests to detect the M protein as well as imaging tests and a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment depends on disease severity and transplant eligibility and may include chemotherapy, steroids, and stem cell transplantation.
plasmacytoma-1
This document presents a case report of a 65-year-old female patient diagnosed with extramedullary plasmacytoma of the oral cavity. On examination, she had a lingual gingival growth involving her lower front teeth. Biopsies of the oral growth and a neck swelling found sheets of plasma cells confirming soft tissue plasmacytoma. Extramedullary plasmacytomas are rare neoplastic proliferations of plasma cells in soft tissue, accounting for 3% of plasma cell tumors. While prognosis is generally good, lifelong monitoring is needed to check for progression to multiple myeloma or new lesions.
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- Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, causing osteolytic bone lesions. It is the second most common hematologic malignancy.
- Clinical features include bone pain, pathological fractures, anemia, hypercalcemia and renal impairment. Diagnosis requires ≥10% plasma cells on bone marrow biopsy and evidence of end organ damage.
- Investigations include serum and urine protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, skeletal survey, MRI and bone marrow biopsy to assess disease burden and abnormalities. Staging involves blood
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Myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that develops in the bone marrow. It causes abnormalities in plasma cells which invade and destroy bone tissue, causing pain, fractures, and other symptoms. Risk factors include genetic abnormalities and exposure to chemicals, radiation, or certain infections. Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging to detect myeloma cells and bone damage. While rarely curable, myeloma is treatable through chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, and surgery to strengthen weakened bones. Nursing care focuses on monitoring the patient, providing psychological support, preventing infections, and educating the patient and family.
acute myeloid luekemia: Dr Arun Haldia
1) The document discusses Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), including its classification, epidemiology, etiology, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, and specific subtypes defined by genetic abnormalities such as AML with t(8;21), inv(16), and t(15;17).
2) It describes the key features of different AML subtypes including their morphology, immunophenotype, genetics, and prognosis. Specific attention is given to abnormal cells, staining patterns, and genetic translocations that characterize each subtype.
3) The FAB and WHO classification systems are introduced and compared, noting the WHO system incorporates immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular characteristics
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Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) is the term used to refer to the disorders that accompany the benign or the malignant tumors and are not caused by mass effect or invasion / metastasis.
These disorders are triggered by an immune system response to neuronal proteins expressed by the tumor(onconeural proteins).
These PNS also occur due to substances secreted by the neoplasm itself.
Acute myeloid leukemia
This document provides information on Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), including:
- AML is a stem cell disorder characterized by a block in differentiation of myeloid precursors.
- It has several predisposing factors such as Down syndrome and exposure to radiation or chemicals.
- Diagnosis involves evaluation of blood counts, identification of blasts in blood and bone marrow, immunophenotyping of blasts, and cytogenetic/molecular testing.
- Several classification systems exist including the French-American-British (FAB) system and the current World Health Organization (WHO) system.
Multiple myeloma
1) Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells that present with skeletal lesions. It most commonly involves the spine, ribs, and pelvis.
2) Risk factors include age over 60, male sex, and genetic and environmental factors. Presenting symptoms include bone pain, anemia, renal failure, and hypercalcemia.
3) Diagnosis involves blood and urine tests showing monoclonal proteins, bone marrow biopsy with over 10% plasma cells, and imaging showing lytic bone lesions. Treatment aims to control the disease and improve quality of life using chemotherapy, steroids, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is characterized by increased levels of monoclonal proteins which hinder the production of other blood cells. Signs and symptoms include bone pain, fractures, hypercalcemia, spinal cord compression, and renal failure. Diagnosis involves tests to detect monoclonal proteins in serum and urine, a bone marrow biopsy showing plasmacytoma, and skeletal surveys showing bone lesions. While there is no cure, management focuses on chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplantation, and surgery to relieve complications.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid line of blood cells. The main pathological changes in AML involve abnormal proliferation, blocked differentiation, and abolished apoptosis of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Benzene exposure can cause AML and other hematological malignancies. AML is classified based on the type of cells affected and how quickly the disease progresses. The disease involves accumulation of genetic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, leading to increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and a block in cellular differentiation. Clinical manifestations include marrow failure, tissue infiltration, and leukostasis. Prognostic factors include age, white blood cell count, specific genetic mutations, and disease characteristics
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This document contains an agenda and summary for a noon conference on bone marrow failure. The agenda includes discussing the pathogenesis, basic workup, additional tests that were done for a patient, and taking questions. The pathogenesis section outlines different causes of bone marrow failure including congenital issues, acquired issues, bone marrow infiltration/replacement, destruction/sequestration/redistribution, consumption, and ineffective hematopoiesis. The basic workup section lists various blood tests that should be considered. Additional tests that were done for their patient are also listed.
Myeloproliferative disorder
This document discusses myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. MPDs are clonal stem cell disorders characterized by excessive proliferation of one or more myeloid cell lineages. Common features include increased proliferation, extramedullary hematopoiesis, marrow fibrosis, and peripheral blood cytopenias. The document then provides more detailed descriptions of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis, including their definitions, pathogeneses involving mutations, morphologies, clinical features, complications, investigations, and treatments.
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Full academic & clinical informations needed from undergraduates & GP to help in diagnosis & management of cases with Vasculitis
Acute myelogenous leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells that build up in the bone marrow and interfere with normal blood cell production. AML is most common in adults around age 50 and has an overall low survival rate of 15-30%. Risk factors include other blood disorders, genetic conditions like Down syndrome, and exposure to chemicals or radiation. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain, and an enlarged spleen or lymph nodes. Laboratory tests show abnormal blood cell counts and the presence of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow. Immunophenotyping helps distinguish AML from other leukemias. Classification systems organize A
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Polymyositis
Bracken, an 11-year-old English Springer Spaniel, presented with a 5-week history of paraparesis, lethargy, and decreased appetite. Clinical examination revealed weakness in all limbs, especially the hind limbs. Diagnostic testing showed an elevated creatine kinase level and abnormal electromyography results. A small bladder mass and enlarged lymph node were also found. A muscle biopsy displayed lymphocytic infiltration and necrosis consistent with polymyositis. Bracken was diagnosed with immune-mediated polymyositis and started on immunosuppressive treatment and physical therapy. His condition is slowly improving.
Agranulocytosis
Agranulocytosis is a condition involving a severe decrease in neutrophils in the blood, increasing the risk of infection. It can be caused by decreased neutrophil production due to conditions like aplastic anemia or cancer treatments, or increased neutrophil destruction from infections, autoimmune disorders, or drug reactions. Symptoms include fever, chills, and mouth sores. Diagnosis is made through blood tests showing very low neutrophil counts. Treatment focuses on managing infections with antibiotics, stimulating new neutrophil production with growth factors, and addressing any underlying causes.
Renal Impairment in Multiple Myeloma
Renal impairment is a common complication of multiple myeloma, affecting 20-40% of cases. The most important causes include light chain tubular casts (myeloma kidney), hypercalcemia, light chain deposition disease associated with kappa light chains, and AL amyloidosis associated with lambda light chains. Other potential causes are NSAIDs, hyperuricemia, chemotherapy, IV contrast, and bisphosphonates. While renal impairment was generally associated with a poor prognosis, novel therapies have improved renal prognosis. Treatment involves hydration, correcting contributing factors like hypercalcemia, and using renally safe agents like steroids, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and thalidomide. Plasmap
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal antibodies. It most commonly affects bones and causes symptoms like bone pain. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests to detect the abnormal plasma cells and antibodies. Treatment involves chemotherapy, steroids, immunomodulatory drugs, and stem cell transplantation to suppress the cancer. Outcomes have improved in recent years but still vary depending on individual risk factors.
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女子の心をつかむUIデザインポイント - MERY編 -
2015.10.07 (水) @DeNA 渋谷ヒカリエ
UI Crunch - Girls’ Night / 女子の心をつかむUIデザインのコツ
http://ui-crunch.connpass.com/event/20562/
にて登壇した内容。
1年間iOSとAndroidのアプリの設計デザイン・運用・改善フェーズに関わったMERYアプリを元に「女子の心をつかむUIデザインポイント」をお話ししました。
MERYは、トレンドに敏感な女の子のためのサービスです。ファッション、メイク、ヘアスタイルなど女の子のためになる記事が毎日読めて、記事で紹介されたファッションアイテムなど買うことができます。
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https://itunes.apple.com/jp/app/mery-meri-nuno-zinotameno/id884484921?l=en&mt=8
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https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.peroli.mery&hl=ja
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This document discusses aplastic anemia and leukemias that can present with pancytopenia. It defines aplastic anemia as a bone marrow failure condition causing anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia due to hypocellularity. The document covers the epidemiology, etiology including congenital causes, pathophysiology, clinical features of aplastic anemia. It also discusses acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia which can initially present with pancytopenia and the peripheral blood and clinical findings in these leukemias.
24 glomerular disease
The document provides an overview of glomerular disease, including anatomy and function of the kidney and nephron, general pathogenesis, clinical syndromes and presentations, and specific glomerular diseases. It discusses topics like minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, and chronic glomerulonephritis. Treatment approaches for various conditions are also summarized.
Multiple myeloma DR NIDHI RAI
Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell neoplasm characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Key features include increased plasma cells in the bone marrow (>10%), presence of monoclonal protein (M-protein) in the serum or urine, lytic bone lesions, and organ dysfunction. Diagnosis requires identification of the M-protein by serum and urine protein electrophoresis with immunofixation. Bone marrow examination shows hypercellularity with plasmacytosis and may reveal plasma cell morphology and inclusions. Laboratory findings include anemia, renal insufficiency, hypercalcemia and lytic lesions on skeletal survey.
Approach to pancytopenia presentation medicone
This document discusses an approach to evaluating and diagnosing pancytopenia. Pancytopenia is defined as a decrease in all three blood cell lines. It outlines criteria for defining pancytopenia in adults and children. It then discusses potential etiologies including bone marrow disorders, systemic diseases, infections, inherited conditions, and acquired aplastic anemia. Specific inherited conditions that can cause pancytopenia like Fanconi anemia are described in detail. The document concludes by presenting several clinical cases to demonstrate approaches to diagnosing different causes of pancytopenia.
multiple myloma.pptx
multiple myloma
By: Nader Amir Al-assadi
Supervised by : Dr/ Ghazi Alariqe
taiz university
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy in which monoclonal plasma cells proliferate in bone marrow, resulting in an over abundance of monoclonal para protein (M protein), destruction of bone, and displacement of other hematopoietic cell lines.
The precise etiology of MM has not yet been established.
Roles have been suggested for a variety of factors, including genetic causes, environmental or occupational causes,radiation, chronic inflammation, and infection .
parapro.pptx
This document discusses paraproteinemia, which is the presence of an abnormal monoclonal protein in the blood or urine. It begins by defining paraproteinemia and outlining its causes, which include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and others. The document then covers the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentations including fatigue, renal impairment, and infection, and laboratory investigations including serum and urine protein electrophoresis. Management depends on the underlying cause, with follow up for MGUS and chemotherapy for malignant disorders.
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA.pptx
AML:ACUTE MYELOID LEUKAEMIA
for medical colleges teaching faculty and students as well. it includes AML causes , histopathological slides of subclasses of Acute myeloid leukemia, classification , diagnosis, management modalities, complications .Acute leukemias are stem cell disorders characterized by malignant neoplastic proliferation and accumulation of immature and non functional hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.
The neoplastic cells show increased proliferation and/or decreased apoptosis.
If the defect primarily affects the common myeloid progenitor (CMP) then it is called Acute myeloid leukemia.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disease characterized by infiltration of the blood, bone marrow, and other tissues by proliferative, clonal undifferentiated cells of the hematopoietic system.
AML is the result of a sequence of somatic mutations in a multipotential primitive hematopoietic cell or, in some cases, a more differentiated progenitor cell.
It can be slow growing or rapidly fatal.
AML is the predominant form of leukemia during the neonatal period
Incidence : 1.5/100,000/year in infants decreases to approximately 0.4 per 100,000 children ages 5 to 9 years, increases gradually to 1.0 persons per 100,000 until age 25 years, and thereafter increases exponentially until the rate reaches approximately 25/100,000 persons.
AML accounts for 15 to 20 percent of the acute leukemias in children and 80 percent of the acute leukemias in adults.
Men > Women (4.5 : 3)
HEREDITY
1) Chromosomal aneuploidy like Trisomy 21 noted in Down syndrome
2) Defective DNA repair, e.g., Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, and Ataxia telangiectasia
3) Congenital neutropenia ie Kostmann syndrome
4) Germline mutations of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (CEBPA), runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), and tumor protein p53 (TP53) have also been associated with a higher predisposition to AML
RADIATION
Peaks after 5 to 7 yrs of exposure.
Therapeutic radiation alone seems to add little risk of AML but can increase the risk in people also exposed to alkylating agents.
CHEMICAL AND OTHER EXPOSURES
Exposure to benzene, plastic, rubber, petroleum products, paint, ethylene oxide, herbicides and pesticides can increase the risk.
Smoking can also increase the risk
DRUGS
Anticancer drugs are the leading cause of therapy-associated AML.
Alkylating agent–associated leukemias occur on average 4–6 years after exposure, and affected individuals have aberrations in chromosomes 5 and 7.
Topoisomerase II inhibitor–associated leukemias occur 1–3 years after exposure, and affected individuals often have aberrations involving chromosome 11q23.
Other agents like Chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, and, less commonly, chloroquine and methoxypsoralen.
SYMPTOMS :
Present with nonspecific symptoms initially.
Fatigue is the first symptom
Fever with or without infection will be present in approximately 10% patients
Bleeding, easy bruising
occasional
Leukocyte disorders.pptx
This document discusses leukocyte disorders and provides information about acute leukemia. It defines leukocytosis and leukopenia as increases or decreases in white blood cell count. Non-neoplastic causes of changes in white blood cells include neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, monocytosis, and basophilia. Neoplastic disorders include acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The document outlines the classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of acute leukemias. Diagnosis involves examination of blood and bone marrow smears, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics and molecular analysis to determine the leukemia subtype and guide treatment.
Aplastic anaemia
Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, leading to low blood cell counts and fatigue. It can be classified as idiopathic, secondary to drug reactions or infections, or constitutional/congenital forms like Fanconi anemia. Fanconi anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and cancer predisposition. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low cell counts and a bone marrow biopsy displaying a hypocellular marrow. Treatment options include blood transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs, and bone marrow transplantation.
Multiple Myeloma
This document provides information about multiple myeloma, including key statistics, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and tests. It summarizes findings from a retrospective analysis of over 1,000 multiple myeloma patients at the Mayo Clinic from 1985 to 1988. The analysis found that the median age at diagnosis was 66 years old, common symptoms at presentation included anemia (73% of patients), bone pain (60% of patients), and renal disease (20% of patients had elevated creatinine). The median survival time was 33 months and did not improve from 1985 to 1988.
32577_Lymphadenopathy.ppt
This document discusses lymphadenopathy and provides information about evaluating and diagnosing causes of lymphadenopathy. It begins by defining lymphadenopathy and describing classifications such as localized versus generalized. For patients presenting with unexplained lymphadenopathy, approximately 3/4 will have localized lymphadenopathy while 1/4 will have generalized. The document then discusses evaluating the history, performing a physical exam, potential causes of lymphadenopathy, and guidelines for biopsy of localized versus generalized lymphadenopathy. It also provides a case study of a patient, M.S., who presented with lymphadenopathy and was ultimately diagnosed with Stage IIB nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Lymphadenopathy.ppt
This document discusses lymphadenopathy and provides information about evaluating and diagnosing causes of lymphadenopathy. It begins by defining lymphadenopathy and describing classifications such as localized versus generalized. For patients presenting with unexplained lymphadenopathy, about 3/4 will have localized lymphadenopathy while 1/4 will have generalized. The document then discusses evaluating the history, performing a physical exam, potential causes of lymphadenopathy, and approaches to localized versus generalized unexplained lymphadenopathy. It provides a case study of a patient named M.S. who was ultimately diagnosed with Stage IIB nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Nephrotic And Nephritic Syndrome 2008
This document defines and compares nephrotic syndrome and nephritic syndrome. It provides details on various causes of glomerular disease including minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, lupus nephritis, anti-GBM disease, and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Evaluation of glomerular disease involves history, exam, urinalysis, and complement levels with renal biopsy used to confirm specific diagnoses.
Diagnosis and examination of swollen lymph nodes ppt.pptx
The document discusses the diagnosis and evaluation of lymphadenopathy. It notes that lymphadenopathy can be localized, involving a single area, or generalized, involving two or more noncontiguous areas. For unexplained lymphadenopathy, localized cases may warrant biopsy if symptoms persist for 3-4 weeks, while generalized cases almost always indicate a systemic disease and biopsy is recommended. Risk factors for lymphoma are also outlined. Proper biopsy is important for diagnosis before treatment decisions. A case study example of a patient with cervical and supraclavicular lymphadenopathy and symptoms is then presented and worked through.
AN INTERESTING CASE OF EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS IN A PATIENT WITH NEWLY ...
This case report describes an unusual case of extramedullary hematopoiesis (hematopoiesis outside the bone marrow) presenting as a paraspinal mass in a 64-year-old male patient with newly diagnosed hemoglobin H disease. Hemoglobin H disease is a type of alpha-thalassemia characterized by mild anemia. The patient presented with back pain and was found to have splenomegaly, anemia, monoclonal gammopathy, and a paraspinal mass. Further tests confirmed hemoglobin H disease and that the mass was extramedullary hematopoiesis occurring as a compensatory mechanism for inefficient hematopoiesis in the bone marrow. The presence of the paraspinal
BM failure syndrome.pptx
1) Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by pancytopenia and a hypocellular bone marrow. It can be acquired, usually from toxic exposures or viruses, or inherited.
2) The diagnosis requires pancytopenia meeting specific thresholds as well as a hypocellular bone marrow without abnormal cells. Testing aims to determine the etiology and rule out other causes of pancytopenia.
3) Treatment depends on severity and includes supportive care, immunosuppressive therapy, or bone marrow transplant. Acquired aplastic anemia has a risk of evolving into myelodysplastic syndrome or leukemia over time.
Aplastic anemia pediatrics
aplastic anemia pediatrics
It compromises a group of disorders of the hematopoietic stem cells resulting in the suppression of one or more of erythroid, myeloid and megakaryotic cell lines.
thrombocytopenia
Leukemia2011
This document provides an overview of several types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL). It describes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, management, and prognosis for each. Case studies are presented to demonstrate physical exam findings, labs, diagnosis, and treatment for patients presenting with acute or chronic leukemia. Key differences between the acute and chronic forms are highlighted.
Spleen
The spleen develops from mesenchymal cells in the fifth week of gestation and is located in the left upper abdomen. It is covered by peritoneum except at the hilum and measures approximately 7-12 cm long. The spleen filters blood and removes old red blood cells, recycles iron, and stores blood. Splenectomy may be performed to treat traumatic spleen injuries, hypersplenism, hematologic disorders, vascular diseases of the spleen, cysts/abscesses/tumors, for diagnostic purposes, and during other surgical procedures. The most common reasons for splenectomy are hematologic disorders, trauma, and neoplastic diseases of the spleen.
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Diagnosis and examination of swollen lymph nodes ppt.pptx
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AN INTERESTING CASE OF EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS IN A PATIENT WITH NEWLY ...
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- 1. Clinical Pathology Case Presentation Annie Thomson
- 2. History & Signalment 9 year old female neutered Boxer History of lameness
- 3. Main Abnormalities Found Haematology Normocytic normochromic anaemia Thrombocytopenia Leukopenia Neutropenia Rouleaux formation Biochemistry Hyperproteinaemia Hypoalbuminaemia Hypercalcaemia Urinalysis U.S.G 1.016 (isosthenuric)
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