The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies interms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Climate Variability: Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future ...AI Publications
As far as the reduction of fossil fuel reserves and environmental degradation in building houses are concerned, contemporary architects use other energy sources to create thermal comfort. Passive system is the most efficient way in which the needs of buildings thermal heat, without using the fossil energy, mechanical force and renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, are met. Compatibility with environment, using context and area potentials to reduce fossil energy consumption and environmental destructive effects are the main advantages of these systems. Considering the temperature principles used in different elements of Iranian architecture this article reviews the operation of architectural elements which were compatible with the context in traditional Iranian architecture by focusing on the role of architect in environmental health and conservation. This study further offers solutions for creating thermal comfort by using descriptive content analysis in order to describe passive system principles associated with each of the above elements. Additionally, this research illustrates traditional architectural elements in terms of form and fabric in correspondence with modern elements as a method for mitigating climate changes.
Passive Cooling and Vernacularism in Mughal Buildings in North India: A Sourc...drboon
In the present time, scrupulous use of energy is a challenge for the world population. The natural resources of energy are depleting day by day and the present resources seem inadequate to fulfill the need of human beings in future. Global warming and depletion of fossil fuels pose the dual crisis for sustainability. The building sector, being a major consumer of energy necessitates a critical scrutiny on this aspect. The techniques used for cooling, heating and ventilation of the buildings in the past were more harmonious with the nature. Use of locally available resources for design of historical buildings was energy efficient. The passive cooling in historical buildings provides a source of inspiration for sustainable development in contemporary world. In this paper, the author has examined various passive cooling techniques and locally available resources used in Mughal buildings in North India. The design elements of these buildings have evaluated on the basis of their suitability to the climate. The findings of this study suggest further research to explore guidelines for designing energy efficient buildings for sustainable development in the present era and future world.
Climate Variability: Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future ...AI Publications
As far as the reduction of fossil fuel reserves and environmental degradation in building houses are concerned, contemporary architects use other energy sources to create thermal comfort. Passive system is the most efficient way in which the needs of buildings thermal heat, without using the fossil energy, mechanical force and renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, are met. Compatibility with environment, using context and area potentials to reduce fossil energy consumption and environmental destructive effects are the main advantages of these systems. Considering the temperature principles used in different elements of Iranian architecture this article reviews the operation of architectural elements which were compatible with the context in traditional Iranian architecture by focusing on the role of architect in environmental health and conservation. This study further offers solutions for creating thermal comfort by using descriptive content analysis in order to describe passive system principles associated with each of the above elements. Additionally, this research illustrates traditional architectural elements in terms of form and fabric in correspondence with modern elements as a method for mitigating climate changes.
Passive Cooling and Vernacularism in Mughal Buildings in North India: A Sourc...drboon
In the present time, scrupulous use of energy is a challenge for the world population. The natural resources of energy are depleting day by day and the present resources seem inadequate to fulfill the need of human beings in future. Global warming and depletion of fossil fuels pose the dual crisis for sustainability. The building sector, being a major consumer of energy necessitates a critical scrutiny on this aspect. The techniques used for cooling, heating and ventilation of the buildings in the past were more harmonious with the nature. Use of locally available resources for design of historical buildings was energy efficient. The passive cooling in historical buildings provides a source of inspiration for sustainable development in contemporary world. In this paper, the author has examined various passive cooling techniques and locally available resources used in Mughal buildings in North India. The design elements of these buildings have evaluated on the basis of their suitability to the climate. The findings of this study suggest further research to explore guidelines for designing energy efficient buildings for sustainable development in the present era and future world.
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
One of the most common issues on the word right now is green building technology, with the goal of reducing the development industry's various negative effects on the environment, society, and economy. Because pollution and global warming are quickly expanding over the planet, the world urgently requires a sustainable and reasonable development. Because of the increase in Green House Gases (GHGs), dramatic climatical differences occurring everyday have been noted and are being faced by almost everyone all over the world. Within settled countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there have already been rigorous steps taken to achieve workable development, as well as rules and regulations enacted by their respective governments to assist and accomplish a workable and environmentally approachable development of their countries. However, emerging countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and others are dragging in terms of founding supportable growth and environmentally friendly structures. In addition, there is a deficiency of public understanding about this worldwide issue in these emerging countries. According to surveys and study, these countries are also far behind schedule the established nations of the world. This article discusses the need for maintainable growth around the world, particularly in emerging countries such as India and China, which have enormous land-living masses and are fast emerging, with the potential to become new global superpowers in the near future. It also includes sustainable and monetary research with connections to Indian contexts, as well as a recent live instance study of a freshly built and constructed luxurious housing home in a densely populated area of India. The case study is a inhabited house that is planned and built as a sustainable and green structure in an extremely community inside the state of Maharashtra, India, as India is also known as a country of villages with the world's second largest population. According to India's 2012 census, 69.84 percent of the population, or 869.17 million people, live in 6,47,861 distinct villages. By using straightforward, simple, and cost-effective strategies, this study will assist Indian communities and residential buildings in becoming more sustainable and greener.
DISSERTATION- TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF RAJASTHANDipesh Jain
DISSERTATION
TRADITIONAL MATERIAL IN RAJASTHAN
INFORMATION
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
NEED FOR STUDY
AIM
OBJECTIVE
SCOPE
LIMITATION
BOOK CASE STUDY
LIVE CASE STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
REFERENCE
CONCLUSION
DESIGN
DATA COLLECTION
ANALYSIS
RESEARCH DESIGN
FIGURES
TABLES
NEED FOR STUDY
Importance of climate to architectural designs in nigeriaAgboola Paul
This paper reiterates the need for
architects/designers to design in relation to climate, in order to achieve pleasantly,
comfortable and conducive structures that ensure physiological and psychological
the comfort of the occupants. As a result of which, there will be a reduction in
the substantial amount expended by people to achieve thermal comfort within and
around the building, through the use of mechanically controlled measures
Second report of the conference written by Prof. Virendra Kr. Paul, Department of Building Engineering & Management, School of Planning and Architecture.
The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review fro...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The high-rise residential building emerges as a solution to overcome the problem of the housing needs in big cities. Its presence should also be taken into consideration from the perspective of sustainability concepts. Taking into account the life cycle of a building in the context of buildings as a product of the current architectural system is a wise consideration and recommended as the environment quality keeps on declining. This study discusses the correlation between the articulations of the high-rise building envelope with the approach of the life cycle of buildings as part of sustainable design thinking. The assessment has been made through the approach of library research as a stepping stone to attain understanding. The benefit obtained from this study will support the creation of high-rise residential buildings which in terms of life cycle is supporting the environmental quality provided it is assessed from the building envelope aspect.
Research trends are tending towards sustainability in construction and project
delivery is drawing the interest and attention of great researchers. This review work in
trying to get better understanding of the research area and presents current research
trends in the area of research in sustainability and construction and project delivery from
2003-2017. This review is done through thorough analysis of 50 published research
papers by different authors retrieved from Google Scholar, and Science Direct online
databases in the field of sustainable construction project delivery. All the analysis
conducted covers the researchable areas, the countries that have been frontiers to the
research, the research approaches, the tools for data collection and analysis and the
contributions of authors relating to identified areas and identification of main authors
contribution and lastly the prediction of possible future researchable areas relating to the
field of sustainability and construction in delivery of projects. The results of this review
identified seven researchable areas relating to sustainability and construction in project
delivery. Further results revealed that literature review, interviews, semi structured
interviews, industry surveys and content analysis were the main approaches adopted for
carrying out research work while research data were collected mainly through
questionnaires, interviews, and site observations. Discourse analysis, factor analysis and
multiple regression analysis were the major methods used in analysing the data collected
although the use of software is also trending during research on sustainable construction
project delivery. Jiang Zuo, Bo Xiang, Cheng Sien Goh and Steve Rowlinson are
researchers who were identified as part of those who have contributed enormously, with
some other following suite and breaking grounds in research work in the field of
sustainable construction project delivery. However there are still areas like the climate
and its effects on sustainable construction, BIM in sustainability and Lean applications
Integration of the Vernacular Passive Cooling Systems with Contemporary Archi...paperpublications3
Abstract: Vernacular architecture has always served the people of a certain climatic condition with the required answers to their immediate environmental problems. The architecture without architects has been a major focus of late as architects tend to reflect back to how their ancestors tackled the problem of the environment when it came to buildings and design. Human need, cultural identity as well as the surrounding context has been a pivotal focus for vernacular architecture. The Middle East as a region is a land with diverse cultures that have been united by the climatic conditions of their land which is hot and dry for the most part of it. To tackle the heat and the direct harsh sun of the Middle east, certain techniques and elements were devised to combat them. Such devices like the Mashrabiyas, Wind Catchers and Courtyards were used, among others. The 21st Century urbanization and rapid universality of contemporary architecture combined with the oil and gas industry wealth of the Middle East has made this region join the in the mad rush to compete in the frontlines of rapid urbanization and somehow neglect their vernacular architecture and cultural identities in place of the more lucrative contemporary architecture. This study focuses on finding a common ground for vernacular architecture and the 21st-century contemporary architecture without compromising each other. The study will look at Mashrabiyas and Windcatchers, elements of the Middle Eastern vernacular architecture and a case study which is a pioneer in the use of vernacular elements in the 21st-century contemporary architecture. The study seeks to find better options when designing a building in the Middle East with consideration of the vernacular aspect of the region achieved by literature reviews of journals, articles, and theses.
Urban Courtyard Housing Form as a Response to Human Need, Culture and Environ...IJERA Editor
Courtyard housing is an important dwelling type in human history. It was founded in many ancient histories of
different countries and climate zones. Many factors influenced certain types and forms of urban courtyard
houses in order to create better living environments. This study try to explore some criticize points about basic
human needs of courtyards. Which it refers to environmental and social backgrounds during past times, which it
selected to analyze two contemporary types of traditional sample work in Baghdad.
Drawings and framework used to understand the ideology of courtyards as well as other factors related to
territory, society, psychology, culture and environment. Religion and traditions of Baghdad have played a
special role. Through time and across cultures, territorial and environmental factors were found to be highly
relevant to almost all the courtyard-housing forms. This study might be helpful for architects where they
undertake contemporary design works
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
More Related Content
Similar to Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, Iran
Sustainable Energy Resource Buildings: Some Relevant Feautures for Built Envi...IJERA Editor
Energy has become a critical issue in national and global economic development. Its crucial importance to the nation’s building makes the development of energy resources one of the leading agenda of the present democratic government of Nigeria, towards lifting the nation to the comity of twenty (20) nations with the fastest growing economy in 2020. In achieving this, the building industry and in particular the architectural profession has a leading role to play in adopting education, designs, materials, and technology capable of reducing energy consumption in building within tropic region. This paper, therefore, appraises the important features of energy performance building through the use of sustainable innovative materials and technology that respond to climate condition while being environmentally friendly.
One of the most common issues on the word right now is green building technology, with the goal of reducing the development industry's various negative effects on the environment, society, and economy. Because pollution and global warming are quickly expanding over the planet, the world urgently requires a sustainable and reasonable development. Because of the increase in Green House Gases (GHGs), dramatic climatical differences occurring everyday have been noted and are being faced by almost everyone all over the world. Within settled countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there have already been rigorous steps taken to achieve workable development, as well as rules and regulations enacted by their respective governments to assist and accomplish a workable and environmentally approachable development of their countries. However, emerging countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and others are dragging in terms of founding supportable growth and environmentally friendly structures. In addition, there is a deficiency of public understanding about this worldwide issue in these emerging countries. According to surveys and study, these countries are also far behind schedule the established nations of the world. This article discusses the need for maintainable growth around the world, particularly in emerging countries such as India and China, which have enormous land-living masses and are fast emerging, with the potential to become new global superpowers in the near future. It also includes sustainable and monetary research with connections to Indian contexts, as well as a recent live instance study of a freshly built and constructed luxurious housing home in a densely populated area of India. The case study is a inhabited house that is planned and built as a sustainable and green structure in an extremely community inside the state of Maharashtra, India, as India is also known as a country of villages with the world's second largest population. According to India's 2012 census, 69.84 percent of the population, or 869.17 million people, live in 6,47,861 distinct villages. By using straightforward, simple, and cost-effective strategies, this study will assist Indian communities and residential buildings in becoming more sustainable and greener.
DISSERTATION- TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS OF RAJASTHANDipesh Jain
DISSERTATION
TRADITIONAL MATERIAL IN RAJASTHAN
INFORMATION
ACKNOLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
NEED FOR STUDY
AIM
OBJECTIVE
SCOPE
LIMITATION
BOOK CASE STUDY
LIVE CASE STUDY
LITERATURE REVIEW
BOOK REVIEW
REFERENCE
CONCLUSION
DESIGN
DATA COLLECTION
ANALYSIS
RESEARCH DESIGN
FIGURES
TABLES
NEED FOR STUDY
Importance of climate to architectural designs in nigeriaAgboola Paul
This paper reiterates the need for
architects/designers to design in relation to climate, in order to achieve pleasantly,
comfortable and conducive structures that ensure physiological and psychological
the comfort of the occupants. As a result of which, there will be a reduction in
the substantial amount expended by people to achieve thermal comfort within and
around the building, through the use of mechanically controlled measures
Second report of the conference written by Prof. Virendra Kr. Paul, Department of Building Engineering & Management, School of Planning and Architecture.
The Articulation of the High-Rise Residential Building Envelope: A Review fro...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : The high-rise residential building emerges as a solution to overcome the problem of the housing needs in big cities. Its presence should also be taken into consideration from the perspective of sustainability concepts. Taking into account the life cycle of a building in the context of buildings as a product of the current architectural system is a wise consideration and recommended as the environment quality keeps on declining. This study discusses the correlation between the articulations of the high-rise building envelope with the approach of the life cycle of buildings as part of sustainable design thinking. The assessment has been made through the approach of library research as a stepping stone to attain understanding. The benefit obtained from this study will support the creation of high-rise residential buildings which in terms of life cycle is supporting the environmental quality provided it is assessed from the building envelope aspect.
Research trends are tending towards sustainability in construction and project
delivery is drawing the interest and attention of great researchers. This review work in
trying to get better understanding of the research area and presents current research
trends in the area of research in sustainability and construction and project delivery from
2003-2017. This review is done through thorough analysis of 50 published research
papers by different authors retrieved from Google Scholar, and Science Direct online
databases in the field of sustainable construction project delivery. All the analysis
conducted covers the researchable areas, the countries that have been frontiers to the
research, the research approaches, the tools for data collection and analysis and the
contributions of authors relating to identified areas and identification of main authors
contribution and lastly the prediction of possible future researchable areas relating to the
field of sustainability and construction in delivery of projects. The results of this review
identified seven researchable areas relating to sustainability and construction in project
delivery. Further results revealed that literature review, interviews, semi structured
interviews, industry surveys and content analysis were the main approaches adopted for
carrying out research work while research data were collected mainly through
questionnaires, interviews, and site observations. Discourse analysis, factor analysis and
multiple regression analysis were the major methods used in analysing the data collected
although the use of software is also trending during research on sustainable construction
project delivery. Jiang Zuo, Bo Xiang, Cheng Sien Goh and Steve Rowlinson are
researchers who were identified as part of those who have contributed enormously, with
some other following suite and breaking grounds in research work in the field of
sustainable construction project delivery. However there are still areas like the climate
and its effects on sustainable construction, BIM in sustainability and Lean applications
Integration of the Vernacular Passive Cooling Systems with Contemporary Archi...paperpublications3
Abstract: Vernacular architecture has always served the people of a certain climatic condition with the required answers to their immediate environmental problems. The architecture without architects has been a major focus of late as architects tend to reflect back to how their ancestors tackled the problem of the environment when it came to buildings and design. Human need, cultural identity as well as the surrounding context has been a pivotal focus for vernacular architecture. The Middle East as a region is a land with diverse cultures that have been united by the climatic conditions of their land which is hot and dry for the most part of it. To tackle the heat and the direct harsh sun of the Middle east, certain techniques and elements were devised to combat them. Such devices like the Mashrabiyas, Wind Catchers and Courtyards were used, among others. The 21st Century urbanization and rapid universality of contemporary architecture combined with the oil and gas industry wealth of the Middle East has made this region join the in the mad rush to compete in the frontlines of rapid urbanization and somehow neglect their vernacular architecture and cultural identities in place of the more lucrative contemporary architecture. This study focuses on finding a common ground for vernacular architecture and the 21st-century contemporary architecture without compromising each other. The study will look at Mashrabiyas and Windcatchers, elements of the Middle Eastern vernacular architecture and a case study which is a pioneer in the use of vernacular elements in the 21st-century contemporary architecture. The study seeks to find better options when designing a building in the Middle East with consideration of the vernacular aspect of the region achieved by literature reviews of journals, articles, and theses.
Urban Courtyard Housing Form as a Response to Human Need, Culture and Environ...IJERA Editor
Courtyard housing is an important dwelling type in human history. It was founded in many ancient histories of
different countries and climate zones. Many factors influenced certain types and forms of urban courtyard
houses in order to create better living environments. This study try to explore some criticize points about basic
human needs of courtyards. Which it refers to environmental and social backgrounds during past times, which it
selected to analyze two contemporary types of traditional sample work in Baghdad.
Drawings and framework used to understand the ideology of courtyards as well as other factors related to
territory, society, psychology, culture and environment. Religion and traditions of Baghdad have played a
special role. Through time and across cultures, territorial and environmental factors were found to be highly
relevant to almost all the courtyard-housing forms. This study might be helpful for architects where they
undertake contemporary design works
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Revitalization Strategy for Historic Core of AhmedabadIEREK Press
In India, dense historic urban settlements were developed with the intention of provision of spaces for adequate engagement of the people. Public squares and streets became important places of interaction. ‘Historic core,’ especially had public spaces meant for various socioeconomic groups. Ahmedabad city is a blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. Number of historical and architecturally important buildings were built during Muslim and Moghul rules. One of the first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 with a huge public square in front, developed for purpose of procession and gathering. This Bhadra precinct went through various layers of transformation in different eras and now have become vulnerable due to congestion and encroachment. Though, a need for intervention was felt to bring back the lost vitality of the Bhadra precinct, it was realized that a comprehensive approach would be the necessity. Conservation and sensitive development approach was taken to tackle this problem through pedestrianization of the Bhadra precinct, rerouting of traffic and restoration of Bhadra fort. Larger level traffic and parking issues were also considered be-yond the site. Alternative use of Bhadra fort as tourist information center was considered. Urban design guidelines were proposed for harmonious development in the surrounding area. This proposal was considered for funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JnNURM)and was implemented. Many issues were faced during implementation of Bhadra project due to contextualization of informal commercial, religious and other cultural activities. Political, social and administrative factors also played immense role in implementation of proposal. Now since Ahmedabad has achieved the status of World Heritage City through UNESCO certification further implementation of this project will be relatively easy due to envisaged strong political and administrative support.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
The Sinkhole Occurrence Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas for the Historic Salt ...IEREK Press
The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the Wieliczka salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with geotechnical analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Estimation of Coating Materials Contribution to the TVOCsEmissions of Wood Fl...IEREK Press
Based on the increasing concern about the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor finishing materials, industrial companies are called to meet the growing demand for more sustainable products. Recently, most designers and consumers have more environmental considerations while selecting the finishing materials. These considerations are related to the VOCs content of the finishing material itself regardless of its coating layers. Nowadays, interior wood coatings are commonly applied to large surfaces (ceilings, walls, floors) and many types of furnishing, leading to a high loading factor (surface-to-volume ratio). These coatings might contribute significantly to the VOCs emissions due to repeatedly and periodically use during maintenance, remodeling, and renovation of interior spaces. The aim of this study is to estimate the wood coating materials contribution to the TVOCs emissions of wood product in the indoor environment to shed light on the importance of comprehensive analysis of wood material with all treatment coatings. So, a small interior space with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate was simulated using IA-Quest program to investigate the influence of three wood coating materials; stain, wax, and varnish which were applied to an area of natural hardwood Oak floor. The TVOCs emission data resulted from the different coated wood floor was compared with VOCs emissions caused by the natural wood floor to find out the coating material contribution in TVOCs emissions of a wood flooring material
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
A Model Proposed for the Prediction of Future Sustainable Residence Specifica...IEREK Press
In Egypt, people are unable to determine the qualities of appropriate residence that achieves quality and occupant satisfaction, and contributes to sustainability of residential conglomerations. In general, developing countries lack housing information which can be used to enhance quality of residence. Also, the methods of assessing and identifying the appropriate criteria for future residence quality remain traditional ones that cannot address the multiple, conflicting, overlapping aspects to reach a good decision. This calls for using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), an effective tool for specifying the relative importance of all factors impacting a specific issue for making an appropriate residential decision. In addition, this method provides results for the decision element impacts network within the decision structure; thus contributing to more understanding of the mechanisms and requirements of residence selection. The proposed decision structure comprises a two-level network: main clusters, main elements, and sub-elements included in the demographic characteristics group, the residence criteria group, the demand parameters group, the supply parameters group, the residence specifications group, and the alternatives group which representing, in total, the decision and specifying the percentage needed for each housing level. Results of the model showed complete capacity in smoothly addressing complexities and overlapping in the decision structure. The decision structure showed that 52% chose luxury residence, 28% chose middle-class residence, and 19.5% chose the economic residence. Mechanisms of decision making were analyzed; particularly in terms of relationship to demographic characteristics and residence specifications. Also, the importance and impact of demand / supply parameters in reaching decision were analyzed
Development of an Open-Source Water Consumption Meter for HousingIEREK Press
This article reports on the project "Design and development of water and gas P.L. measurement devices in the housing: an approach to sustainable consumption in Mexico", prepared at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in the Department of the Environment, whose objective was to develop a device to measure water consumption in the housing, which allows users to know their spending and can make decisions in favor of efficiency through the reduction of water use in household activities. The meter is made up of open source, programmable or reconfigurable software, which receives the signal from a water flow sensor and a casing designed to contain the hardware and facilitate the user's installation. Both the hardware and the casing can be purchased, downloaded, manufactured and assembled at home (Do It Yourself). As specific results were obtained: hardware programming and housing design and as a final result: the assembly of the functional prototype with which measurements of water consumption were made in a housing in Mexico. With this work we conclude that through the development of new accessible and common measurement technologies for the users of a house, it will be possible to promote efficiency in the use of natural resources in cities, increasing availability and promoting a more sustainable urban development.
Multi-Scale Assessment of Urban Gardens as Constructed Habitats for Biodivers...IEREK Press
Biodiversity in arid urban environments depends upon habitat formation that balances both bioclimatic and biophysical environment needs. There is the potential for urban gardens to establish symbiotic ecosystem services from microhabitat formation that collectively form an assemblage of ecological patches to connect a diverse range of flora and fauna, and establish community driven nursery and seed collection initiatives. This study of urban garden habitats situated within a new urban district of Jeddah Saudi. The analysis concentrates on the ability of garden spatial formations to construct a heterogeneous spatial morphology of sub-patch within the larger urban landscape patch. Patch and subpatch formations are examined based on the criteria of (I) assemblage of the spatial habitat (characterized by shape and spatial organization); (II) integration of spatial, functional and vegetation plantation patterns; (III) connectivity. Findings reveal that garden layout is structured by the integration and layering of plant types to generate cool understory habitat with seedling establishment, and water conservation. Designed layout of the garden as a spatial pattern is augmented with a range of microclimate mediators to dim solar exposure within the plantation habitat. A strong heterogeneity in plant formations and combinations is seen to dominant the garden formations.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Lessons Learned from the First Passivhaus Building in QatarIEREK Press
Energy efficient models have become the path to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment in many developed countries. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), new buildings constructed within the European Union (EU) countries are expected to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) by 2020, while new public buildings are expected to adhere to this target by 2018. The Passivhaus approach has been identified by several researchers as a possible roadmap to achieve nZEBs. The meticulous engineering and high standards of the Passivhaus building fabric, in addition to the high comfort levels, are the main reasons behind the success and widespread of the standard. Recently, in 2013 the Passivhaus principles have been applied to an experimental residential project in the hot and arid climate of Qatar. The project is composed of two identical buildings, one built according to the Passivhaus standard and the other according to normal practices in the country. The thermal performance and comfort levels of both buildings were assessed through dynamic simulation and on-site measurements. Results indicated that at least 50% reduction in annual operational energy, water consumption, and CO2 emissions were achieved in the Passivhaus model in comparison to the standard model. This paper aims to highlight the lessons learned through the Passivhaus project; first by exhibiting the Passivhaus criteria that have been met, second by showcasing the outcomes of the project, and third by displaying the barriers and difficulties that have been associated with building according to the standard in Qatar. Finally, recommendations and general guidelines are suggested towards a possible adoption of the Passivhaus standard in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
Optimal Sizing and Design of Isolated Micro-Grid systemsIEREK Press
Micro-grid and standalone schemes are emerging as a viable mixed source of electricity due to interconnected costly central power plants and associated faults as well as brownouts and blackouts in additions to costly fuels. Micro-Grid (MG) is gaining very importance to avoid or decrease these problems. The objective of this paper is to design an optimal sizing and energy management scheme of an isolated MG. The MG is suggested to supply load located in El-shorouk Academy, Egypt between 30.119 latitudes and 31.605 longitudes. The components of the MG are selected and designed for achieving minimum Total Investment Cost (TIC) with CO2 emissions limitations. This is accomplished by a search and optimization MATLAB code used with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The use of Diesel Generators (DGs) is minimized by limiting the gaseous CO2 emissions as per targeted allowable amount. A comparison is accomplished for investigating the CO2 emissions constraints effects on the TIC in $/year and annual cost of energy in $/kWh. The obtained results verified and demonstrated that the designed MG configuration scheme is able to feed the energy entailed by the suggested load cost effectively and environmental friendly.
Regenerative Mobility: Disruption and Urban EvolutionIEREK Press
Mobility plays an important role in the cities by enabling people to carry out the most varied activities across the territory, as well as to ensure the city fully function. In addition, analogies to the human organism can be made by this urban dynamic, looking for solutions to specific issues. Moreover, this paper has been based by the premise that phenomena and urban elements could be conceptualized, explained and transformed from contemporary and innovative approaches applied in the medical field. For this reason, this paper aims to develop and present a new concept associated with urban mobility, based on the principles of regenerative medicine: the Regenerative Mobility, a concept with disruptive and evolutionary purposes. Furthermore, the structure of this paper is summarized by the introduction which contextualizes the theme, presents and characterizes the techniques used in the research. Additionally, the following chapters explore essential aspects of the city, explaining why it needs a mobility change and new concepts. Therefore, the concept of Regenerative Mobility is presented as a potential of mobility and cities improvement, followed by pragmatic cases, capable of illustrating some of its principles.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 57
reduction of energy consumption and preservation of energy are important for Iran. The specific problems that signify
the importance of designing environmental friendly houses in Iran are as follows:
- Building sector emissions in Iran: the pollutant and GHG emissions by Residential sector are overrepresented
in Iran (Iran’s Deputy for Power & Energy Affairs Power & Energy Planning Department, 2013).
- High energy use of residential buildings in Iran: Residential sector has been responsible for almost 38% of
final energy consumption during 1974-2013. Of this amount, the operation phase is responsible for
approximately 85% of a building’s total energy use (Ibid).
- The dependency on fossil fuels for heating buildings: the energy consumption for the building sector in Iran
is mainly provided by the natural gas, petroleum products, coal, and electricity. Natural gas and electricity
final consumption by the building sector in Iran has increased considerably during 1974-2013 (Ibid).
According to Iran’s ministry of Energy, residential buildings have consumed 41% of the total Iran’s energy
consumption of natural gas during the previous nine years (Iran Ministry of Energy, 2017). Fossil fuels are
used in Iran without consideration; accordingly, 98.8 % of the country’s total residential energy consumption
is supplied from oil products and natural gas (Nasrollahi, 2009).
- Increased rate of energy price: the average electricity sale price for residential buildings in Iran has increased
from 2.3 Rial/kWh in 1974 to 346.7 Rial/kWh in 2013 (Iran’s Deputy for Power & Energy Affairs Power &
Energy Planning Department, 2013).
- Energy supply depletion: the majority of Iran’s oil resources are in the second half of their life span and other
resources are inefficient. Renewable energies are not practically used in Iran. However, the use of renewable
energies such as wind and solar energy is going to be increased. Currently, only a small-scale conversion is
being made to nuclear energy for the electricity’s production in an effort to counter the aforementioned
consumption (Nasrollahi, 2009).
A reduction in energy consumption and the introduction of energy efficient houses, hence, would have a significant
impact on the overall energy consumption of Iran. One way to meet the need for sustainable buildings is to raise the
awareness of the importance of vernacular architecture. This is because in architectural theory the factors that
surround the art of building, is embedded in the society, and is passed on from one generation to the next through
tradition (Asquith & Vellinga, 2006). This cyclical period of sustention is broken by outside forces and changes that
ignore the complex nature of social and environmental forces and result in inappropriate architecture. While
globalization has brought convenience in living and communication, it has threatened the architecture and the built
environments we live in (Ibid). In a world that the scarcity of energy resources and environmental pollutions is likely
to increase, the durable and conscious vernacular architecture needs to be raised.
1.1. Objective of the study
The objective of the present study has been to advocate for more awareness of vernacular architecture of the cold
climatic region of Iran, not so much as museum components but as viable housing environments, which can contribute
to a healthy and rewarding twenty-first century life style. This study recognizes buildings with environmental adoptive
patterns that have proven their worth and efficiency over the centuries in Iran. Five vernacular houses in the city of
Tabriz, Iran are analyzed in regard to their typology and solar zoning strategies. In that way, the study aims at
exploring the possible strategies for increasing the sustainable design strategies in contemporary houses of Iran.
Moreover, this study takes into consideration that the design of houses cannot be divided from those who eat, sleep,
cook, and play in them. In the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is
important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered (Asquith
& Vellinga, 2006). The present research aims to avoid a romanticized approach towards the studied vernacular houses.
As, Vellinga (2015) suggests, many of the recent publications emphasize the “harmonious” ways in which vernacular
traditions relate to their environmental contexts (P.6). But a romanticized approach to vernacular reveals the tendency
to draw conclusions based on limited or partial evidence (Ibid).
3. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 58
While, this study is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran are environmentally
sustainable structures; an important challenge is to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural, social,
and economical sustainability and embodiment of the studied houses. Thus it is intended to address the potential
shortcomings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic
understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in Iran.
2. Vernacular architecture
The interest in vernacular architecture started in the eighteenth century, though the first scholarly analyses of
vernacular buildings started in the late nineteenth century (Upton, 1990; Oliver, 1997). However, many of these early
studies were used to criticize contemporary architectural practices, rather than paying attention to the way in which
the traditions might contribute to the future built environments. The main interest in studying vernacular architecture
during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was to document and classify the historic and traditional forms and
styles, most of them especially in the case of non-western traditions, were considered as destined to disappear. Many
of these studies were conducted in Europe and the US by historians and architects who were influenced by the Arts
and Crafts movement (Asquith & Vellinga, 2006). Consequently, Arthur Upham Pope1
and Robert Hillenbrand2
are
among the Western experts and professors who have studied vernacular art and architecture in Iran.
Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the dominant paradigm in architecture has been Modernism (Özkan,
2006). Modernism over time has become diversified and has developed a plurality of its own, which can be
categorized within seven groups. Conservatives as one of these groups developed into two fundamentally different
sub-groups: classicists and traditionalists. While, classicists believe that whatever that was built in the past is good
enough for the urbanized world to repeat in most loyal form, traditionalists such as Hassan Fathy are more geared to
appropriate technologies and social concerns present in the traditional architecture (Ibid). The most influential
reaction to Modernism in architecture is traditionalism, which focuses on research in vernacular architecture and the
revitalization of traditional building practices. Later, in 1964 the Venice Charter was approved by International
Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), which called for the international recognition of the value of vernacular
architecture, stated that not only the great works of art but also the modest works of the past should be considered as
historic monuments (Ikuga et al., 2012). ICOMOS created a special committee in 1976 to promote a coordinated
international effort in order to identify, study, and protect vernacular architecture (Ibid).
2.1. Vernacular housing and sustainability
The scholarly effort in the sustainability of vernacular architecture remained marginal until the late 1990s, when
sustainability emerged as a topic of political, academic, and popular interest (Vellinga, 2015). Most of the new studies
on vernacular architecture endeavor actively to evaluate the properties of particular building types and investigate
how the layout, form, and materials of the vernacular buildings relate to local climatic and geographical conditions.
On the other hand, in learning from the vernacular buildings, the focus must not be just the buildings or the “physical
shells”, but the sustenance of vernacular knowledge, skills, and experiences (Asquith & Vellinga, 2006, p. 11). With
a critical and forward-looking perspective towards vernacular architecture, it will be possible to cling to the vernacular
and to claim that there still is a place for vernacular architecture in the twenty-first century.
In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development of the United Nations in its report “Our Common
Future” also known as the Bruntland Report defines sustainable development as a development that “meets the needs
and improves human conditions of this generation without compromising the ability of future generations to do the
same” (World Commission on Environment and Development [WCED], 1987, P.8; Chiu, 2012, p. 91). Cities, where
most of economic activities, employment, and educational activities take place are considered as the focal point.
Likewise, the role of housing in the pursuit of sustainable development of the cities has been explored by
governments, professionals, and academies since the early 1990s.
1
Arthur Upham Pope (1881-1969) is best known as a pioneering American expert on Persian/Iranian art, architecture and archaeology.
2
Professor Robert Hillenbrand is educated at the universities of Cambridge and Oxford (D.Phil. 1974). He has been teaching at the Department of
Fine Art, University of Edinburgh focusing on (Persian/Iranian) Islamic art and architecture.
4. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 59
The International Encyclopedia of Housing and Home (2012) puts forward that sustainable housing development
refers to a housing development that “meets the housing needs and improves the housing conditions of this generation
without compromising the ability of future generation to do the same” (Smith, 2012, Vol. 7, p. 92). Accordingly,
sustainable architecture needs to recognize the energy consumption and polluting side effects caused by buildings
and the relationship that exists between the buildings and the behavior of their occupants (Ikuga et al., 2012). That is
the only way not to compromise future generations’ wealth in housing. Likewise, vernacular architecture is invaluable
as a technical and conceptual source of sustainable architecture. Vernacular architecture in each instance around the
world ensures the habitability of buildings and has provided functional strategies that are compatible with the locally
available resources and functions of the buildings (Ibid).
3. Traditional built environment of Iran
The notion “traditional city” refers to the city before the modernization of Iranian society, which began after World
War II (WWII) (Kheirabadi, 1991, p.6). However, traditional cities and houses still form the old parts of many
contemporary Iranian cities and built environment, and planners can learn a great deal from a close observation of
their forms and the logic behind them. The physical morphology of the traditional Iranian city is a cultural-historical
response to the climatic condition of the country. Contrary to modern Iranian cities, which are copies of the
contemporary European and American cities, the traditional Iranian city is compact with a high density of residential
areas, which is homogeneous in its buildings. The compact traditional city has had the potential to minimize the
climatic stress greatly and mitigate microclimatic conditions. Accordingly, traditional Iranian city minimized empty
spaces, had buildings of uniform heights, contained narrow streets, provided covered bazars, and considered proper
orientation to the wind and sun. In traditional Iranian cities, residential areas as the private sections were connected
to the bazar as the public section of the city by small and narrow covered or uncovered alleys. The plan of Iranian
traditional houses has been an open rectangular courtyard, with rooms around two or more sides. Traditional houses
were designed to give a compact and organic appearance to the cities. Looking from the outside, they look similar
having the same height and design; however, the Iranian traditional houses do vary in internal design strategies and
architecture. Normally, size and internal decoration of these houses reveal the owner’s taste and financial condition.
Walls and roofs of an Iranian courtyard house are thick and the courtyard acts as a temperature moderator. The center
of the courtyard normally has a pool of water and small gardens containing flowers, vegetables, and fruit trees
surrounding the water. Courtyard houses existed in pre-Islamic Iran and also in non-Islamic regions of the world.
Even though, the origin of courtyard housing is related to the necessity for defence and climatic considerations,
because of its conformity with Islamic requirements, this typology remained as the dominant pattern for houses in
many Muslim cities. Therefore, defense and climate should be considered as equal importance to religion or other
social beliefs in the separation of physical spaces by walls and courtyards (Ibid).
One aspect of the courtyard house is that it has wings, which have different orientations allowing differentiation and
segregation of functions that can be alternated in accordance to a daily or seasonal cycle (Samizay, 2012). In order to
achieve comfort, life is circulated in an Iranian traditional courtyard house both vertically between levels and around
the open yard on daily basis or between wings on seasonal basis. Thus, the cool north-facing wing of the house is
used for the summer, while the warm south-facing wing of the house is used in the winter. North and south wings of
the house provide the two crucial sets of “climate-conscious” rooms (Ibid, p.133). Traditional Iranian cities and
houses have been built in such a way to harmonize the surrounding environment and to provide better living
conditions for their inhabitants. Contrary to the tendencies of present planners, the traditional builders in the process
of forming the physical urban and housing design have tried to work with and not against the forces of nature.
3.1. The city of Tabriz
Tabriz is the fourth largest city of Iran and the capital of the East Azerbaijan province, which is located in the
northwestern part of the country (see table 1) (Fig. 1).
5. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 60
Table 1. General geographical information of Tabriz (Source: Iran Meteorological Organization, 2018; Encyclopedia Britannica,
2018)
Latitude Longitude Elevation Current Population
38 5 N 46 17 E 1361.0 M 1.6 Million
Figure 1 Tabriz on Iran’s map (Source: www. iranmap.com/)
Tabriz has a long history that dates back to 1,500 BC and contains many historical monuments, which represents the
transition of Iranian architecture in its long historical timeline (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018). The city of Tabriz
has been destroyed severely by very strong earthquakes in the years 858, 1034, 1272, and 1780 (Omrani & Esmaili
Sangari, 2006). Considering the disastrous earthquake of 1780, Tabriz has been probably rather a shabby town at the
time when it was taken over by the Qajars3
(Werner, 2000). However, soon after 1820s, Tabriz started to have a fast
rise. Accordingly, Fraser and Southgate in their reports during 1820s and 1830s state that Tabriz is the most agreeable
city in Persia (Ibid).
3.2. Climate
Tabriz is located in the cold and mountainous climatic region of Iran. Iran has several different climatic regions and
climatic divisions of the country is based on climate classification of W. Köppen (Kasmaei, 2004). Cold climatic
region of Iran is generally characterized by warm and dry summers and cold winters, where winters are harsh and
snowy (Ibid). Based on Köppen’s classification, Tabriz has a BSk climate type (Nasrollahi, 2009), which means a
cold semi-arid climate. According to Meteorological Organization of Iran, the average air temperature of Tabriz
differs from -2.4 to 25.6 °C from January to July and the average maximum temperature for these two months are 2.2
and 32.7 °C respectively and the average minimum temperature varies from -5.7 to 19.2 °C (Ibid).
3.3. Urban fabric
The traditional urban fabric and houses in Tabriz are mainly inwardly oriented and the buildings in the whole city
make an inter-connected structure. Traditional Iranian cities are not simply “tangle of blocks badly ventilated by
labyrinth of twisted alleys and dark courts”, however, they have been planned to satisfy the cultural needs of their
inhabitants and to deal with the pragmatic realities of the environmental conditions (Kheirabadi, 1991, pp. 87-8). One
important reason behind the physical form of traditional Iranian cities and houses has been the strong desire for
privacy and tranquility. However, the new Tabriz city of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries is the outgrowth of
the central old town, which surrounds and spreads out from the traditional town nucleus. It contrasts sharply with the
old town and it is sprawling and diffused over a large area, with wide avenues and Western-style houses and apartment
complexes.
3
Qajar Dynasty has been the ruling dynasty of Iran from 1794-1925.
6. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 61
3.4. Traditional courtyard houses
Paul Oliver (2006) writes in his book Built to Meet Needs that vernacular architecture is “the architectural language
of the people with its regional and local dialects” (p.17). Courtyard houses in Tabriz have not been just an architectural
type, but a way of life. The spatial and formal elements, which fell into an introverted blueprint, reflect the society of
its times. This form of architecture met with the requirements of the traditional extended family system and the
climate. The anonymous master builders were the architects of these courtyard houses. The architectural tenets were
passed from one generation to the next and skills were developed by practical experience from a very young age. The
site characteristics and owners’ needs were considered and incorporated in the design and construction of these
traditional houses. In the traditional part of Tabriz most of the buildings are connected to each other on three sides,
with the fourth side facing the street, lane, or alley (Nasrollahi, 2009). The orientation of buildings varies from
southwest facing to southeast facing and the most important parts of the buildings are located to the north of the site.
Five traditional houses in Tabriz will be investigated in regard to their typology and potential passive solar gains in
order to analyze their architectural functions according to climatic condition of the region. This approach is important,
since it highlights the effective architectural factors in adapting housing to a given climate.
4. Typological analysis
Five traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz are analyzed in regard to their typology variations. House No.
1 (Alavi House) belongs to the middle of Qajar Era (1794-1925), which is located in the historical urban fabric of
Tabriz (Fig. 2). In this period the main spaces of the main structure are located on the northern side of the courtyard
facing south for the climatic and sunlight reasons. In house No. 1, the eastern side of the building is also built up,
which gives an L-shape to the house. In this house, the main spaces such as reception hall, pool room, side rooms,
and ivan (veranda) are located along the main axis of the house.
Figure 2 Courtyard house No.1 (Source: Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization)
House No.2 (Qadaki House) is located in the historical urban fabric of Tabriz, belongs to the middle Qajar period
(1794-1925). The north section of the house has a reception hall with sash windows on the ground floor, which opens
to the north and south parts of the building (Fig. 3). The eastern and western wings of the house have two floors,
where the floor above contains the bedrooms and living rooms and the basement contains the kitchen and cistern.
These wings have given a U-shape to the house number 2.
Figure 3 Courtyard house No.2 (Source: Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization)
7. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 62
House No.3 (Sharbat-Oghli House) belongs to the end of the Qajar period (1794-1925), which is located in the old
district of Tabriz. The northern part of house No. 3 is the main side of this house, while the west wings are ranked as
second importance (Fig. 4). A two-storey construction is located on the western wing of the south courtyard that has
given a T-shape to the house. There is also a private courtyard on the northern side and access is provided through a
front door.
Figure 4 Courtyard house No. 3 (Source: Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization)
House No.4 (Savojbolaghi House) is located in the historical urban fabric of Tabriz, belongs to the late Qajar period
(1794-1925). In this period the northern part of the building, which faces south is still the main side (Fig. 5). In house
No. 4, the western side of the building is also built up, which gives an L-shape to the house. In this house, the main
parts of the house such as the reception hall, pool room, and veranda are still located in the line of the main axis,
though the Iranian architecture was influenced by foreign elements in this period (Keynejad & Shirazi, 2011).
Figure 5 Courtyard house No.4 (Source: Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization)
House No.5 (Parvin Etesami House) belongs to the early Pahlavi4
period (1925-1941), which is located in old district
of the city of Tabriz. In house No. 5 the northern section of the building, which faces south is dominant with no other
constructed wings (Fig. 6). Therefore, the number of the constructed parts of a house is decreased considerably in this
period given the house a line-shape.
Figure 6 Courtyard house No.5 (Source: Iran Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization)
4
The Pahlavi period was the ruling time of Pahlavi dynasty of the imperial state of Iran from 1925 until 1979.
8. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 63
The traditional urban courtyard houses of Tabriz have contributed to the zoning and land pressure requirements of
the city. In courtyard dwellings of Tabriz, the courtyard is like a protected garden, an open reception space, a
connector between the rooms surrounding it, and a service space where cooking and washing took place. The
differences in scales of the courtyards demonstrate the flexibility of the forms, which are surrounded by built space.
Not all courtyards are identically enclosed on different sides. Illustrated through Table 2, the typology variation and
analyses of these five traditional courtyard houses have been presented.
Table 2. Comparison between 5 traditional courtyard houses of the city of Tabriz and their typology transformation over time
(Lcy: Courtyard Length, Wcy: Courtyard width) (Source: Author)
House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5
L-shape (type 1) U-shape T-shape L-shape (type 2) Line-shape
Orientation South South South South South
Courtyard Public Private Public & Private Public Public
Courtyard shape Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular Rectangular
Lcy/Wcy (unit.m) 1.92 1.24
2.25
1.36
1.1 1.30
Reception hall
Ground floor,
central
Ground floor,
central
First floor, central
Ground floor,
central
Ground floor,
central
Veranda
Overall in southern
facade
Overall in southern
facade
Overall in southern
facade
Overall in southern
facade
No
Sash windows
Yes. in south
facade
Yes. in north &
south facades
No
Yes. in south
facade
No
Staircase hidden hidden central
Foreign
architectural
influence
Foreign
architectural
influence
Side rooms Yes Yes No No No
Pool house Yes Yes - Yes No
Ornamentation
Iranian tile &
plaster work
Iranian tile &
plaster work
Iranian tile &
plaster ١vork
Iranian tile &
plaster work.
Foreign influence
decorative
pediment
Iranian tile
work
9. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 64
Considering the typology analysis highlighted in table 2, all houses face the south with the major reception hall located
on the southern side of the building. However, only in house No. 3 this reception hall is located on the first floor,
while in other 4 houses this reception space is located on the ground floor of the house. The U-shaped house and the
T-shaped house are introverted with the private courtyards, while L-shaped houses and the line-shaped house are semi
introverted with public courts. The overall veranda is present in all four houses of Qajar era, while in early Pahlavi
era the overall veranda disappears and southern façade is much more dominant. The secondary wings of the house
disappear in the early Pahlavi period. Side rooms also disappear towards the early Pahlavi period. In earlier
constructed houses of Qajar period, pool houses5
are one of the most important spaces in the range of main axis on
the northern part of the house. However, in later houses and towards the early Pahlavi period, the pool house is
completely missing. While earlier Qajar houses have hidden staircases, towards the early Pahlavi period the staircases
gain importance in houses (No.3-5) and get influenced by foreign architecture. Moreover, the Iranian ornamentation,
plaster, and tile works of the Qajar houses get influences of foreign architecture to the end of this period and in early
Pahlavi period the ornamentation is simpler.
5. Potential solar radiation gains analysis
The solar zoning of these five traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz have been done. The analysis
procedure does not consider the effect of neighboring houses on the studied houses. Solar zoning in courtyard housing
determines “a house layout so that rooms looking into middle court and surrounding spaces are cool in summer and
warm in winter” (Land, 2006, p.234). The cold semi-arid climate in the region of Tabriz is characterized by cold &
humid with occasional frost periods in winters and warm & dry summer periods; with extreme temperatures of more
than 33° C during the day in summer. Therefore, during winter period, living is organized on the north side of the
house thus receiving full solar exposure for warming (in northern hemisphere). On the other hand, during summer
period living functions need to be organized on the sides of the house, which avoid the high temperature summer sun.
Therefore, the studied courtyard houses have to benefit from the living on different wings of the court in accordance
to season in order to receive the sun or to exclude it. Accordingly, this design strategy contributes to being warmed
by passive solar radiation in winter and avoids excessive summer heat.
The software program Ecotect (Version 11) is used in this study to evaluate the impact of multi parameters on the
direct solar gain of the selected courtyard buildings. Ecotect is an environmental analysis tool that allows designers
to simulate building performance. Ecotect couples an intuitive 3-D design interface with a comprehensive set of
performance analysis functions and interactive information displays (Marsh, 2003). The software has the capacity to
generate the most complex building geometry and also offers different visualization facilities such as the sun path
diagrams, shadow information, and potential solar gains of the structure in real time (Ibid). Furthermore, software
called Origin (version 2015) is used for data analysis and graphing. This software is produced by OriginLab
Corporation and runs on Microsoft Windows. It supports 2D/3D plot types and is validated by academic and industrial
works worldwide (Originlab, 2017).
Fig. 7 illustrates the geometry of the L-shaped courtyard house No.1, which shows its design strategies about its
location, orientation and its relationship to the courtyard. The rotation degree for this house is 29° from north offset.
The daily sun path and shadows for the house in the month of January and July (day 15) have been simulated by the
software Ecotect (Figs. 8 & 9).
5
Pool house was a covered area with a basin in middle.
10. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 65
Figure 7 Geometry of house No. 1 (Images 9-23 from the analyses done in software Ecotect) (Source: Author)
Figure 8 3D view of house No. 1 (7:00 am, January)
Figure 9 3D view of house No. 1 (7:00 am, July)
Figs. 10 & 11 illustrate the geometry of the U-shaped courtyard house No.2, which shows its design strategies about
its location, orientation and its relationship to the courtyard. The rotation degree for this house is 8° from north offset.
Figure 10 Geometry of house No. 2; south facing façade
11. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 66
Figure 11 Geometry of house No. 2; north facing façade
Figs. 12 & 13 show the daily sun path and shadows for the house in the month of January and July (day 15),
respectively. In month January, the south facing reception hall of the house as the main space of the house receives
direct passive solar sun radiation from 8:00 am to 14:30 pm completely. However, in month July the reception hall
does not receive direct solar radiation throughout the day.
Figure 12 3D view of house No.2 (8:00 am, January)
Figure 13 3D view of house No. 2 (16:00 pm, July)
Fig. 14 illustrates the geometry of the T-shaped courtyard house No.3, which shows its design strategies about its
location, orientation and its relationship to the courtyard. The rotation degree for this house is 30° from north offset.
Figs. 15 & 16 show the daily sun path and shadows for the house in the months of January and July (day 15),
respectively.
12. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 67
Figure 14 Geometry of house No. 3; north facing façade
Figure 15 3D view of house No.3 (January, 8:00 am)
Figure 16 3D view of west wing of house No.3 in shadow (July, 11:30 am)
Fig. 17 illustrates the geometry of the L-shaped courtyard house No.4, which shows its design strategies about its
location, orientation and its relationship to the courtyard. The rotation degree for this house is 15° from north offset.
Figs. 18 & 19 show the daily sun path and shadows for the house in the month of January and July (day 15),
respectively.
13. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 68
Figure 17 Geometry of house No. 4; south facing façade
Figure 18 3D view of house No.4 (January, 8:00 am)
Figure 19 3D view of west wing of house No. 4, (July, 12:00 pm)
Fig. 20 illustrates the geometry of the Line-shaped courtyard house No.5, which shows its design strategies about its
location, orientation and its relationship to the courtyard. The rotation degree for this house is 10° from north offset.
Figs. 21 & 22 show the daily sun path and shadows for the house in the month of January and July (day 15),
respectively.
14. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 69
Figure 20 Geometry of house No. 5; south facing façade
Figure 21 3D view of house No.5 (January, 16:00 pm)
Figure 22 3D view of house No.5 (July, 16:00 pm)
Considering the data from solar analysis, house No.1 gets 4 ½ hours of desirable direct solar radiation in month
January for its main living space and 4 ½ hours of desirable direct solar radiation in month January for its secondary
living space in the east wing (tables 3 & 4). The main living space of house No.1 does not receive the direct
unfavorable solar radiation in July due to roofed veranda in front of it and its climatological orientation. However,
15. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 70
the east wing of the house gets 9 hours of unfavorable direct solar radiation in month of July. House No.2 gets 6 ½
hours of desirable direct solar radiation in month January for its main living space and 2 & 3 hours of desirable direct
solar radiation in month January for its secondary living space in the west and east wings respectively (tables 3 & 4).
The main living space of house No.2 does not receive the direct unfavorable solar radiation in July due to roofed
veranda in front of it and its climatological orientation. However, the west and east wings of the house get 4 and 4 ½
hours of unfavorable direct solar radiation in month of July.
Table 3 Hours of direct solar radiation for houses No.1-5 regarding the main living space (Source: Author)
House No.1
L-shape
(type 1)
Reception hall
House No.2
U-shape
Reception hall
House No.3
T-shape
Reception hall
House No.4
L-shape
(type 2)
Reception hall
House No.5
Line-shape
Reception hall
Rotation
degree
29° 8° 30° 15° 10°
Direct passive
solar gain
(January)
7:00-11:30
4 ½
8:00-14:30
6 ½
8:00-13:00
5
8:00-14:00
6
8:00-16:00
8
Direct passive
solar gain
(July)
- - -
9:00-12:00
3
8:00-15:30
7 ½
Table 4 Hours of direct solar radiation for houses No.1-5 regarding the secondary living space (Source: Author)
House No.1
L-shape
(type 1)
West wing
East wing
House No.2
U-shape
West wing
East wing
House No.3
T-shape
West wing
East wing
House No.4
L-shape
(type 2)
West wing
East wing
House No.5
Line-shape
-
-
direct passive
solar gain
(January)
-
10:30-13:30
4 ½
9:30-11:30
2
12:00-15:00
3
8:00-10:00
2
-
8:30-11:00
2 ½
-
-
direct passive
solar gain
(July)
-
9:30-18:30
9
8:00-12:00
4
12:00-16:30
4 1/2
6:00-11:00
5
-
7:00-11:30
4 ½
-
-
House No. 3 gets 5 hours of desirable direct solar radiation in month January for its main living space and 2 hours of
desirable direct solar radiation in month January for its secondary living space in the east wing (tables 3 & 4). The
main living space of house No.3 does not receive the direct unfavorable solar radiation in July due to roofed veranda
in front of it and its climatological orientation. However, the east wing of house gets 5 hours of unfavorable direct
solar radiation in month of July.
House No.4 gets 6 hours of desirable direct solar radiation in month January for its main living space and 2 ½ hours
of desirable direct solar radiation in month January for its secondary living space in the west wing (tables 3 & 4).
16. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 71
However, the main living space of house No.4 gets 3 hours of direct unfavorable solar radiation in July and also the
west wing of the house gets 4 ½ hours of unfavorable solar radiation in July. House No. 4 has a roof veranda in front
of its main space; however the courtyard has smaller dimensions in comparison to other studied houses. Because of
the sun’s diminished angle in the sky during the winter months, an undersized court for a two-storey structure, which
encloses the court makes this outdoor space undesirable and results in darkness of the structure.
Finally, house No. 5 gets 8 hours of desirable direct solar radiation in month January for its main living space in
January, while this space gets 7 ½ of unfavorable direct solar radiation in month July (tables 3 & 4). This house does
not have any other wings.
Diagram 1 illustrates the comparison of the duration of direct solar gain in month January for houses No.1-5, while
diagram 2 shows the comparison of the duration of direct solar gain in month July for houses No.1-5. Considering
the duration of hours for favorable direct solar gains in month January, houses No. 2, 1, & 4 demonstrate a good
performance (11 ½ hours, 9 hours, and 7 hours respectively distributed between wings). However, they demonstrate
8 ½, 9 hours, and 7 ½ hours of unfavorable direct solar gains in month July respectively.
Diagram 1 Comparison of duration of direct solar gain Diagram 2 Comparison of duration of direct solar gain
for 5 studied houses in month January for 5 studied houses in month July
(done in software Origin) (Source: Author) (done in software Origin) (Source: Author)
On the other hand, the reception hall of houses 1 & 2 does not get any unfavorable direct hot solar radiation in month
of July. The reason is that the angle of the sun’s rays during the summer is high and the narrow roofed verandas of
houses No.1 & 2 prevent the heat rays of the sun from reaching the main living spaces. Considering house No.5 the
reception hall of this house gets 8 hours of favorable direct solar gain in January, while this living space is overheated
during month of July since it receives unfavorable direct solar gains for 7 ½ hours daily. Considering the analysis in
this part houses No. 3 & 5 are omitted from analysis since they demonstrate a poor seasonal performance in regard to
favorable and unfavorable direct solar gains.
The aforementioned analysis has to be coupled with the data analysis from the amount of direct solar radiation for
houses No.1, 2, and 4 in months January and July. Diagrams 3 & 4 illustrate the comparison of amount of direct solar
gain in months January and July for the whole building for aforementioned studied houses. Accordingly Houses No.
2, 1, and 4 have better performance for the month of January, respectively. This data need to be limited to the direct
solar gain of the houses for the reception hall, which is the main living space of the house (Diagrams 5 & 6). Diagrams
5 & 6 illustrate the comparison between the houses 1, 2 & 4 in regard to their direct solar gain for reception hall space
in months January and July. Accordingly, houses No. 2 & 1 respectively have better performance in month January
and also they do not demonstrate any unfavorable solar gain for month of July (see Appendix A regarding the
information and tables).
17. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 72
Diagrams 3 & 4 Comparison of direct solar gain for houses 1, 2 & 4 for the whole building in January and July (done in software
Origin) (Source: Author)
Diagrams 5 & 6 Comparison of direct solar gain for houses 1, 2 & 4 for the reception hall in January and July
(done in software Origin) (Source: Author)
Still, this data have to be coupled with the data obtained from typology analysis in section 4 of the study and secondary
data obtained from previous research in the field. The typology analysis of studied houses revealed that courtyard
houses of cold climate region of Iran have south-facing winter rooms, which are located on the north side of the
courtyard. These rooms are called “aftab-ru (facing sun) or aftab-gir (sun catcher) in Persian” (Foruzanmehr, 2016,
p.4). However, the courtyard houses of cold climatic region of Iran do not contain any north-facing summer rooms
and hence south-facing winter rooms are used as living space during summer, as well. The potential solar gain analysis
revealed that south-facing rooms of houses No. 1 & 2 are not exposed directly to sun compared to other studied houses
in month July. On the other hand, the west-facing façade of house No.1 faces the sun’s rays from sunrise to evening
in month July, which consequently causes this east wing of the house overheated and not thermally comfortable for
bedrooms. According to Foruzanmehr (2016), “a room with a façade opening to the west is generally the worst case
encountered, owing to the heat gain of the surrounding environment during the day and the angle of the sun’s altitude,
which allows the sun’s rays to penetrate into the interior” (P.4). Furthermore, the east-facing façade of house No.2
faces sun’s rays from sunrise to moon in month July; hence, it cools down considerably by the evening, making this
exposure more suitable for bedrooms. Therefore house No.2 shows proper solar performance for south facing and
east facing facades during months of January and July.
6. Conclusion
As the first step, the typological analyses of studied houses are carried out in order to introduce and discuss the
transformation of studied cases over the given time period. Secondly, the computer simulation analyses are done for
duration and potential direct solar gains of studied houses. The results of this study can help designers in making
decisions regarding the orientation, form, and applicability of courtyard housing in BSk climate of Iran. The courtyard
house No. 2 (U-shaped) has the best passive solar performance during the months of January and July. It was found
18. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 73
out that the south-facing reception hall of house No. 2 as the main living space of the house receives 6 ½ hours of
direct solar radiation from sunrise till afternoon in month January. Moreover, considering the thermal mass of thick
walls of the structure, the sun heat is stored in thick mud brick walls and earthen floors and then is released within 7-
9 hours to keep the inhabitants warm when the sun moves on (meaning after 14:30 pm). During the hot summer
months, when heat and excessive light are not desirable, the south facing façade of the house also does not work
against our desire. Since the angle of the sun’s rays during the summer is high, a narrow eave (in this case the roofed
veranda) will prevent the heat rays of the sun from reaching the main living space. Thus, the south-facing section of
the house can be called the main solar-conscious living space of house No.2. Furthermore, it was shown that the east-
facing façade of house No.2 faces sun’s rays from sunrise to moon in month July. Therefore, it cools down
considerably by the evening, making this exposure more suitable for bedrooms. As a result, the east-facing wing of
the house can be considered as the secondary solar-conscious living space of house No.2. However, the study revealed
that the west-facing façade of house No.2 and other studied house (house No.1), are generally the worst cases
encountered, owing to the heat gain of the surrounding environment during the day and the angle of the sun’s altitude,
which allows the sun’s rays to penetrate into the interior in month of July.
In Iran, the courtyard house has evolved from the “geographic, topographic, and climatic conditions” of different
regions of the country and the “overall arrangement of the interior of such a house was based on kin relations” (Karimi,
2012, p.124). Not only were most traditional houses built according to climatic and geographical features, they were
also “self-sufficient micro-communities that raised vegetables and livestock” (Ibid, p.341). But when new products
became available in the Iranian market, the “economic self-sufficiency of the traditional Iranian house eroded”, and
the household turned into a consumer spending habit (Ibid, p.341). Thus, the spatial arrangement of the traditional
courtyard house was in harmony with the rituals and living activities of that time. Moreover, women were much more
limited to the house and its tasks during the time that courtyard housing was dominant in Iran and women working
outside the house were discouraged. However, during the first Pahlavi period (1925-1941) Iran undergoes major
infrastructural reforms that affect the look of Iranian cities and residential neighborhoods. The hygiene and domestic
improvements in housing have been the focus of such a reform. The real everyday life in Iran from the early 1950s
to the late 1970s demonstrates that “there was neither total conformity to Western life styles and commodities nor a
steadfast embrace of traditional values” (Ibid, p. 134). In spite of the fact that by the 1960s Iran was moving away
from traditional construction methods and traditional lifestyle, there have been some architects who tried to link
traditional Iranian architecture with modern technologies and accommodate the unique environmental characteristics
of Iranian regions at the same time (Karimi, 2014). Parallel to the rise of the Post-Modern movement in the West that
allowed past architectural motifs, there have been a return to traditional Iranian building methods “not only [as] a
reaction to the rigidity of the imported Western Modernist styles, but also [as] a timely response to a popular global
trend” (Ibid, p.341).
The lessons that can be learned from the studied courtyard houses of Tabriz emphasize not only the optimal orientation
and form to use passive solar energy effectively, efficient multi-functional design strategies such as the roofed veranda
to create desirable environmental and space solutions, but also emphasizes the adaptation to contemporary Iranian
lifestyle. The present-day courtyard house has to be built for a smaller family with a different lifestyle, while,
combining the benefits of solar-conscious living spaces and courtyard with the contemporary apartment lifestyle as
much as possible.
Appendix A.
Considering the direct solar gains for house No.1, in month January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16:00 pm, and
18:00 pm, it is 3188, 6299, 3507, 0, and 0 W.h respectively for the whole building, while this amount in month July
at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, and 16:00 pm increases to 6008, 8330, 7301, 4470 W.h for the whole building (0
W.h at 18:00 pm) (Table 5). Focusing on the reception hall of the house, the direct solar gain of this space in month
January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16 pm, and 18: pm is 2229, 2768, 1044, 0, and 0 W.h (Table 5).
19. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 74
Table 5 Direct solar gain of house No.1 (unit: W.h) (Data done in Ecotect, Source: Author)
House No. 1
7:00 am
January
July
12:00 pm
January
July
14:00 pm
January
July
16:00 pm
January
July
18:00 pm
January
July
Direct solar
gain (whole
building)
3188
6008
6299
8330
3507
7301
0
4470
0
0
Direct solar
gain (reception
hall)
2229
-
2768
-
1044
-
0
-
0
-
Considering the direct solar gains for house No.2, in month January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16:00 pm, and
18:00 pm, it is 8371, 30621, 22171, 6130, and 0 W.h respectively for the whole building, while this amount in month
July for the whole building at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, and 16:00 pm increases to 31261, 55715, 47188, 28707,
and 13859 W.h (Table 6). Focusing on the reception hall of the house No.2, the direct solar gain of this space in
month January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16 pm, and 18: pm is 3056, 15504, 10072, 2177, and 0 W.h (Table
6).
Table 6 Direct solar gain of house No.2 (unit: W.h) (Data done in Ecotect, Source: Author)
House No. 2
7:00 am
January
July
12:00 pm
January
July
14:00 pm
January
July
16:00 pm
January
July
18:00 pm
January
July
Direct solar
gain (whole
building)
8371
31261
30621
55715
22171
47188
6130
28707
0
13859
Direct solar
gain (reception
hall)
3056
-
15504
-
10072
-
2177
-
0
-
Considering the direct solar gains for house No.3, in month January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16:00 pm, and
18:00 pm, it is 5406, 13384, 7963, 1108, and 0 W.h respectively for the whole building, while this amount in month
July for the whole building at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16:00 pm, and 18:00 pm increases to 16959, 22818,
16910, 11182, and 5612 W.h (Table 7). Focusing on the reception hall of the house No.3, the direct solar gain of this
space in month January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16 pm, and 18: pm is 3577, 10635, 6163, 827, and 0 (Table
7).
Table 7 Direct solar gain of house No.3 (unit: W.h) (Data done in Ecotect, Source: Author)
House No. 3
7:00 am
January
July
12:00 pm
January
July
14:00 pm
January
July
16:00 pm
January
July
18:00 pm
January
July
Direct solar
gain (whole
building)
5406
16959
13384
22818
7963
16910
1108
11182
0
5612
Direct solar
gain (reception
hall)
3577
-
10635
-
6163
-
827
-
0
-
20. Khatibi/ Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 75
Considering the direct solar gains for house No.4, in month January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16:00 pm, and
18:00 pm, it is 1286, 3374, 2090, 469, and 0 W.h respectively for the whole building, while this amount in month
July for the whole building at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, and 16:00 pm increases to 1884, 4210, 2717, 1387, and
279 W.h (Table 8). Focusing on the reception hall of the house No.4, the direct solar gain of this space in month
January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16 pm, and 18: pm is 712, 2055, 1267, 287, and 0 (Table 19). Moreover,
reception hall of house No. 4 has direct solar gains from 9:00 am to 12:00 pm in month of July at 9:00 am and12:00
pm as 2035 and 2479 W.h (Table 8).
Table 8 Direct solar gain of house No.4 (unit: W.h) (Data done in Ecotect, Source: Author)
House No. 4
7:00 am
January
July
12:00 pm
January
July
14:00 pm
January
July
16:00 pm
January
July
18:00 pm
January
July
Direct solar
gain (whole
building)
1286
1884
3374
4210
2090
2717
469
1387
0
279
Direct solar
gain (reception
hall)
712
-
2055
2479
1267
-
287
-
0
-
Considering the direct solar gains for house No.5, in month January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16:00 pm, and
18:00 pm, it is 3406, 10094, 6197, 1315, and 0 W.h respectively for the whole building, while this amount in month
July for the whole building at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, and 16:00 pm increases to 4780, 12983, 8360, 4295, and
866 W.h (Table 9). Focusing on the reception hall of the house No.5, the direct solar gain of this space in month
January at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm, 14:00 pm, 16 pm, and 18: pm is 776, 3555, 2418, 698, and 0 W.h (Table 20). Moreover,
reception hall of house No. 5 has direct solar gains from 8:00 am to 15:50 pm in month of July at 7:00 am, 12:00 pm,
14:00 pm, and 16 pm as 1433, 4560, 3367, and 1497 W.h (Table 9).
Table 9 Direct solar gain of house No.5 (unit: W.h) (Data done in Ecotect, Source: Author)
House No. 5
7:00 am
January
July
12:00 pm
January
July
14:00 pm
January
July
16:00 pm
January
July
18:00 pm
January
July
Direct solar
gain (whole
building)
3406
4780
10094
12983
6197
8360
1315
4295
0
866
Direct solar
gain (reception
hall)
776
1433
3555
4560
2418
3367
698
1497
0
0
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