As far as the reduction of fossil fuel reserves and environmental degradation in building houses are concerned, contemporary architects use other energy sources to create thermal comfort. Passive system is the most efficient way in which the needs of buildings thermal heat, without using the fossil energy, mechanical force and renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, are met. Compatibility with environment, using context and area potentials to reduce fossil energy consumption and environmental destructive effects are the main advantages of these systems. Considering the temperature principles used in different elements of Iranian architecture this article reviews the operation of architectural elements which were compatible with the context in traditional Iranian architecture by focusing on the role of architect in environmental health and conservation. This study further offers solutions for creating thermal comfort by using descriptive content analysis in order to describe passive system principles associated with each of the above elements. Additionally, this research illustrates traditional architectural elements in terms of form and fabric in correspondence with modern elements as a method for mitigating climate changes.
The Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) is a Pakistani research institute focused on climate change studies. It conducts research on past and projected climate changes in Pakistan and their impacts. Key areas of research include climate modeling, climate extremes, and greenhouse gas emissions analysis. Over the last decade, GCISC has led several international collaborative projects on topics like climate-smart agriculture, food and water security, and glacier impacts. GCISC also contributes to national climate policy documents and assessments. Its research activities examine issues like monsoon variability, heat waves, water resources, glaciers, and hydrological projections under climate change.
This document summarizes a paper on sustainable construction materials and technology in the context of sustainable development. It introduces the authors and defines sustainability in construction as using locally available, energy efficient and durable materials that protect the natural environment throughout a building's lifecycle. It then discusses how sustainable development can be achieved through the adoption of sustainable construction materials and technologies, focusing on five specific sustainable materials.
1. The document discusses the principles of bioclimatic architecture and how double skin facades (DSF) can help achieve the goals of bioclimatic design.
2. It outlines key principles of bioclimatic architecture like thermal comfort, natural lighting and ventilation and explains how DSF systems incorporate these principles through features like a ventilated facade, shading devices and natural ventilation capabilities.
3. The paper aims to show how DSF design can be a convincing tool for architects by meeting the energy efficiency goals of bioclimatic architecture in areas of daylight, thermal comfort and natural ventilation.
Sustainable transportation indicators are measurement tools that can help assess how sustainable infrastructure projects are. Some key indicators relate to the economic, environmental, social, and technical dimensions of sustainability. For the economic dimension, common indicators include impact on the economy, willingness to pay, affordability, costs, and financial factors. Environmental indicators may track pollution, waste generation, ecological impacts, and climate emissions. Social indicators can include employment, health, safety, public participation, and cultural heritage. Technical indicators assess performance, reliability, durability, flexibility, resilience, and vulnerability of the transportation system. Sustainable indicators aim to simplify complex sustainability assessments and support decision-making around transportation planning and projects.
Community greening in pre and post climate change knowledge era in third worl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community greening efforts in Lagos, Nigeria before and after awareness of climate change. It finds that the government has made more efforts to provide and maintain green spaces in recent years, creating 14 parks and 128 gardens covering over 77 acres in the past 6 years. A new agency was also established to promote green areas, and fines and imprisonment were introduced for cutting trees. Over 300,000 trees were planted from 2009-2010. In contrast, greening efforts were less prioritized before awareness of climate change impacts. The study recommends further greening and discouraging hard landscaping to adapt to climate impacts like flooding and rising temperatures in Lagos.
This document discusses the concept of sustainability as it relates to transportation. It defines sustainable development according to the Brundtland Commission as "meeting present needs without compromising future generations." The appeal of sustainability is that it integrates environmental and economic concerns. True sustainability would allow human and other life to flourish forever. Alternative scenarios for complex systems include continuous growth, sigmoidal growth approaching limits, oscillations around limits, or collapse when limits are exceeded. The "grand objectives" of sustainability are maintaining human existence, sustainable development capacity, diversity of life, and the planet's aesthetic richness.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
This document reviews 53 studies on climate change in Nigeria over the past two decades. The studies fall into several categories: those examining the reality and conceptual issues of climate change; studies of the causal factors; impacts on sectors like health, environment and agriculture; vulnerability and adaptation; economic costs; and forecasting. The broad consensus is that climate change poses major risks to Nigeria's development through impacts on key sectors like agriculture, water resources, and health. Future research needs to better integrate climate change into policies and strategies to manage associated risks.
The Global Change Impact Studies Centre (GCISC) is a Pakistani research institute focused on climate change studies. It conducts research on past and projected climate changes in Pakistan and their impacts. Key areas of research include climate modeling, climate extremes, and greenhouse gas emissions analysis. Over the last decade, GCISC has led several international collaborative projects on topics like climate-smart agriculture, food and water security, and glacier impacts. GCISC also contributes to national climate policy documents and assessments. Its research activities examine issues like monsoon variability, heat waves, water resources, glaciers, and hydrological projections under climate change.
This document summarizes a paper on sustainable construction materials and technology in the context of sustainable development. It introduces the authors and defines sustainability in construction as using locally available, energy efficient and durable materials that protect the natural environment throughout a building's lifecycle. It then discusses how sustainable development can be achieved through the adoption of sustainable construction materials and technologies, focusing on five specific sustainable materials.
1. The document discusses the principles of bioclimatic architecture and how double skin facades (DSF) can help achieve the goals of bioclimatic design.
2. It outlines key principles of bioclimatic architecture like thermal comfort, natural lighting and ventilation and explains how DSF systems incorporate these principles through features like a ventilated facade, shading devices and natural ventilation capabilities.
3. The paper aims to show how DSF design can be a convincing tool for architects by meeting the energy efficiency goals of bioclimatic architecture in areas of daylight, thermal comfort and natural ventilation.
Sustainable transportation indicators are measurement tools that can help assess how sustainable infrastructure projects are. Some key indicators relate to the economic, environmental, social, and technical dimensions of sustainability. For the economic dimension, common indicators include impact on the economy, willingness to pay, affordability, costs, and financial factors. Environmental indicators may track pollution, waste generation, ecological impacts, and climate emissions. Social indicators can include employment, health, safety, public participation, and cultural heritage. Technical indicators assess performance, reliability, durability, flexibility, resilience, and vulnerability of the transportation system. Sustainable indicators aim to simplify complex sustainability assessments and support decision-making around transportation planning and projects.
Community greening in pre and post climate change knowledge era in third worl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community greening efforts in Lagos, Nigeria before and after awareness of climate change. It finds that the government has made more efforts to provide and maintain green spaces in recent years, creating 14 parks and 128 gardens covering over 77 acres in the past 6 years. A new agency was also established to promote green areas, and fines and imprisonment were introduced for cutting trees. Over 300,000 trees were planted from 2009-2010. In contrast, greening efforts were less prioritized before awareness of climate change impacts. The study recommends further greening and discouraging hard landscaping to adapt to climate impacts like flooding and rising temperatures in Lagos.
This document discusses the concept of sustainability as it relates to transportation. It defines sustainable development according to the Brundtland Commission as "meeting present needs without compromising future generations." The appeal of sustainability is that it integrates environmental and economic concerns. True sustainability would allow human and other life to flourish forever. Alternative scenarios for complex systems include continuous growth, sigmoidal growth approaching limits, oscillations around limits, or collapse when limits are exceeded. The "grand objectives" of sustainability are maintaining human existence, sustainable development capacity, diversity of life, and the planet's aesthetic richness.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
This document reviews 53 studies on climate change in Nigeria over the past two decades. The studies fall into several categories: those examining the reality and conceptual issues of climate change; studies of the causal factors; impacts on sectors like health, environment and agriculture; vulnerability and adaptation; economic costs; and forecasting. The broad consensus is that climate change poses major risks to Nigeria's development through impacts on key sectors like agriculture, water resources, and health. Future research needs to better integrate climate change into policies and strategies to manage associated risks.
Housing and climate change in the nigerian built environmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the relationship between housing, climate change, and the built environment in Nigeria. It finds that climate change is caused by both natural forces and human activities like building houses, which alters the natural ecosystem balance. Housing construction and energy use in homes produces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming and climate change. The document recommends adopting adaptation and mitigation strategies through sustainable architecture to reduce these impacts while allowing for human development and resource use.
Applications of Operations Research in Minimizing Emission related Externalit...IJSRED
This document discusses using operations research techniques to minimize emissions from power plants. It first provides background on how power generation contributes to air pollution and the need to reduce externalities. It then discusses how operations research has been applied in various industries and environments to optimize operations. Finally, it proposes employing pollution measurement models and operations research methods to develop solutions that improve health standards and lives for those living near power plants.
Climate change and architectural practice in nigeriaAlexander Decker
Climate change is impacting architectural practice in Nigeria. It is affecting building design and architects must design sustainable buildings that can adapt to changing needs over time. As the climate changes and its effects cannot be eliminated, architects and other industry professionals must produce buildings that can withstand climate impacts and reduce vulnerability. Responding requires both mitigating further climate change and adapting to current and expected future impacts through improved building design.
IPCC, role of IPCC, IPCC AR5, key messages. approach in climate change mitigation, trends of green house gases, mitigation pathways and measures, mitigation policies and institutions,
Report of IPBES/ IPCC working group- reviewing overlap and actions needed, in order to both combat Climate Change and restore and protect Biodiversity.
June 2012 work
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the lite...GJESM Publication
Rapid urbanization has brought environmentally, socially, and economically great challenges to cities
and societies. To build a sustainable city, these challenges need to be faced efficiently and successfully. This paper focuses on the environmental issues and investigates the ecological approaches for planning sustainable cities through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The review focuses on several differing aspects of sustainable city formation. The paper provides insights on the interaction between the natural environment and human activities by identifying environmental effects resulting from this interaction; provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable urban development by underlining the important role of ecological planning in achieving sustainable cities; introduces the notion of urban ecosystems by establishing principles for the management of their sustainability; describes urban
ecosystem sustainability assessment by introducing a review of current assessment methods, and; offers an outline of indexing urban environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings.
This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It defines key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental economics. Environmental economics studies the relationship between the economy and the environment, including how economic activity impacts the environment and vice versa. The environment provides natural resources and services to the economy, acts as a sink to absorb pollution and wastes, and provides amenity, spiritual and global support values. However, using the environment for one purpose reduces its ability to provide other services, creating conflicts over resource use.
The document outlines an assignment to write a 2,000-word essay investigating the social costs of business by examining a case of environmental and social damages caused by a corporation. Students are asked to analyze the ethical dimensions and impacts, both physical and monetary, as well as potential solutions. The impacts can include air, water, noise and other types of pollution damaging agriculture, health, and materials. Solutions may involve reducing energy use, government regulations, consumer support for responsible companies, and policies promoting cleaner transportation.
Principles to promote solar energy at urban managementAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines principles for promoting solar energy in urban management, using case studies from Berlin, Germany and Tehran, Iran.
The article begins by outlining key factors for sustainable urban management, including monitoring energy supply and promoting renewable energy. It then discusses Germany and China's strategies for developing solar energy, focusing on Berlin's solar master plan. The master plan identified solar potential for different city quarters using data on roof slopes and orientations. It found that 220,000 building roofs could produce 3 million MWh of electricity annually from solar. Tehran is also examining its achievements in promoting solar energy. The conclusions aim to provide useful insights for energy policymakers.
REDECON 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL STRUCTURES sabnisajit
The document describes a conference on tall structures that included discussions of sustainability indices for buildings. It introduces a new Sustainability Development Index (SDI) based on the concept of Figure of Merit (FoM) to evaluate sustainability levels in tall buildings. The SDI is expressed as a percentage that considers factors like material properties, embodied energy, carbon emissions, and transport energy. A case study application of the SDI to various building projects in different Indian cities and climates is also presented.
The document reviews the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in urban design to analyze outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climates. CFD simulation can be used to understand factors like airflow, wind patterns, heat distribution and radiation that affect pedestrian thermal comfort. It allows designers to evaluate different design options and incorporate features to improve thermal comfort like shelters, vegetation and materials. While CFD provides accurate analysis of microclimate factors, its results require assumptions and simplifications that can limit effectiveness.
MODEL FOR SPATIAL POLICY IN THE SOCIAL WELFARE AND JUSTICE-BASED REGIONS: A S...IAEME Publication
Nowadays, the effort to create a comfortable, productive and sustainable space
still faces various challenges as it is shown by the widespread of land use conversion
which causes flood in the rainy season and drought in the dry season, the increasing
frequency and coverage of disasters, as well as the increasing number of slum
housings, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze
the model of regional policies in spatial planning, to discover and describe the
weaknesses on the implementation of regional policies in spatial planning as well as
to explain the importance of reconstructing regional policies in spatial planning to
promote social welfare. The method used was socio legal with qualitative analysis to
examine the condition of natural objects where the researcher is the key instrument.
The data were then collected through observations and interviews. The results of the
study showed that the implementation of regional policies in spatial planning is not
complemented by the Detailed Spatial Planning (RDTR) due to a legal vacuum
resulting in legal uncertainty. This condition then has implications for violations of
land use conversion that is very detrimental to society. Thus, it is necessary to create a
regional policy model that is based on values of social welfare and justice as an effort
to reform the law by formulating an integrated RTRW and RDTR to ensure legal
certainty which will then have implications for improving social welfare and justice.
sustainability re thinking a tool for planning and design in nigeria built e...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well being of the planet with continued growth and development. This requires awareness of full short and long term consequences of any transformation of the environment. The paper investigates the principles underpinning tools and physical measures within the scope of planning and design in built environment. Working for sustainability demands an awareness of how everything works whether natural or man-made. The available range of tools for planning and design nesting with planning and design process is hereby discussed. The paper highlights that environment are met to change with inspiration and human creativity involving the concept of designing professionals within the concept of planning and design tools. Therefore, a more appropriate understanding of sustainability based on the critical activities of planning and design in the face of development and constructions are needed.
The document discusses the course objectives, principles, aims, and scope of agroclimatology. The course aims to explain climatic conditions and their relationship to agriculture. Some key principles discussed are how solar radiation influences temperature, wind is caused by pressure differences, and climatic zones influence plant and animal life. The goals of climatology are to describe climate patterns and variations, understand climate dynamics, and model future climate changes. Climatology examines climate influences on human activities and land use at various spatial scales.
MITIGATION: Challenges and opportunities - Key findings of WGIII in the Fifth...ipcc-media
Working Group III contributed to the IPCC's Fifth and Sixth Assessment Reports on climate change mitigation. Key findings include:
- Greenhouse gas emissions have grown faster in recent decades despite reduction efforts.
- Limiting global warming to 2°C is possible but requires immediate, rapid and widespread actions across sectors like energy, transport, buildings and industry.
- Ambitious mitigation is affordable and brings economic opportunities, while unchecked climate change poses growing risks to economic growth.
- Solutions involve transitioning to more efficient use of energy, low-carbon energy sources, carbon sinks, and lifestyle changes.
Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relati...ijtsrd
Believe that climate has a pronounced impact on human psychology and temperament. The four days of modern sociology and evaluation suggested that proper climatic conditions were the main requirement it and main stimulus for the development of civilization. In recent years, human has struggled to become independent it off climate Western human has established permanent research statics in Antarctica and Greenland and has built cities on the equator. Through the use of this technology, he has separated the climate within buildings from that outside even factories are air conditioned. Planning and techniques process and methods for survey and research in in relation to climatic impact of natural element on human and calling system, add lite and a habitable building anywhere. Primitive human left according to Sun. Has fuel was wood, the product of photosynthesis in this on time. His food he gathered himself during daylight, is ford was the product daylight. Is shelter in whatever Design resided was belt to use the desired natural elements and sailed out the excess. He lived in balance and with the natural processes and elements. The consideration man may best use the natural processes and element in in housing and insight design. To the extent that the natural elements considered in modern landscape architecture by contrast, positive approach to natural processes elements and factors are able to how natural processes elements and factors are to be utilized and emphasized to a greater extent by site planning and site design and manipulation of site element. The decision is made the greater will be that saving in energy and greater the possibility of utilization of natural energy sources such as solar radiation for natural heating and utilization of natural wind flow patterns for less energy expensive cooling and heating. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relation to Climatic Impact of Natural Element on Human" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45246.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/45246/planning-and-techniques-process-and-methods-for-survey-and-research-in-relation-to-climatic-impact-of-natural-element-on-human/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Utilization of natural resources with due regards to conservation efficiency ...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the concepts of conservation and efficiency of natural resources. It introduces the Jevons Paradox, which states that improvements in efficiency tend to increase overall consumption of a resource rather than decrease it. Technological advances that increase the efficiency of coal use in the 19th century, for example, led to vastly increased consumption of coal across many industries. While increased efficiency can improve living standards, it also lowers the cost of using resources and can accelerate economic growth and resource demand overall. Conservation policies are needed alongside efficiency to avoid increased total consumption according to the paradox.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses sustainable building and project management. It defines sustainable building as construction that meets current needs without harming the environment. Project management is key to achieving sustainability across all phases of construction. The benefits of project management for sustainable buildings include improved efficiency, reliability, and overall sustainability. Integrating sustainability into every stage, from site selection to materials to construction practices, is needed to fully realize environmentally friendly buildings.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
One of the most common issues on the word right now is green building technology, with the goal of reducing the development industry's various negative effects on the environment, society, and economy. Because pollution and global warming are quickly expanding over the planet, the world urgently requires a sustainable and reasonable development. Because of the increase in Green House Gases (GHGs), dramatic climatical differences occurring everyday have been noted and are being faced by almost everyone all over the world. Within settled countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there have already been rigorous steps taken to achieve workable development, as well as rules and regulations enacted by their respective governments to assist and accomplish a workable and environmentally approachable development of their countries. However, emerging countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and others are dragging in terms of founding supportable growth and environmentally friendly structures. In addition, there is a deficiency of public understanding about this worldwide issue in these emerging countries. According to surveys and study, these countries are also far behind schedule the established nations of the world. This article discusses the need for maintainable growth around the world, particularly in emerging countries such as India and China, which have enormous land-living masses and are fast emerging, with the potential to become new global superpowers in the near future. It also includes sustainable and monetary research with connections to Indian contexts, as well as a recent live instance study of a freshly built and constructed luxurious housing home in a densely populated area of India. The case study is a inhabited house that is planned and built as a sustainable and green structure in an extremely community inside the state of Maharashtra, India, as India is also known as a country of villages with the world's second largest population. According to India's 2012 census, 69.84 percent of the population, or 869.17 million people, live in 6,47,861 distinct villages. By using straightforward, simple, and cost-effective strategies, this study will assist Indian communities and residential buildings in becoming more sustainable and greener.
Housing and climate change in the nigerian built environmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the relationship between housing, climate change, and the built environment in Nigeria. It finds that climate change is caused by both natural forces and human activities like building houses, which alters the natural ecosystem balance. Housing construction and energy use in homes produces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming and climate change. The document recommends adopting adaptation and mitigation strategies through sustainable architecture to reduce these impacts while allowing for human development and resource use.
Applications of Operations Research in Minimizing Emission related Externalit...IJSRED
This document discusses using operations research techniques to minimize emissions from power plants. It first provides background on how power generation contributes to air pollution and the need to reduce externalities. It then discusses how operations research has been applied in various industries and environments to optimize operations. Finally, it proposes employing pollution measurement models and operations research methods to develop solutions that improve health standards and lives for those living near power plants.
Climate change and architectural practice in nigeriaAlexander Decker
Climate change is impacting architectural practice in Nigeria. It is affecting building design and architects must design sustainable buildings that can adapt to changing needs over time. As the climate changes and its effects cannot be eliminated, architects and other industry professionals must produce buildings that can withstand climate impacts and reduce vulnerability. Responding requires both mitigating further climate change and adapting to current and expected future impacts through improved building design.
IPCC, role of IPCC, IPCC AR5, key messages. approach in climate change mitigation, trends of green house gases, mitigation pathways and measures, mitigation policies and institutions,
Report of IPBES/ IPCC working group- reviewing overlap and actions needed, in order to both combat Climate Change and restore and protect Biodiversity.
June 2012 work
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the lite...GJESM Publication
Rapid urbanization has brought environmentally, socially, and economically great challenges to cities
and societies. To build a sustainable city, these challenges need to be faced efficiently and successfully. This paper focuses on the environmental issues and investigates the ecological approaches for planning sustainable cities through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The review focuses on several differing aspects of sustainable city formation. The paper provides insights on the interaction between the natural environment and human activities by identifying environmental effects resulting from this interaction; provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable urban development by underlining the important role of ecological planning in achieving sustainable cities; introduces the notion of urban ecosystems by establishing principles for the management of their sustainability; describes urban
ecosystem sustainability assessment by introducing a review of current assessment methods, and; offers an outline of indexing urban environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings.
This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It defines key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental economics. Environmental economics studies the relationship between the economy and the environment, including how economic activity impacts the environment and vice versa. The environment provides natural resources and services to the economy, acts as a sink to absorb pollution and wastes, and provides amenity, spiritual and global support values. However, using the environment for one purpose reduces its ability to provide other services, creating conflicts over resource use.
The document outlines an assignment to write a 2,000-word essay investigating the social costs of business by examining a case of environmental and social damages caused by a corporation. Students are asked to analyze the ethical dimensions and impacts, both physical and monetary, as well as potential solutions. The impacts can include air, water, noise and other types of pollution damaging agriculture, health, and materials. Solutions may involve reducing energy use, government regulations, consumer support for responsible companies, and policies promoting cleaner transportation.
Principles to promote solar energy at urban managementAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines principles for promoting solar energy in urban management, using case studies from Berlin, Germany and Tehran, Iran.
The article begins by outlining key factors for sustainable urban management, including monitoring energy supply and promoting renewable energy. It then discusses Germany and China's strategies for developing solar energy, focusing on Berlin's solar master plan. The master plan identified solar potential for different city quarters using data on roof slopes and orientations. It found that 220,000 building roofs could produce 3 million MWh of electricity annually from solar. Tehran is also examining its achievements in promoting solar energy. The conclusions aim to provide useful insights for energy policymakers.
REDECON 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL STRUCTURES sabnisajit
The document describes a conference on tall structures that included discussions of sustainability indices for buildings. It introduces a new Sustainability Development Index (SDI) based on the concept of Figure of Merit (FoM) to evaluate sustainability levels in tall buildings. The SDI is expressed as a percentage that considers factors like material properties, embodied energy, carbon emissions, and transport energy. A case study application of the SDI to various building projects in different Indian cities and climates is also presented.
The document reviews the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in urban design to analyze outdoor thermal comfort in hot and dry climates. CFD simulation can be used to understand factors like airflow, wind patterns, heat distribution and radiation that affect pedestrian thermal comfort. It allows designers to evaluate different design options and incorporate features to improve thermal comfort like shelters, vegetation and materials. While CFD provides accurate analysis of microclimate factors, its results require assumptions and simplifications that can limit effectiveness.
MODEL FOR SPATIAL POLICY IN THE SOCIAL WELFARE AND JUSTICE-BASED REGIONS: A S...IAEME Publication
Nowadays, the effort to create a comfortable, productive and sustainable space
still faces various challenges as it is shown by the widespread of land use conversion
which causes flood in the rainy season and drought in the dry season, the increasing
frequency and coverage of disasters, as well as the increasing number of slum
housings, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze
the model of regional policies in spatial planning, to discover and describe the
weaknesses on the implementation of regional policies in spatial planning as well as
to explain the importance of reconstructing regional policies in spatial planning to
promote social welfare. The method used was socio legal with qualitative analysis to
examine the condition of natural objects where the researcher is the key instrument.
The data were then collected through observations and interviews. The results of the
study showed that the implementation of regional policies in spatial planning is not
complemented by the Detailed Spatial Planning (RDTR) due to a legal vacuum
resulting in legal uncertainty. This condition then has implications for violations of
land use conversion that is very detrimental to society. Thus, it is necessary to create a
regional policy model that is based on values of social welfare and justice as an effort
to reform the law by formulating an integrated RTRW and RDTR to ensure legal
certainty which will then have implications for improving social welfare and justice.
sustainability re thinking a tool for planning and design in nigeria built e...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well being of the planet with continued growth and development. This requires awareness of full short and long term consequences of any transformation of the environment. The paper investigates the principles underpinning tools and physical measures within the scope of planning and design in built environment. Working for sustainability demands an awareness of how everything works whether natural or man-made. The available range of tools for planning and design nesting with planning and design process is hereby discussed. The paper highlights that environment are met to change with inspiration and human creativity involving the concept of designing professionals within the concept of planning and design tools. Therefore, a more appropriate understanding of sustainability based on the critical activities of planning and design in the face of development and constructions are needed.
The document discusses the course objectives, principles, aims, and scope of agroclimatology. The course aims to explain climatic conditions and their relationship to agriculture. Some key principles discussed are how solar radiation influences temperature, wind is caused by pressure differences, and climatic zones influence plant and animal life. The goals of climatology are to describe climate patterns and variations, understand climate dynamics, and model future climate changes. Climatology examines climate influences on human activities and land use at various spatial scales.
MITIGATION: Challenges and opportunities - Key findings of WGIII in the Fifth...ipcc-media
Working Group III contributed to the IPCC's Fifth and Sixth Assessment Reports on climate change mitigation. Key findings include:
- Greenhouse gas emissions have grown faster in recent decades despite reduction efforts.
- Limiting global warming to 2°C is possible but requires immediate, rapid and widespread actions across sectors like energy, transport, buildings and industry.
- Ambitious mitigation is affordable and brings economic opportunities, while unchecked climate change poses growing risks to economic growth.
- Solutions involve transitioning to more efficient use of energy, low-carbon energy sources, carbon sinks, and lifestyle changes.
Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relati...ijtsrd
Believe that climate has a pronounced impact on human psychology and temperament. The four days of modern sociology and evaluation suggested that proper climatic conditions were the main requirement it and main stimulus for the development of civilization. In recent years, human has struggled to become independent it off climate Western human has established permanent research statics in Antarctica and Greenland and has built cities on the equator. Through the use of this technology, he has separated the climate within buildings from that outside even factories are air conditioned. Planning and techniques process and methods for survey and research in in relation to climatic impact of natural element on human and calling system, add lite and a habitable building anywhere. Primitive human left according to Sun. Has fuel was wood, the product of photosynthesis in this on time. His food he gathered himself during daylight, is ford was the product daylight. Is shelter in whatever Design resided was belt to use the desired natural elements and sailed out the excess. He lived in balance and with the natural processes and elements. The consideration man may best use the natural processes and element in in housing and insight design. To the extent that the natural elements considered in modern landscape architecture by contrast, positive approach to natural processes elements and factors are able to how natural processes elements and factors are to be utilized and emphasized to a greater extent by site planning and site design and manipulation of site element. The decision is made the greater will be that saving in energy and greater the possibility of utilization of natural energy sources such as solar radiation for natural heating and utilization of natural wind flow patterns for less energy expensive cooling and heating. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relation to Climatic Impact of Natural Element on Human" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45246.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/45246/planning-and-techniques-process-and-methods-for-survey-and-research-in-relation-to-climatic-impact-of-natural-element-on-human/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Utilization of natural resources with due regards to conservation efficiency ...IAEME Publication
This document discusses the concepts of conservation and efficiency of natural resources. It introduces the Jevons Paradox, which states that improvements in efficiency tend to increase overall consumption of a resource rather than decrease it. Technological advances that increase the efficiency of coal use in the 19th century, for example, led to vastly increased consumption of coal across many industries. While increased efficiency can improve living standards, it also lowers the cost of using resources and can accelerate economic growth and resource demand overall. Conservation policies are needed alongside efficiency to avoid increased total consumption according to the paradox.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses sustainable building and project management. It defines sustainable building as construction that meets current needs without harming the environment. Project management is key to achieving sustainability across all phases of construction. The benefits of project management for sustainable buildings include improved efficiency, reliability, and overall sustainability. Integrating sustainability into every stage, from site selection to materials to construction practices, is needed to fully realize environmentally friendly buildings.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
One of the most common issues on the word right now is green building technology, with the goal of reducing the development industry's various negative effects on the environment, society, and economy. Because pollution and global warming are quickly expanding over the planet, the world urgently requires a sustainable and reasonable development. Because of the increase in Green House Gases (GHGs), dramatic climatical differences occurring everyday have been noted and are being faced by almost everyone all over the world. Within settled countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there have already been rigorous steps taken to achieve workable development, as well as rules and regulations enacted by their respective governments to assist and accomplish a workable and environmentally approachable development of their countries. However, emerging countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and others are dragging in terms of founding supportable growth and environmentally friendly structures. In addition, there is a deficiency of public understanding about this worldwide issue in these emerging countries. According to surveys and study, these countries are also far behind schedule the established nations of the world. This article discusses the need for maintainable growth around the world, particularly in emerging countries such as India and China, which have enormous land-living masses and are fast emerging, with the potential to become new global superpowers in the near future. It also includes sustainable and monetary research with connections to Indian contexts, as well as a recent live instance study of a freshly built and constructed luxurious housing home in a densely populated area of India. The case study is a inhabited house that is planned and built as a sustainable and green structure in an extremely community inside the state of Maharashtra, India, as India is also known as a country of villages with the world's second largest population. According to India's 2012 census, 69.84 percent of the population, or 869.17 million people, live in 6,47,861 distinct villages. By using straightforward, simple, and cost-effective strategies, this study will assist Indian communities and residential buildings in becoming more sustainable and greener.
The study investigates the potential of urban densification to mitigate heat island effects in Vienna, Austria through 3D modeling and microclimate simulations. A district was modeled pre- and post-densification by extending buildings to maximum allowed heights. Simulations for a hot summer day found densification provided a notable solar shielding effect, decreasing temperatures and improving thermal conditions within shaded areas. However, a slight warming effect was seen at night due to higher thermal storage and lower sky view factor.
This document discusses how geographic information technology (GIT) can help plan a green, low-carbon sustainable city. GIT tools like GIS allow planners to integrate spatial data on factors like population, land use, wind patterns and more to evaluate suitable locations for renewable energy projects. For example, GIS could be used to identify regions with high energy demand and steady winds for a potential wind farm by overlaying wind data with population and land use maps. GIT also enables simulation of scenarios to test things like voltage fluctuation from wind turbines. The document also discusses how building design can promote sustainability through better ventilation and consideration of building height and density to reduce urban heat islands.
Built environment transformation in Nigeria the effects of a regenerative fr...AgboolaPaul3
The promise of a healthier, more comfortable, and more productive way of life has fueled a rapid
technological transition, and a regenerative built environment has emerged as the tagline to
denote the recent sustainable development. In the built environment, the regenerative paradigm
has emerged as a transformative approach that goes beyond mere sustainability, aiming to
restore, renew, and enhance the ecosystems affected by human activities. However, the concept
of the regenerative paradigm and its potential to foster sustainable development has been
understudied in recent time. Therefore, this paper explores how we can transform the built
environment in the face of the present impacts of climate change using a new regenerative
paradigm concept. The objectives of the study are: (i) to explore the predictors of climate change,
(ii) to determine the negative impacts of environmental issues on inhabitants’ health, and (iii) to
explore adaptive climate change strategies for Nigeria’s regenerative built environment. The
study sample consisted of 235 stratified respondents’ opinions from within the built environment
in southwestern Nigeria collected via a self-administered questionnaire. The collected quantitative
data was analysed using SPSS (version 22) logistic regression analysis. The major results of the
analysis revealed: (i) the ten most important predictors of climate change indicators, (ii) the
existence of negative consequences of the impacts of climate change on inhabitants’ health in
southwestern regions of Nigeria, and (iii) a significant (p ≤ 0.05) in all regenerative factors:
planting native species has the highest β coefficient of 0.499, followed by the biophilic approach
(0.494), the establishment of a city’s tree canopy (0.467), the creation of a green functional green
space (0.436), the use of smart landscaping techniques (0.388), and the development of a healthy
watershed (0.314). This indicates that to have a regenerative built environment it is essential to
create a functional green space, plant native species, establish a city’s tree canopy, create
a healthy watershed, and render a biophilic approach. The study’s recommendations include
urgent action to integrate climate change interventions into the decision-making processes,
initiatives, and development plans of the Nigerian government. This integration should prioritize
sustainable practices within the built environment, considering the regenerative paradigm’s
potential to address climate change impact effectively.
Principles to promote solar energy at urban managementAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about principles for promoting solar energy in urban management, using case studies from Berlin, Germany and Tehran, Iran. It discusses how sustainable urban development can optimize fossil fuel consumption and promote renewable energies like solar. It examines the key roles that municipalities and solar energy can play in urban energy management. Case studies of solar energy development in Germany, China, and Iran are provided, highlighting Germany as a world leader in solar PV installation and China's dominance in solar water heating. The experiences of Tehran, Iran in promoting solar energy at the urban level are also described. The conclusions aim to provide useful insights for energy professionals and policymakers.
Second report of the conference written by Prof. Virendra Kr. Paul, Department of Building Engineering & Management, School of Planning and Architecture.
Challenges facing componentsreuse in industrialized housing: A literature reviewIEREK Press
Natural resources points towards sustainable development. Since a large proportion of human consumption is linked to buildings and construction, this means managing the construction process in more sustainable ways. Strategies that target greater material efficiency and which promote circular economy concepts are among several approaches that are gaining in popularity. The adoption of life-cycle thinking and practices in design, construction and end of life through the reuse of construction components and materials is one such action to achieve a sustainable built environment. Reuse is not a new concept and technical solutions do exist; however, practical realization is hampered by many interrelated challenges. This review paper is the result of a literature review for an exploratory study that aims to identify obstacles to the reuse of building components and materials. The context is industrializedhousing, particularly timber-based construction, as this is a sector where modern manufacturing and onsite practices have become established. The main obstacles identified and corroborated in the literature, along with their potential solutions, are summarized and conclusions drawn on the future direction of research needs.
A global_outlook_of_economic_expansion_and_environmental_degradation-__an_emp...Marwadi University Rajkot
The study initiated with the questioning about the relation among economic growth, energy use in industries and environmental pollutants of countries in the world. This research work uses cubic function for which data collected in both time series and cross section the panel econometric models such as pooled OLS, unit root tests, co-integration, ADL models were used. This study measures the relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth. The research advocates that the correlation among CO2, energy consumption and economic development in major countries of the world on both co-integration and individual cross-country results. The study also recombed on the lower time period as well as long term relation embrace environmental protection plan such as re-usable sources, greenery development as directed by United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and other Environmental agencies in the world and vis versa to control on carbon emissions in coming years.
Keywords: Industrial energy use, environmental pollutants, economic growth, CO2 emissions, panel data models, Environmental Kuznets Curve
Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
A study on the strategies of Park City construction of Chengdu from the persp...IEREK Press
The study analyzed strategies for park city construction in Chengdu from 2014-2019 to mitigate urban heat islands. It found that:
1) The intense heat island zone decreased 0.91% and the cold island zone increased 17.89% from 2014-2019.
2) Urban green spaces like water and vegetation helped mitigate heat, while impervious surfaces and bare land exacerbated it.
3) Fractional vegetation cover across the study area increased significantly, with higher cover correlating to lower land surface temperatures.
Park city construction was found to effectively alleviate urban heat islands by increasing green space, though layout and quality need further optimization.
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy.
This article represents results of an unbiased, factual, and scientifically valid analysis
of all available data on ecological, economic, and social indicators of energy
technologies and of how they influence sustainable development indicators. It marks out
indicators characterizing the impact of energy technologies on the environment providing
specific values to all energy sources considered (coal, gas, hydro, wind, solar, and
nuclear). The article demonstrates that renewable energy sources and nuclear power are
characterized by the best ecological indicators. The article also reveals that the most
efficient energy technologies for promoting sustainable development are natural gas and
nuclear power.
Experts profiling on a healthier built environment: Lowering the threat of cl...AgboolaPaul3
There are indications that climate change and its
consequences are already creating threats to the built environment in Nigeria. These
environmental threats have negative implications for healthy, well-being, and urban
sustainability. This empirical study aim to identify how climate change has influenced the
built environment in Nigeria’s South-Western region, considering the following objectives:
to explore the reasons for climate change in South-western, Nigeria, to determine the
consequences of environmental issues on inhabitant health in South-western, Nigeria; and
to critically determine the key measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation to
enhance the environmental sustainability of the Southwestern region of Nigeria.
A review of renewable energy sources sustainability issues and climate change...MuhammadZubair793687
This document reviews renewable energy sources and their role in sustainability and climate change mitigation. It discusses various renewable energy technologies like hydropower, bioenergy, solar, wind, and ocean energy. The document notes that while renewable energy sources provide opportunities for energy access, social and economic development, and reducing environmental impacts, there are also challenges that hinder their sustainability. These include market failures, lack of information, and constraints on raw materials. The document concludes by suggesting policy recommendations to help achieve renewable energy goals and reduce emissions to mitigate climate change.
Urban climate conditions affect cities will develop in the future, not only because of the impact on the environment or on the energy consumption of buildings, but also on outdoor human comfort. The configuration of buildings is one of the main factors that influence the different microclimates in the city. Understanding and especially being able to predict and manipulate these urban microclimates improve different aspects of urban life including the outdoor thermal comfort. Because of this, it is possible to use indices of outdoor thermal conform to understand and the configurations of building affect the microclimate conditions. This paper describes a method that enables the integration of microclimate data into the creation of new urban forms using outdoor thermal comfort as an indicator and translates this knowledge into a parameterized design feedback tool. In this way, it will be possible to support the design process by automated tools that explore design spaces of urban forms according to measurements and empirical findings on the relationship between microclimate data and the building geometries. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Urban Man & Climate in Buildings" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50524.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50524/urban-man-and-climate-in-buildings/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
IRJET - Review on Impact of Climate Change on the Life Cycle of Construction ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the impact of climate change on the life cycle of construction projects in India. It discusses how climate change affects different phases of construction projects, including design, construction, and building performance. Factors like temperature, rainfall, and extreme weather events can damage construction materials and processes, delay projects, and increase insurance costs. The document reviews past literature on these topics and methods for reducing the effects of climate change through new building practices and materials. It aims to increase understanding of climate change impacts to suggest better solutions for minimizing risks to construction project timelines and costs in India.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies interms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Similar to Climate Variability: Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems in Designing Residential Buildings (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Test bank for karp s cell and molecular biology 9th edition by gerald karp.pdfrightmanforbloodline
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
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Lecture 6 -- Memory 2015.pptlearning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned st...AyushGadhvi1
learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
Climate Variability: Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems in Designing Residential Buildings
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Climate Variability: Integration of Renewable
Energy into Present and Future Energy Systems
in Designing Residential Buildings
Morteza Soltani,Askari-Ali-Saeid Eslamian, Kaveh Ostad,mohieyimenPardis
1
Architecture Engineering Department
2
Water Engineering Department, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
3*
Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran. Email Corresponding
author: koa.askari@khuisf.ac.ir
4
Architecture Engineering Department, Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr, Isfahan, Iran.
Abstarct— As far as the reduction of fossil fuel reserves and
environmental degradation in building houses are
concerned, contemporary architects use other energy
sources to create thermal comfort. Passive system is the most
efficient way in which the needs of buildings thermal heat,
without using the fossil energy, mechanical force and
renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, are
met. Compatibility with environment, using context and area
potentials to reduce fossil energy consumption and
environmental destructive effects are the main advantages of
these systems. Considering the temperature principles used
in different elements of Iranian architecture this article
reviews the operation of architectural elements which were
compatible with the context in traditional Iranian
architecture by focusing on the role of architect in
environmental health and conservation. This study
further offers solutions for creating thermal comfort by using
descriptive content analysis in order to describe passive
system principles associated with each of the above elements.
Additionally, this research illustrates traditional
architectural elements in terms of form and fabric in
correspondence with modern elements as a method for
mitigating climate changes.
Key words— Climate change – Sustainable architecture-
Renewable energy- Passive systems.
I. INTRODUCTION
To define the relationship between compatible architecture
with climate and its adaptation to the current climate change,
building and nature are considered as two elements which
have inevitably mutual connection at the level of coexistence.
This issue is analyzed from two aspects;the first aspect is
about the Field-oriented architecture. Field -oriented
architecture has a wholistic look to the context and
building.Actually this method introduces the ancient Iranian
architecture blueprints as a process in which form follows
performance. The second aspect relies on the necessityof
constructive interaction between buildings, people and
environment in context-oriented architecture.
The purpose of this article is to present the principles of
architecture in climate change erawith considerationof
climate variability by considering Iranian architectural
prancipals. This issue is important since the rate of global
warming has been increased andit is scientifically proved that
man and his activities have a significant role in increasing
atmospheric density of greenhouse gases which cause global
warming.
Today contemporary architecture is inevitable of establishing
interaction with the environment. This approach affected
architecture not only in terms of physical appearance but also
in functionality and performance.
Thus, this research seeks to recognize some ways for new
buildings, developments, and major renovations to be
carbon-neutral andconsideringclimate-compatible
architecture as an applicant model reffering Iranian
traditional architecting prancipals.This study is based on the
qualitative research methods in analytical-descriptive way
which are collected in bibliographic method to prove that
how architects plan and design the built environment from
here on out will determine whether climate change is
manageable or catastrophic.
CLIMATE VARIABILITY
The earth’s climate changes constantly with varying
extremes of temperature, rainfall and air movement
occurring naturally. Droughts, periods of unusual dryness,
are therefore a natural climatic occurrence. They may be
regarded as unusual in that they do not occur all the time or
occur only rarely in some areas, but droughts are not
abnormal.The first step in addressing the issue of global
warming is to recognize that the warming pattern, if it
2. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-1, Issue-2, July-Aug, 2017]
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continues, will probably not be uniform. The term "global
warming" only tells part of the story; our attention should be
focused on "global climate change". The real threat may not
be the gradual rise in global temperature and sea level, but
the redistribution of heat over the Earth's surface. Some spots
will warm, while others will cool; these changes, and the
accompanying shifts in rainfall patterns, could relocate
agricultural regions across the planet.(Wassila M, et al.,
2014)
Bellow diagram shows the consequences of climate
variability on earth and its impacts on Economy, Society and
Environment.
Chart (1), The impact of Climate Variability on Earth.
II. CLIMATE CHANGE
The atmosphereis the most unstable and rapidly changingpart
of the climate system (The Climate System, E. Ahlonsou, Y.
Ding, D. Schimel). Obviously, there have always been slight
variations in local weathers, but usually changes have taken
place so slowly that animals (including humans), plants and
other forms of life have had time to adapt or migrate.
However, since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the
pace of these variations has been dramatically speeding up:
humans have changed the chemistry of the atmosphere
through the combustion of fossil fuels and living matter,
bringing about the prospect of global alterations and shifts in
the whole terrestrial climate system. The threat of global
warming brought about by the build-up of heat-trapping
gases in the atmosphere has nowadays become common
knowledge.In order to respond to these threats and meet the
needs imposed by a sustainable development, a new
approach to building design and construction is mandatory,
one which simultaneously addresses the complex
requirements of the environment with its finite resources and
the needs of contemporary societies and economies
(Shayannejad M. et al. 2015, Shayannejad M. et al. 2016,
Shayannejad M. et al. 2017).
Nevertheless, human activities of the last two centuries -
primarily the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of
forests, have greatly intensified this natural greenhouse
effect, initiating a chain of events which, as we are now
starting to realise, can lead to drastic climate change
(Sayedipour M. et al. 2015, Raeisi-Vanani H. et al. 2015,
Soltani-Toudeshki A.R. et al. 2015, Eskandari S. et al.
2017, Raeisi-Vanani H. et al. 2017, Shojaei N. et al. 2017,
Bahmanpour H. et al. 2017).
According IPCC fifth assignment, if emissions continue on
their present trajectory, without either technological or
regulatory abatement, then the best estimate is that global
average temperature will warm a further 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to
8.6 °F) by the end of the century (IPCC, AR5).
Natural Climate Variability
Precipitation deficiency (amount,
intensity, timing)
Add temp, high winds, low relative
humidity, greater sunshine, less cloud
cover
Reduced infiltration, runoff deep
percolation, and ground water
recharge.
Increase evaporation and
transpiration
Sol water deficiency
Plant water stress, reduced
biomass and yield
Reduced streamflow, inflow to
reservoir, lakes and ponds. Reduced
wetlands, wildlife habits
Economic Impacts Social Impacts Environmental Impacts
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2.1. Energy and GHG emissions from buildings
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the residential
building sector have more than doubled since 1970 to reach
9.18 GtCO2eq in 2010 (IEA, 2012a). In 2010 buildings
accounted for 32 % (24 % for residential) of total global final
energy use or 32.4 PW, being one of the largest end-use
sectors worldwide. Space heating represented 32 – 34 % of
the global final energy consumption in both the residential
and the commercial building sub-sectors in 2010 (IEA,
2013).
Most of GHG (Greenhouse gas) emissions (6.02 Gt) are
indirect CO2 emissions from electricity use in buildings, and
these have shown dynamic growth in the studied period in
contrast to direct emissions, which have roughly stagnated
during few last decades (IEA, 2012a; JRC / PBL, 2013).
The knowledge gap that exists with respect to how emissions
from built environments can be mitigated and,
simultaneously, how buildings and their occupants can adapt
to shifts in global and local climate must be filled, involving
integration of established knowledge, advanced design
strategies, application of innovative technologies and
multidisciplinary research. Although the evidence of climate
change is supported by large consensus, the amount of data
and predictions currently available often results in
ambiguous information for climate non-specialists. Starting
from a review of the Fourth Assessment Report published by
the IPCC, the paper examines the interactions between
human systems and dynamic environmental forces, trying to
underline the causes and consequences of the evident
alteration in the climatic equilibrium of the planet and
exploring how built environments can contribute to mitigate
and adapt to these changing conditions.
Currently, IPCC refers to stabilisation targets for CO2
between 445 and 710 ppm by 2030 (IPCC 2007c), with a
general agreement at 550 ppm, double the pre-industrial
level. However, it is relevant to say that, considering the
projected growth in emissions from developing countries, the
limited targets of Kyoto are little more than irrelevant
towards this target, since cuts of around 70% by the next
decades would be needed to keep the atmospheric
greenhouse gases concentration at double the pre-industrial
levels. Yet, meeting this objective would still represent a
serious challenge for human economies!
III. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION IN THE
BUILT ENVIRONMENT
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) uses two significant terms: mitigation,
which is aimed at reducing emissions to minimize global
warming or ‘avoiding the unmanageable, and adaptation,
which is managing the unavoidable (GTZ/PIK, 2009).
While neither mitigation nor adaptation measures on their
own can prevent significant climate change impacts, taken
together they can significantly reduce risks. (Parry et al and
Klein et al. 2007).
While mitigation efforts are clearly important in terms of
slowing the rate of climate change, given the climate system
has already changed, and will continue to do so irrespective
of mitigation efforts, at least in the short to medium term,
investment in climate change adaptation is a prudent course
of action. An adaptation approach acknowledges that there
will be a need to adjust to unavoidable climate change to
minimize building and infrastructure upkeep costs and
maintain healthy ecosystems and loveable urban areas.
As we live challenging times, therefore, it is possible to make
reasonably confident predictions on the repercussions that
climate change will have on most aspects of life on Earth,
and consider their consequences on the future of human
activities (Ostad-Ali-Askari K. et al. 2015, Ostad-Ali-
Askari K. et al. 2016, Ostad-Ali-Askari K. et al. 2017).
In pursuit of solutions, an important lesson can be derived by
looking at adaptive natural systems. In Nature, almost all
living organisms develop, through evolution, responsive
mechanisms to endure changing conditions without depleting
their resources and altering the equilibrium of their
ecosystem. Considering the global climate alterations, we are
now facing and the speed and momentum of these shifts, an
‘adaptive’ attitude in the way built environments are
conceived and inhabited can provide the conceptual basis for
the building design of the future.
There are multiple mitigation pathways that are likely to limit
warming to below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels. These
pathways would require substantial emissions reductions
over the next few decades and near zero emissions of carbon
dioxide and other long-lived greenhouse gases by the end of
the century. Implementing such reductions poses substantial
technological, economic, social, and institutional challenges,
which increase with delays in additional mitigation and if key
technologies are not available. Limiting warming to lower or
higher levels involves similar challenges, but on different
timescales.
To effectively mitigate long-term impacts and adapt in the
short-term to inevitable climate alterations, the challenge is
thus to identify and effectively put in place the design
methodologies by which sustainable technologies can be
integrated with current building models in order to guarantee
the continuous social and economic growth of human
developments, whilst limiting emissions and effectively
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responding to the consequences of climate alterations which
are expected in the next few decades(Altomonte,2008).
IV. THE CONTRIBUTION OF BUILDINGS TO
CLIMATE CHANGE
Today, buildings are responsible for more than 40 percent of
global energy used, and as much as one third of global
greenhouse gas emissions, both in developed and developing
countries.In absolute terms, the Fourth Assessment Report of
the IPCC estimated building-related GHG emissions to be
around 8.6 million metric tons CO2 (Levine et al, 2007).
What particularly worrying is the rate of growth of emissions
whichunder the IPCC’s high growth scenario, this rate could
almost double by 2030 to reach 15.6 billion metric tons CO2
eqv. (Levine et al, 2007).
The good news is that the Building Sector (residential
buildings) has the largest potential for significantly reducing
greenhouse gas emissions compared to other major emitting
sectors. This potential is relatively independent of the cost
per ton of CO2 equ. achieved (IPCC, 2007). Figure 3, from
the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, shows that the
potential for greenhouse gas reductions from buildings is
common to both developed and developing countries. What
this means is that with proven and commercially available
technologies, the energy consumption in both new and
existing buildings can be cut by an estimated 30 to 80 percent
with potential net profit during the building life-span.
Fig.1: Estimated economic mitigation potential by sector and region using technologies and practices expected to be available
in 2030. The potentials do not include non-technical options such as lifestyle changes. Source: IPCC, 2007a.
Therefore,buildings could represent a critical piece of a low-
carbon future and a global challenge for integration with
sustainable development. Buildings offer immediately
available, highly cost-effective opportunities to reduce
(growth in) energy demand, while contributing to meeting
other key sustainable development goals including poverty
alleviation, energy security, and improved employment. This
potential is more fully represented in sectoral models than in
many integrated models (Shayannejad M. et al. 2017,
Dehghan Sh. et al. 2017, Eslamian S. et al. 2017, Ostad-
Ali-Askari K. et al. 2017, Godarzi A. et al. 2016).
V. INTEGRATED BUILDING DESIGN
As per the conclusions of the IPCC Fourth Assessment
Report, amongst the key sectorial mitigation technologies
and practices which are suggested to be applied within the
design of built environments before 2030, an essential role is
to be played by “integrated design” of buildings, which
should be exploiting advances in technology and implement
both passive and active techniques in order to provide
comfort for their users and reduce their energy requirements
(IPCC, 2007c).
In terms of climate, the basis for the formation of the
residential environment is human thermal comfort and
providing a suitable environment for better living conditions.
Environmental conditions within the buildings must be
balanced in such a way that brings physical and
psychological comfort for residents. Physical comfort means
to Supply thermal comfort conditions (heating and cooling)
and visual comfort conditions (for light) which required
consuming the energy. Depending on the type of energy used
in a building to provide comfort conditions, four general
methods can be named as the following table.
5. International journal of Rural Development, Environment and Health Research(IJREH) [Vol-1, Issue-2, July-Aug, 2017]
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Table.1: Methods to create thermal comfort, Source: Author
Architect RoleSolutionEnergy SourcesWays of creating comfort
Architecture's role is, coordinate
system layout and its
incorporation into body building
Solar collectors
Photovoltaic systems
The majority is renewable
energy plus small amount
of non-renewable energy
Dynamin
Locating equipment and route
system components
Radiators, fan coils
and coolers
non-renewable energySuper Dynamic
Harmonious design and
architectural elements of the
building
Trombe wall, cooling
roof, greenhouse space
The majority is non-
renewable energy plus
small amount of renewable
energy
Static
Special role of architectural
decision in features and
architectural solutions
Orientation,
proportion, form, ,
window size and
sunshade
renewable energySuper Static
5.1 Sustainable Design Framework
Besides pure investment, decision makers need to address in
order to significantly upscale the contribution of the
different kinds of renewables:
Bio energy: proper design and monitoring of
sustainability to minimize negative impacts
Solar energy: regulatory and institutional barriers,
integration and transmission issues
Geothermal energy: prove that enhanced geothermal
systems can be deployed
Hydropower: sustainable assessments tools, regional
and multi-party collaboration
Ocean energy: testing centres, policies that encourage
early deployment
Wind energy: develop solutions to transmission
constraints, increase public acceptance
So, if the aim of the residential Building Sector is to become
carbon neutral in the medium to long run, then renewable
energies will have to play a much bigger role in meeting
energy needs in buildings. This can be achieved through two
avenues: first, by substituting fossil fuels with renewable
energy sources at the point of electricity generation; and
second, through the use of renewable energy technologies at
the point of consumption, i.e. off-grid applications of
renewable energy. Clearly, both approaches must be
followed simultaneously.
5.1.1 Energy intensity of new high-performance buildings
Cooling energy use is growing rapidly in many regions
where, with proper attention to useful components of
vernacular design combined with modern passive design
principles, mechanical air conditioning would not be needed.
This use includes regions that have a strong diurnal
temperature variation (where a combination of external
insulation, exposed interior thermal mass, and night
ventilation can maintain comfortable conditions), or a strong
seasonal temperature variation (so that the ground can be
used to cool incoming ventilation air) or which are dry,
thereby permitting evaporative cooling or hybrid evaporative
/ mechanical cooling strategies to be implemented (Eslamian
S. et al. 2009, Fakhri M. et al. 2013, Eslamian S. et al.
2012, Eslamian S. et al. 2013, Chavoshi S. et al. 1999,
Eslamian S. et al. 2010, Eslamian S. et al. 2008).
5.1.2 Monitoring and commissioning of new and existing
buildings
Commissioning is the process of systematically checking
that all components of building HVAC (Heating, Ventilation
and Air Conditioning) and lighting systems have been
installed properly and operate correctly. It often identifies
problems that, unless corrected, increase energy uses by 20%
or more, but is often not done (Piette et al., 2001). Advanced
building control systems are a key to obtaining very low
energy intensities. It routinely takes over one year or more to
adjust the control systems so that they deliver the expected
savings (Jacobson et al. 2011) through detailed monitoring of
energy use once the building is occupied.( Wagner et al.
2007) give an example where monitoring of a naturally
ventilated and passively cooled bank building in Frankfurt,
Germany lead to a reduction in primary energy intensity from
about 200 kWh / m2 / yr during the first year of operation to
150 kWh / m2 / yr during the third year (with a predicted
improvement to 110 kWh / m2 / yr during the fourth year).
Post-construction evaluation also provides opportunities for
improving the design and construction of subsequent
buildings (Wingfield et al., 2011).
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5.1.3 Zero energy / carbon and energy plus buildings
Net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) refer to buildings with
on-site renewable energy systems (such as PV, wind
turbines, or solar thermal) that, over the year, generate as
much energy as is consumed by the building. NZEBs have
varying definitions around the world, but these typically refer
to a net balance of on-site energy, or in terms of a net balance
of primary energy associated with fuels used by the building
and avoided through the net export of electricity to the power
grid (Marszal et al, 2011). Space heating and service hot
water has been supplied in NZEBs either through heat pumps
(supplemented with electric resistance heating on rare
occasions), biomass boilers, or fossil fuel-powered boilers,
furnaces, or cogeneration. (Musall et al. 2010) identify
almost 300 net zero or almost net zero energy residential
buildings constructed worldwide.
5.2 Substituting fossil fuels with renewable energies
Methods in Iranian Traditional Architecting
We can see many residential buildings which were built
based on vernacular architecture in Iran, which consider
contextand climate. Therefore, this caused the architects to
benefit from geographic and climatic features; all these
considerations refer to field oriented and sustainable
architecture.
Table.2: The principles of passive systems to field-oriented architecture, source: Author
Passive systems
Principles
According to
accommodation
with climate
Solution Tools Target
Using traditional
principles of
Iranian
architecture
According to
accommodation
with climate
use of thermal mass and
natural energy
Reduce heat loss in buildings
Natural ventilation Reduce the impact of wind on the
building heat loss
The proper orientation Taking advantage of solar energy for
heating
Considering Materials,
roofs, terraces and facades
types
Building protect against hot air
Considering Space Layout Taking advantage of the daily fluctuations
in air temperature
Design appropriate form
consistent with the climate
Reduce the impact of dust winds on
buildings
use of solar
energy and solar
design
Eaves and sunshades Meet the needs of building heating and
coolingWindows
thermal mass
Insulation
Proper Orientation
use of plants and
vegetation in the
highlands
On Roof Sensing the change of seasons
Vertical yard instead of the central
courtyard
Psychological comfort and better climate
On Terrace Creating the appropriate Micro climate in
the region
Use of plants humidity for cooling the
region
Air purification and reducing CO2
On facade Dealing with high temperatures in facade
Improving the landscape around the
building
Intensity modulated sounds to building
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In fact, Iranian traditional buildings have been developed
horizontallywhile today architecture is growing vertically, so
it is important to find the ways to integrate these traditional
principals in other direction. As an example, vertical yards
play a big role in both Iranian traditional architecture and
following that its physical and mental impacts and also in
todays sustainable high rise buildings. (Figur2).Now we can
find these type of buildings as Yard scraper instead of sky
scraper.
Fig.2: Natural elements, Court Yard.
VI. POLICY OPTIONS FOR REDUCING
EMISSIONS FROM BUILDINGS
To select the most appropriate policies for the “carbon
emissions” scenario of the Building Sector of the countries,
architects as a part of society should consider what policy
objective they wish to target. Broadly speaking, the five
major policy objectives, or targets, for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions from buildings are:
Target 1: Increase the energy efficiency of new & existing
buildings (both the physical envelope, and the operational
aspects such as energy systems for heating, ventilation and
other appliances);
Target 2: Increase the energy efficiency of appliances
Target 3: Encourage energy and distribution companies to
support emission reductions in the Building Sector;
Target 4: Change attitudes and behavior;
Target 5: Substitute fossil fuels with renewable energies.
In which all mentioned targets can be placed under
environmental architecting sector and the first and last targets
are more efficient among them and the architects have a big
role on it and in this article these two targets have been
discussed.Studying Iranian vernacular architecture, we can
find many architectural elements which have been the
inseparable parts of old residential buildings that prepare
thermal comfort without using fossil energy. Tabatabi’s
house is an example of Iranian vernacular architecture
(Figure 4).
Fig.4: Tabtabaei house, source: Flavorverse.com
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Iranian architectural elements which have been used more
than 500 years ago based on using renewable energy instead
on fossil fuel for natural ways of cooling, ventilating and
preparing light and each element has been described by its
static system principles.Some of these traditional elements in
terms of performance and architectural forms, corresponding
to some passive systems today.
Table.3: A static cooling principles in Iranian architectural elements, Source: Author
ImagesStatic System PrinciplesArchitectural Elements
Corresponding system of solar chimneyWindward
Air flew and Ventilation through the chimney in
combination with the adjacent body of water
hub sunshade and cold trap
Central courtyard
Cooling with Mass Effectgarden pit
Air flew and Ventilation through the chimneyPorch
The corresponding system evaporative coolers
(open loop systems)
Spring house
Seasonal storage of heatBedchamber
Seasonal storage of heatShvadan
Delays in time-temperature heating applications
for direct absorption
, The corresponding system( Trombe wall)
Materials with high
thermal capacity
Exposure to natural elements and use the
stylized air
Building bodies nearby
water
The corresponding system frame sunshades
Horizontal and vertical awnings
Nodulation wood and
plaster window
Cooling through ventilation (air flow)
The corresponding system, the traditional
facades
Grille brick or tile
Air flew and Ventilation through the chimneyWindows under the roof
In summary, it is very likely that the portfolio of technologies
and know-how needed to make built environments minimize
their impact on the ecosystem and adapt to shifting climatic
conditions is already with us, as long as integrated design and
behavioural strategies are put in place for their
implementation. Making the most of ancient, existing and
forthcoming knowledge (also featuring hybridisations
between seemingly distant disciplinary fields), the design of
buildings has to progress in response to environmental and
users demand, re-establishing the fundamental connection
between humans and the natural system that has sustained us
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so far, cradling and nourishing us, making all of our
(sometimes insane) actions possible.
VII. CONCLUSION
The buildings are so compatible with the outside conditions
that the indoor comfort is available without the energy
devices. This compatibility was created by the geographical
location of the building, roofs, the reduction of the outer sides
of the building which are against the sun, the appropriate
sunshades, wind towers, basements and cellars, central
courtyards, shadow creating defilade, sunny windows,
appropriate materials and etc. It can be concluded that by
believing the principles of sustainable architecture and the
intelligent compliance with the new concepts of ecological
sustainability, we can reach the functional and sustainable
patterns. Therefore, conducting research on the patterns of
sustainability in Iranian architecture is necessary in order to
renew the old sustainable architecture. (Unregard and
farzian, 1387)
It is evident from ongoing developments in the regulatory
and insurance spheres that climate change adaptation (CCA)
will be an increasingly important consideration for architects.
This is regardless of weather one holds to precautionary
principle or other views about the environment.
Architects who develop skills to retrofit and design buildings
that offer reduced liabilities to extreme weather impacts that
extend beyond jurisdictional building controls and land-use
planning will position themselves well in the marketplace.
Building flexibility into design to allow for the unexpected
makes investment decisions robust to most possible changes
in climate conditions. This may include no-regret strategies
that bring benefits even in the absence of future climate
change.
Since each building has always been in the vicinity of objects
and various natural factors, can affect reaction against
climatic factors. In fact, Micro-climate is a weather
conditions around the building. Site study and using different
elements for is the first important step in building design in
order to establishing micro-climate conditions around the
building.
The factors such as favorable microclimate conditions, static
heating, cooling and lighting, using renewable energy and
meanwhile creativity, paying attention to Materials,
structures, protection and improvement of natural elements
and looking at the architecture as a living organism are the
factors which have been considered in Iran traditional
architecture. Recommended solutions for creating comfort
zone compatible with the environment by using renewable
energy are as bellow:
Chart (2), Micro climate subsets, source: Author
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