Aplastic anemia is a condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, leading to low blood cell counts and fatigue. It can be classified as idiopathic, secondary to drug reactions or infections, or constitutional/congenital forms like Fanconi anemia. Fanconi anemia is a genetic disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, physical abnormalities, and cancer predisposition. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low cell counts and a bone marrow biopsy displaying a hypocellular marrow. Treatment options include blood transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs, and bone marrow transplantation.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Aplastic anemia is one of the stem cell disorder which leads to pancytopenia in the peripheral blood and decrease production of all cell line in bone marrow. it require bone marrow transplantation to cure the patient.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of normochromic normocytic anemia that is caused by autoantibodies that are produced in the patient against his/her own blood cells, particularly against RBCs. As a result hemolysis occurs leading to anemia.
Autoantibodies are produced secondary to autoimmune diseases, lymphoproliferative disorder (LPDs), certain infections or immunodeficiency syndromes.
In this presentation AIHA is under consideration on a broader scale, with only basic information and concepts.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of normochromic normocytic anemia that is caused by autoantibodies that are produced in the patient against his/her own blood cells, particularly against RBCs. As a result hemolysis occurs leading to anemia.
Autoantibodies are produced secondary to autoimmune diseases, lymphoproliferative disorder (LPDs), certain infections or immunodeficiency syndromes.
In this presentation AIHA is under consideration on a broader scale, with only basic information and concepts.
UAEU - CMHS - Hematology-Oncology Course - MMH 302 - HONC 320. Education material for medical students - It cover basic principles of hematology and oncology, including CAR-T and gene editing. It can be used for study and review. It illustrates main principles of hematology and oncology.
Approach to Pancytopenia with cases.pptxYogeetaTanty1
Approach to pancytopenia with case based discussion and brief details regarding each condition. Causes of pancytopenia. Details of congenital causes of aplastic anemia.
Pancytopenia is a reduction in the number of RBC, WBC and platelet. It's a combination of anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Pancytopenia caused by Decreased bone marrow function and increased peripheral destruction. diseases are diagnosed by physical examination, complete blood counting, peripheral smear examination, bone marrow examination and other special methods. Treatment to pancytopenia is treated to anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
Precancerous colonic polyp are one of the most common lesions reported in intestinal biopsy. Diagnosis becomes more important as the early diagnosis immensely helps in patients management.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
5. FANCONI ANEMIA
• Familial
• AR
• M:F=1.3:1
• Onset in 1st decade of life
• Diminished capacity for DNA repair and
increased random chromosome breakage
during mitosis
6. C/F:
• Facies – microphthalmia,depressed nasal
bridge,epicanthic fold,micrognathia
• Hyperpigmentation, café-au-lait spots
• Absent / hypoplastic thumb
• Skeletal and renal lesions
• Short stature,
• Microcephaly , subnormal intelligence
• Hypogonadism,ano malies of urinary tract
• Predisposition to leukemias
• Poor prognosis
7. DYSKERATOSIS CONGENITA
• X-linked, AR, AD
• M:F= 4.3:1
• Hyperpigmentation
• Nail dystrophy, early loss of teeth
• Leukoplakia
• Ocular abnormalities: cataract etc
• Short stature but No skeletal/renal lesions
(diff from FA)
8. DIAMOND BLACKFAN SYNDROME
• Congenital pure red cell aplasia
• AD, AR, Sporadic
• Familial in 15 %
• 90 % diagnosed in 1st year of life
• Intrinsic defect in RBC, early apoptosis
• Macrocytic anemia, reticulocytopenia,
absence of RBC precursors in an otherwise
normocellular bone marrow
9. DIAMOND BLACKFAN SYNDROME
• Eye - Wide set eyes, blue
sclera,glaucoma,epicanthic
fold,cataract,strabismus
• Thick upper,cleft lip palate in some cases
• lip,intelligent expression
• Upperlimb anomalies – flattening of thenar
eminence, Triphalangeal thumb
10. C/F:
• Profound anemia at 2-6 months of age
• Short stature
• Renal anomalies and hypogonadism maybe
present
12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Direct destruction of hematopoietic
progenitors
• Disruption of marrow micro-environment
(fibroblast and monocyte signaling pathway)
• Immune –mediated suppression of marrow
elements Cytotoxic T cells in blood and
marrow release gamma IFN and TNF -> inhibit
early and late progenitor cells
22. • The following tests aid in determining
differential diagnosis for aplastic anemia:-
1)Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: to rule out
other causes of pancytopenia (i.e. neoplastic
infiltration or significant myelofibrosis).
2)History of iatrogenic exposure
to cytotoxic chemotherapy: can cause transient
bone marrow suppression
3)X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, or
ultrasound imaging tests: enlarged lymph nodes
(sign of lymphoma), kidneys and bones in arms
and hands (abnormal in Fanconi anemia)
23. 4)Chest X-ray: infections
5)Liver tests: liver diseases
6)Viral studies: viral infections
7)Vitamin B12 and folate levels: vitamin deficiency
8)Blood tests for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
9)Test for antibodies: immune competency
24. Concomitant factor
• High incidence of concomitant clonal
hematopoiesis, particularly paroxysmal
nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and MDS.
25.
26. • The percentage of CD34+ cells is usually <0.3%
in aplastic anemia, whereas the CD34
percentage is either normal (0.5 to 1.0 %) or
elevated in MDS.
• Peripheral blood flow cytometry to rule out
PNH should be performed on all patients.
27. Management:
• Identification and elimination of underlying
cause
• Supportive therapy:
1. Red cell transfusion for anemia
2. Prevention and treatment of haemorrhage
3. Prevention and treatment of infection
29. BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
• Treatment of choice
• HLA matched donor. Usually siblings
• Long term survival rates: 60-70%
• Donor stem cells > 4 X 108 cells/kg
