This document reviews 53 studies on climate change in Nigeria over the past two decades. The studies fall into several categories: those examining the reality and conceptual issues of climate change; studies of the causal factors; impacts on sectors like health, environment and agriculture; vulnerability and adaptation; economic costs; and forecasting. The broad consensus is that climate change poses major risks to Nigeria's development through impacts on key sectors like agriculture, water resources, and health. Future research needs to better integrate climate change into policies and strategies to manage associated risks.
ESTO NO ES UNA LECTURA - ES UN TEXTO DE APOYO
Este es el resumen de políticas para de la comisión que analizo el Cambio Climatico en Copenhagen en 2007. Este informe es ENORME, pero tiene este breve resumen para personas que hagan políticas. Si les interesa, hojeenlo y descarguenlo. No hay puntaje ni actividad para este texto; pero es UTILISIMO y HERMOSO. Puede ser de mucha utilidad en los debates.
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ESTO NO ES UNA LECTURA - ES UN TEXTO DE APOYO
Este es el resumen de políticas para de la comisión que analizo el Cambio Climatico en Copenhagen en 2007. Este informe es ENORME, pero tiene este breve resumen para personas que hagan políticas. Si les interesa, hojeenlo y descarguenlo. No hay puntaje ni actividad para este texto; pero es UTILISIMO y HERMOSO. Puede ser de mucha utilidad en los debates.
mapc
Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the lite...GJESM Publication
Rapid urbanization has brought environmentally, socially, and economically great challenges to cities
and societies. To build a sustainable city, these challenges need to be faced efficiently and successfully. This paper focuses on the environmental issues and investigates the ecological approaches for planning sustainable cities through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The review focuses on several differing aspects of sustainable city formation. The paper provides insights on the interaction between the natural environment and human activities by identifying environmental effects resulting from this interaction; provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable urban development by underlining the important role of ecological planning in achieving sustainable cities; introduces the notion of urban ecosystems by establishing principles for the management of their sustainability; describes urban
ecosystem sustainability assessment by introducing a review of current assessment methods, and; offers an outline of indexing urban environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings.
Impacts of large-scale drought and deluge on phenology and vegetation product...Richard Ma
Results revealed dramatic impacts of drought and wet extremes on vegetation dynamics, with abrupt between year changes in phenology. Drought resulted in widespread reductions or collapse in the normal patterns of seasonality such that in many cases there was no detectable phenological cycle during drought years.
Resource Guide for Advanced Learning on the Scientific Fundamentals of Climat...UN CC:Learn
This resource guide contains a wealth of learning resources on the fundamentals of climate science available that have been identified as important from a country perspective. It includes first guide which directs a user to specific learning materials and courses, as well as selected reference materials relevant for learning. This guide is a part of the UN CC:Learn Series of Resources Guides for Advanced Learning on Climate Change.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
IARU Global Challenges 2014 Cornell Governance gapsSarah Cornell
The Global Gap: discussing the science/policy/society governance landscape for climate, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution and nutrient (N&P) management.
London Colder than Antarctica" unusual Trends of Global Cooling- Swechha ShuklaNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relati...ijtsrd
Believe that climate has a pronounced impact on human psychology and temperament. The four days of modern sociology and evaluation suggested that proper climatic conditions were the main requirement it and main stimulus for the development of civilization. In recent years, human has struggled to become independent it off climate Western human has established permanent research statics in Antarctica and Greenland and has built cities on the equator. Through the use of this technology, he has separated the climate within buildings from that outside even factories are air conditioned. Planning and techniques process and methods for survey and research in in relation to climatic impact of natural element on human and calling system, add lite and a habitable building anywhere. Primitive human left according to Sun. Has fuel was wood, the product of photosynthesis in this on time. His food he gathered himself during daylight, is ford was the product daylight. Is shelter in whatever Design resided was belt to use the desired natural elements and sailed out the excess. He lived in balance and with the natural processes and elements. The consideration man may best use the natural processes and element in in housing and insight design. To the extent that the natural elements considered in modern landscape architecture by contrast, positive approach to natural processes elements and factors are able to how natural processes elements and factors are to be utilized and emphasized to a greater extent by site planning and site design and manipulation of site element. The decision is made the greater will be that saving in energy and greater the possibility of utilization of natural energy sources such as solar radiation for natural heating and utilization of natural wind flow patterns for less energy expensive cooling and heating. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relation to Climatic Impact of Natural Element on Human" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45246.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/45246/planning-and-techniques-process-and-methods-for-survey-and-research-in-relation-to-climatic-impact-of-natural-element-on-human/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Masters Thesis Proposal: An Audience Focused Approach to Framing Climate Chan...Cassie Wandersee
Presentation of proposed thesis research as part of the requirements for graduation. The study was approved by all thesis committee members, department head, and Kansas State University graduate school. The proposed study will examine frames and messages agricultural producer accept related to climate change and the impacts a changing climate has.
IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and VulnerabilityLisa Winter
This is the report submitted by Working Group II entitled "Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability." This report is leading up to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report which will be released this fall.
Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the lite...GJESM Publication
Rapid urbanization has brought environmentally, socially, and economically great challenges to cities
and societies. To build a sustainable city, these challenges need to be faced efficiently and successfully. This paper focuses on the environmental issues and investigates the ecological approaches for planning sustainable cities through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The review focuses on several differing aspects of sustainable city formation. The paper provides insights on the interaction between the natural environment and human activities by identifying environmental effects resulting from this interaction; provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable urban development by underlining the important role of ecological planning in achieving sustainable cities; introduces the notion of urban ecosystems by establishing principles for the management of their sustainability; describes urban
ecosystem sustainability assessment by introducing a review of current assessment methods, and; offers an outline of indexing urban environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings.
Impacts of large-scale drought and deluge on phenology and vegetation product...Richard Ma
Results revealed dramatic impacts of drought and wet extremes on vegetation dynamics, with abrupt between year changes in phenology. Drought resulted in widespread reductions or collapse in the normal patterns of seasonality such that in many cases there was no detectable phenological cycle during drought years.
Resource Guide for Advanced Learning on the Scientific Fundamentals of Climat...UN CC:Learn
This resource guide contains a wealth of learning resources on the fundamentals of climate science available that have been identified as important from a country perspective. It includes first guide which directs a user to specific learning materials and courses, as well as selected reference materials relevant for learning. This guide is a part of the UN CC:Learn Series of Resources Guides for Advanced Learning on Climate Change.
Anthropogenic Contributions to the Atmospheric CO2 Levels and Annual Share of...Premier Publishers
Green house gases are derived from both natural systems and human activities. The emitted gases retained in the atmosphere represent the main cause of global climate change. Rising anthropogenic CO2 emissions are anticipated to drive change to ecosystems. This rise in emissions was largely driven by affluence (consumption per capita) and population growth, aided by changes in production structure of industries, consumption baskets of households and shifts in the consumption vs. investment balance. Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are known to alter hydrological cycles, disrupt marine ecosystems and species lifecycles, and cause global habitat loss. To achieve significant emission savings, there is a need to address the issue of affluence. One of the major initiatives is to actively intervene in non-sustainable lifestyles to achieve emission reductions. The findings of this review are vital for a comprehensive and integrated approach for mitigating climate change and to reduce the impacts of CO2 emissions.
IARU Global Challenges 2014 Cornell Governance gapsSarah Cornell
The Global Gap: discussing the science/policy/society governance landscape for climate, biodiversity loss, and chemical pollution and nutrient (N&P) management.
London Colder than Antarctica" unusual Trends of Global Cooling- Swechha ShuklaNeeraj Parashar
Swechha Shukla has presented a paper "London Colder than Antarctica" - Unusual Trends of Global Cooling. It drawn attention on changes in northern hemispheres and successfully conveyed that snowfall and avalanches are the results of global changes and not local incidents. Vernacular Newspaper "Danik Bhaskar" has covered her paper with photograph on 18th February, 2010.
Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relati...ijtsrd
Believe that climate has a pronounced impact on human psychology and temperament. The four days of modern sociology and evaluation suggested that proper climatic conditions were the main requirement it and main stimulus for the development of civilization. In recent years, human has struggled to become independent it off climate Western human has established permanent research statics in Antarctica and Greenland and has built cities on the equator. Through the use of this technology, he has separated the climate within buildings from that outside even factories are air conditioned. Planning and techniques process and methods for survey and research in in relation to climatic impact of natural element on human and calling system, add lite and a habitable building anywhere. Primitive human left according to Sun. Has fuel was wood, the product of photosynthesis in this on time. His food he gathered himself during daylight, is ford was the product daylight. Is shelter in whatever Design resided was belt to use the desired natural elements and sailed out the excess. He lived in balance and with the natural processes and elements. The consideration man may best use the natural processes and element in in housing and insight design. To the extent that the natural elements considered in modern landscape architecture by contrast, positive approach to natural processes elements and factors are able to how natural processes elements and factors are to be utilized and emphasized to a greater extent by site planning and site design and manipulation of site element. The decision is made the greater will be that saving in energy and greater the possibility of utilization of natural energy sources such as solar radiation for natural heating and utilization of natural wind flow patterns for less energy expensive cooling and heating. Dr. Mukesh Kumar Lalji "Planning and Techniques Process and Methods for Survey and Research in Relation to Climatic Impact of Natural Element on Human" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45246.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/environmental-science/45246/planning-and-techniques-process-and-methods-for-survey-and-research-in-relation-to-climatic-impact-of-natural-element-on-human/dr-mukesh-kumar-lalji
Masters Thesis Proposal: An Audience Focused Approach to Framing Climate Chan...Cassie Wandersee
Presentation of proposed thesis research as part of the requirements for graduation. The study was approved by all thesis committee members, department head, and Kansas State University graduate school. The proposed study will examine frames and messages agricultural producer accept related to climate change and the impacts a changing climate has.
IPCC Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and VulnerabilityLisa Winter
This is the report submitted by Working Group II entitled "Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability." This report is leading up to the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report which will be released this fall.
Kc 1BProENGL 130214 October 2019Climate ChangeIntrod.docxcroysierkathey
Kc 1
B
Pro
ENGL 1302
14 October 2019
Climate Change
Introduction
Climate change is a phenomenon that takes place in line with changes in the weather pattern in a given region for an extended period. The length taken for climate change to occur can be either long or short. For climate change to take place, there has to be an interaction of various parts such as atmosphere, cry sphere, lithosphere, and the biosphere. The entire climate system depends on the sun for energy. Climate energy is also structured in such a way that it gives out energy to outer space. An imbalance in the incoming and outgoing energy is linked to an event of climate change. Climate change is characterized by adverse impacts that need appropriate mitigation processes. In that case, this paper seeks to discuss the causes of climate change, its effects, importance, and solutions of the same.
Causes of Climate Change
The world-leading causes of climate change are human activities. Human activities can be understood from different perspectives depending on the impact that they have on the environment. Humans engage in the use of fossil fuels as sources of energy, not knowing this is an act that contributes to climate change (Nerem, 2022). Fossil fuels are sources of climate change, and they engage the burning of coal as well any other objects that produce carbon dioxide.
Deforestation, uncontrolled waste disposal, mining, and intensive farming are some of the other well-known cause of climate change. All these are human actions that lead to growth and development but still impact the environment negatively. For instance, incineration leads to the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that traps warmth in the atmosphere. Also, it affects the ozone layer leading to exposure to harmful ultraviolet rays.
Effects of Climate Change
A global climate change is an aspect that already has observable effects when looked profoundly. For instance, glaciers have been shrunk, while rivers have been filled with ice. Trees are also flowering to show that there has been a change in climate, and any adverse impact needs to be controlled or handled appropriately. Scientists have been conducting research, and currently, they have brought out the fact that it can lead to a loss in the sea ice (Hart and Lauren, 415). A loss in the sea ice leads to a rise in sea levels, which is detrimental to the surrounding environment. All these adverse impact make climate change an important aspect that needs to be studied and well understood.
Rise in Sea Levels - Climate change leads to a rise in sea levels. The average sea level in the past 100 years has been standing at 20 cm, but this is likely to rise rapidly in the next coming years (Bindo et al., 385). This is an aspect that is already being experienced at the coast, with a number of flooding events taking place. For instance, New York has had many flooding cases, and by the year 2050, there will be a need to construct sea walls to contr ...
Experts profiling on a healthier built environment: Lowering the threat of cl...AgboolaPaul3
There are indications that climate change and its
consequences are already creating threats to the built environment in Nigeria. These
environmental threats have negative implications for healthy, well-being, and urban
sustainability. This empirical study aim to identify how climate change has influenced the
built environment in Nigeria’s South-Western region, considering the following objectives:
to explore the reasons for climate change in South-western, Nigeria, to determine the
consequences of environmental issues on inhabitant health in South-western, Nigeria; and
to critically determine the key measures of climate change mitigation and adaptation to
enhance the environmental sustainability of the Southwestern region of Nigeria.
Dynamics in the History and Economic Development of Man: Refocusing on Ecolog...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
Built environment transformation in Nigeria the effects of a regenerative fr...AgboolaPaul3
The promise of a healthier, more comfortable, and more productive way of life has fueled a rapid
technological transition, and a regenerative built environment has emerged as the tagline to
denote the recent sustainable development. In the built environment, the regenerative paradigm
has emerged as a transformative approach that goes beyond mere sustainability, aiming to
restore, renew, and enhance the ecosystems affected by human activities. However, the concept
of the regenerative paradigm and its potential to foster sustainable development has been
understudied in recent time. Therefore, this paper explores how we can transform the built
environment in the face of the present impacts of climate change using a new regenerative
paradigm concept. The objectives of the study are: (i) to explore the predictors of climate change,
(ii) to determine the negative impacts of environmental issues on inhabitants’ health, and (iii) to
explore adaptive climate change strategies for Nigeria’s regenerative built environment. The
study sample consisted of 235 stratified respondents’ opinions from within the built environment
in southwestern Nigeria collected via a self-administered questionnaire. The collected quantitative
data was analysed using SPSS (version 22) logistic regression analysis. The major results of the
analysis revealed: (i) the ten most important predictors of climate change indicators, (ii) the
existence of negative consequences of the impacts of climate change on inhabitants’ health in
southwestern regions of Nigeria, and (iii) a significant (p ≤ 0.05) in all regenerative factors:
planting native species has the highest β coefficient of 0.499, followed by the biophilic approach
(0.494), the establishment of a city’s tree canopy (0.467), the creation of a green functional green
space (0.436), the use of smart landscaping techniques (0.388), and the development of a healthy
watershed (0.314). This indicates that to have a regenerative built environment it is essential to
create a functional green space, plant native species, establish a city’s tree canopy, create
a healthy watershed, and render a biophilic approach. The study’s recommendations include
urgent action to integrate climate change interventions into the decision-making processes,
initiatives, and development plans of the Nigerian government. This integration should prioritize
sustainable practices within the built environment, considering the regenerative paradigm’s
potential to address climate change impact effectively.
Assessment of the Spatial Compliance and Negligence of Environmental Laws on ...AJSERJournal
This research work examined the spatial compliance and negligence of environmental laws on waste
management practices and consequences in the south-south region of Nigeria. Data for this study were collected from
primary and secondary sources, through the administration of one thousand, seven hundred and twenty eight (1,728)
copies of questionnaire using the random sampling method on respondents. Simple percentages, charts, student’s ttest, anova, and correlation statistical techniques were used in the analysis of the data collected. This study revealed
that waste management practices and controlled dumpsites location in the study area were not in compliance with
environmental laws. The null hypothesis one was rejected in favour of the positive hypothesis and concluded that, there
is a significant relationship between the waste dumpsites in the study area, and the impacts of their health hazards on
the immediate environment. The study therefore recommends that, in our pursuit of environmental protection and
compliance of environmental laws, we should strive towards achieving a balance in the benefits we derive from
activities that cause environmental pollution and the resultant harmful effects.
Analysis of Trend and Variability of Temperature in Ebonyi State, South-easte...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Temperature being one of the indicators of climate change has become one of the most important discussions of recent times. Changes in temperature influence a variety of processes directly or indirectly which cut across every aspect of man existences. This paper therefore examined the trend in temperature as tools of climate change over Ebonyi State, SouthEastern Nigeria, which is an area well known for crop agriculture. Temperature data covering a period of 31 years (1984-2015) were collected and analyzed using mean, moving average, standard deviation coefficient of variation and linear regression. Result revealed that there is a positive trend in temperature over the study period and that the area is getting warmer by 0.0037 o c annually, which is an Indication that Ebonyi State is experiencing a rise in air surface temperature. Since most of the inhabitants are dependent on economic activities that are temperature sensitive like farming, the study therefore recommends that measures should be taken by all stakeholders including the government, individuals and cooperate bodies to take the issue of climate variability serious in the study area in order to mitigate its impact in the long run.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
Technology and GlobalizationExamine the relationship between a.docxmattinsonjanel
Technology and Globalization
Examine the relationship between advances in technology and the responsibilities of global citizenship. Describe how technology has changed the way in which people pursue knowledge and how they address social concerns. Assess the challenges and benefits of a technical and global community, and recognize the impact of technological and global influences in your life.
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly sources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.
Reflecting on General Education
Explain what you have learned about the principles guiding general education from this course and the courses you have taken in the past. What are the most important concepts you have learned (a) from this course and (b) throughout your time as a university student? What are your plans for putting your education to use within your community? How might your newly-acquired knowledge and skills shape your personal and professional development?
Your initial post should be at least 250 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly sources, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7.
Ashford 6: - Week 5 - Final Research Paper
Climate Change
Final Research Paper
Research the responsibility of a critical thinker in a contemporary society. You may choose any topic that deals with a contemporary social concern. Examine the principles of critical thought in relation to the chosen societal concern, and consider the importance of ethics, moral reasoning, a research-based process to search for truth, and the advantages of information technology in gathering data.
Potential social concerns include, but are not limited to health (e.g., obesity, smoking, or underage drinking), poverty (e.g., homelessness, basic needs, or transportation issues), family relations and dynamics (e.g., teen violence, physical abuse, depression, or suicide), social media (e.g., privacy), immigration (e.g., illegal), and education (e.g., plagiarism and/or cheating).
Your Final Research Paper should:
1. Include a literature review of three scholarly sources based on the selected contemporary issue. Analyze the validity of the author’s arguments and/or biases.
2. Explain how academic knowledge impacts the social elements and institutions of both local and global communities.
3. Assess how the principles of active citizenship could impact the contemporary issue during the next five to ten years.
4. Include at least one reference to a multimedia component (i.e., podcast, interactive website, blog, or video) and evaluate the relevance of this piece in relationship to academic knowledge and the selected issue.
The paper must be 12 to 14 pages in length (excluding the title and reference pages) and formatted ac ...
Workshop held on 1st of April in Vientnane, Laos. Participants from national institurions (agriculture, education, planning) where joining presentations on the overview of climate variability in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, using crop modeling and land use change analysis.
Climate change
Climate change today can be termed to be an issue that affects most parts of the world. It is shifting the patterns of food production and it is increasing the related risks like the catastrophic floods. The impact of climate change is global in the scope and in the scale is unprecedented. When proper and mitigation actions are not taken as early as now, the impact that the issue revolving around climate change will have in the future will be more difficult to handle. Climate change poses an ethical issue to humanity and people have the moral right and obligation that helps them to respond to it [endnoteRef:1] [1: Thomas, Chris D., Alison Cameron, Rhys E. Green, Michel Bakkenes, Linda J. Beaumont, Yvonne C. Collingham, Barend FN Erasmus et al. "Extinction risk from climate change." Nature 427, no. 6970 (2004): 145.]
There has been an increase in the cases of diseases according to WHO statistics that are caused by climate change as a result of high temperatures [endnoteRef:2]The areas that experience climate change experience high atmospheric temperature, they rise very high during the day and fall very low at night. On the other side, the unpredicted rainfall in the different areas that experience climate change makes the farmer's calendar to be disrupted. When the rainfall is not consistent and affects the farmer’s calendar then the food supply will reduce and hence affect the population that depends on the food from farms. [2: Patz, Jonathan A., Holly K. Gibbs, Jonathan A. Foley, Jamesine V. Rogers, and Kirk R. Smith. "Climate change and global health: quantifying a growing ethical crisis." EcoHealth4, no. 4 (2007): 397-405.]
The effects that climate change poses on the globe are evident all over on the environment. The glacier has shrunk, the ice that is found on the river is breaking up very earlier, the plants and animals ranges have moved and shifted and the plants are flowering sooner than its normal. However, these effects have been predicted by the scientist and they have been looking at the effects like the loss of seas, the sea level are rising and are becoming longer and lastly, more intense heat waves have been experienced. The changes in climate call for an urgent task to make and develop proper predictions about the biological response to climate change [endnoteRef:3] [3: Urban, Mark C., Greta Bocedi, Andrew P. Hendry, J-B. Mihoub, Guy Pe’er, Alex Singer, J. R. Bridle et al. "Improving the forecast for biodiversity under climate change." Science353, no. 6304 (2016): aad8466.]
The scientists have been developing new ways to help us to understand climate change then helps us to know the impact that climate change has today and, in the decades, to come. This understanding will help the decision makers to place climate change as one of the major challenges that are facing the world today. The impact that climate change has on crop production due to a doubling of the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosph.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
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C041031927
1. IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol. 04, Issue 10 (October. 2014), ||V3|| PP 19-27
International organization of Scientific Research 19 | P a g e
Review of Studies On Global Warming And Climate Change In Nigeria Obeta Michael Chukwuma Department Of Geography University Of Nigeria, Nsukka Abstract: - Studies on global warming and climate change in Nigeria have grown by leaps and bounds in the last two decades. This paper reviews fifty three studies done on climate change hazard in Nigeria with a view to characterizing the studies and establishing the existing gaps in literature. The secondary objective of the paper is to establish the broad consensus of the Nigerian scientific community on critical issues relating to the climate change hazard. The paper started with the identification of the broad objectives of the studies done on the climate change hazard in Nigeria. This is followed by the classification of the studies and the discussion of the main significant contributions as well as an appraisal of the methods of investigations in the field where appropriate. The basic consensus reached were also identified and described. Finally, new directions for future research in the field are suggested.
I. INTRODUCTION
Climate change has been defined as a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCC, 1992; Obioha, 2009). Climate change involves a change in both the mean meteorological values and variability of these values. The anticipated change in mean climatic conditions is expected to be a slow process, occurring over many decades (Obeta, 2009). Climate variability describes seasonal changes, inter-annual variability and the likely frequency of weather-related extreme events. This variability is often an ongoing stress within people’s lives. Climate change and climatic variability are frequently discussed in literature and they add to a complex bond of stress to the economy through their impact on key sectors or on the important drivers of growth, including agriculture and natural resources, water, health and infrastructure. Climate change is real; it respects no political boundary and the risks it poses to nation’s socio-economic development are enormous. Hence, this paper has attempted to provide a synthesis of the consensus of the Nigerian scientific community on key issues relating to the climate change hazard in Nigeria in the last few decades. The broad objectives are to reveal how it dominates academic discuss in Nigeria and to determine the consensus generated on the causes, impacts, vulnerability, adaption and its potential dangers to Nigerians and all their activities. In addition, the paper will identified the characteristics of the works done on this hazard in Nigeria and the extent to which the Nigerian scientific community are working or reporting on the environmental hazard.
II. BROAD OBJECTIVES OF THE REVIEWED STUDIES
Some of the objectives of climate change studies from the works reviewed can be summarized as follows:
1. To fill critical knowledge gaps on the mechanisms of climate change
2. To determine the natural and man-induced reasons for global warming and climate change
3. To generate knowledge on the impacts of climate change on human health, environment, infrastructure, biodiversity, waste, agriculture, forestry, tourism, settlements and resources, dependent ecosystems etc in Nigeria
4. To explore the possibilities of integrating climate change considerations into existing curricula, policies and strategies for effective environmental management
5. To generate knowledge needed to understand and better manage climate change risks to water resources, coasts, and fragile ecosystems especially in the semi-arid areas in northern parts of Nigeria.
6. To assist Nigerian governments, policy makers and other stakeholders understand, appreciate and incorporate climate change hazard into policy and operational decisions at all scales and across all vulnerable sectors in Nigeria
7. To generate accurate and robust information on the spatial-temporal dimensions/effects of climate change in Nigeria and to establish trends, implications and the possible opportunities (benefits) of climate change hazard
8. To evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing responses, create awareness, build adaptive capacity and educate interested persons on issues relating to the climate change hazard in Nigeria
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9. To identify the social and economic costs of climate change including the cost of not taking adaptation option.
10. To provide all stakeholders with relevant information on vulnerability and adaptation options
III. CLASSIFICATION OF THE STUDIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE
IN NIGERIA Research works on climate change and global warming in Nigeria as noted previously, have grown by leaps and bounds in the last few decades especially since the early 1990s. No attempt has been made to classify or to summarize the significant contributions of these studies. In this section, we deal with the classification of the studies reviewed. The studies, in our view, can generally be classified under the following categories: Classification
1) Studies on reality, nature and conceptual issues
2) Studies on causal factors of climate change. These include studies on the effects of natural phenomena and human activities such as land use and socio-economic variables, such as gas flaring, urbanization and deforestation.
3) Studies on impacts of climate change on man, his property and socio-economic activities
4) Studies on vulnerability, mitigation, and adjustment to climate change
5) Studies on risk assessment, economic costs and management. This include studies based on the application of GIS, simulation, modeling and other related techniques
6) Studies on climate change science as a new field of study (unique discipline).
7) Studies on the forecasting (predication) and monitoring of climate change hazards in Nigeria
IV. STUDIES ON THE REALITY, NATURE, AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Many studies have been done on mechanism and perception of climate change in Nigeria. (Oje, 1987; Ayoade, 1995; Bello, 1998). Ayoade, (1995) and Oje, (1987) were probably the first set of scholars to research on the meaning, nature, and problems of climate change and global warming in Nigeria. Ayoade (1995) defined climate change as any long-term significant change in the expected average weather of any place over an appropriate period of time. In other words climate change depicts abnormal variations in the expected climate of a region. Bello (1998) noted that the climate change is brought about by many factors. These factors include the drying processes of the earth, sunlight intensity and more importantly, anthropogenic factors (fossil fuels combustion) and ozone layer depletion. These workers agreed that climate change and its associated consequences threaten Nigerians desire of achieving socio-economic development and being among the twenty most industrialized countries in the world by the year 2020. The general causes of and strategies for mitigating climate change were specifically examined by Ayoade (1995) and Bello (1998). They proposed four approaches for mitigating the climate change menace. These are change of life style, new inventions (e.g. of vehicles using non-fuel energy), formation of appropriate environmental management policies and innovative drives towards sustainable utilization of environmental resources. Other workers such as Bormet et al (2007) and Ayoade (2004) have also examined the mechanism of climate change. For instance, Ayoade, (2004) stated that climate change is caused by green house gases. The earth’s atmosphere, he noted, acts like the glass in a greenhouse allowing much of the sun’s solar radiation to travel through unimpeded, but trapping a lot of the reflected heat trying to escape back to space. This process raises the earth’s temperature (just as it does in a greenhouse) by bringing about measurable increases in the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere, oceans and land mass. Green-house gases (GHG) enhance the greenhouse properties of the earth’s atmosphere. They allow solar radiation from the sun to travel through the atmosphere but prevent the reflected heat from escaping back to space. This is what causes the earth’s temperature to rise (Bormet et al, 2005). (Onokala and Ali, 2009) added that the earth is currently facing a period of rapid warming brought about by rising levels of heat trapping gases (green house gases) in the atmosphere a process known generally as global warming). The green houses gases involved include carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, ozone, synthetic chemicals and Aerosols. They summarized the basic factors responsible for climate change and global warming as: (1) volcanic eruption (2) massive carbon dioxide emission (3) variations in solar output and (4) variations in the earth’s orbital characteristics. Citing several authors these workers noted that volcanic eruptions inject large quantities of dust and greenhouse gaseous with potentials of substantial global warming into the atmosphere. Over millions of years these materials alter global climate characteristics. Carbon dioxide emission resulting from industries and other related human activities as well as the changing composition of the atmosphere were cited by these workers as major forcing mechanisms of climate change in Nigeria.
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V. STUDIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE SCIENCE AS A NEW FIELD OF STUDY (UNIQUE DISCIPLINE)
Bayon (2000) and Igwebuike et al (2008) wrote on every aspect of climate change science including the concept, causes and the need to build adaptive capacity to the hazard in Nigeria. Bayon (2000) noted that Nigerian climate is actually changing and that some impacts of the change are already observable; and that there is broad scientific consensus that future change will occur. He enumerated the evidences which confirm the changing phenomena of Nigerian climate as: (i) rising higher temperatures (ii) rising sea level (iii) changing pattern of rainfall (iv) emergence of more draughts and desertification in northern Nigeria (v) changes in the migration patterns of birds/land animals in Nigeria (vi) high rate of evaporation (vii) stronger atmospheric circulation (viii) intensification of the global hydrological circle. He emphasized that it is incumbent on research centers in Nigeria to create awareness of the change in climate and on the potential dangers posed to man and animals by climate change. Ayoade (2004) added that climate change is a major environmental hazard; that the earth is warming up; that there are overwhelming scientific consensus that it results from the concentration of green-house-gases in the atmosphere, and that the hazard is human-induced. He was of the view that Nigeria, because of her location, is one of the countries expected to be most affected by the impact of climate change through sea level rise and the occurrence of other extreme hydrological phenomena-unusual heavy rains, wind storms, floods, mud or land slide, droughts as well as famine, heat waves, ocean surge and extreme temperatures. Studies on causation factors: Several workers have discussed the causes of climate change in Nigeria. Adefolu (2007) for instance, discussed the causes of climate change in great retails. The hazard, according to him result from a process known as climate forcing; ie a process that can alter the global energy balance as a result of some natural phenomena and anthropogenic factors. He was of the view that the global climate change hazard has a strong impact on Nigeria, particularly in the areas of agriculture, landuse, water resources, health, energy, coastal resources and other sectors of its economy. He concluded by recommending the adoption of some approaches to mitigate the effects of climate change. Specifically, he recommended staff training and re-training, energy audits and bench marking, energy efficiency measures involving the use of high energy efficient equipment and improved operating procedures and maintenance measures to mitigate GHG emissions. He highlighted the possible barriers to mitigating GHG emission in Nigeria, such as financial constraints, lack of capacity/technical skills, limited availability of information etc. Other studies on the climate change in Nigeria were undertaken by Efe, (2007) and Onuoha (2008a). Climate change according to these workers results from natural processes (biogeographical) and human activities (anthropogenic). The natural processes are the astronomical and the extraterrestrial factors. The astronomical factors include the changes in the eccentricity of the earth’s orbit; changes in the obliquity of the plane of ecliptic and changes in orbital procession while the extraterrestrial factors are solar radiation quantity and quality. Anthropogenic climate change forcing, mechanisms on the other hand, involves human activities that either emit large amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere that depletes the ozone layer or activities that reduce the amount of carbons absorbed from the atmosphere. The human factors that emit large amount of greenhouse gases in Nigeria, according to these workers, include manufacturing activities, burning of fossil fuels, gas flaring, urbanization and agriculture; while human activities that reduce the amount of carbon silks are deforestation, alterations in landuse, water pollution and agricultural practices.
VI. STUDIES ON CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN NIGERIA
Many workers (Ubachukwu, 2005; Njoku, 2006; Umah, 2009) have studied the effects of climate change on various sectors of the Nigerian economy. These scholars noted that the effects of global warming and climate change in Nigeria are currently of concern to governments, institutions, environmentalists and firms. They noted that the effects climate change in the country generally manifests as shifting weather variations or patterns involving unprecedented and overall changes in weather patterns, excessively heavy precipitation, unusual high temperature, propelling significant changes in different parts of the country, rising sea levels disappearance of the coastal strips and noticeable increases in the frequency of some extreme weather events in the country. They concluded by recommending that governments have a big role in disseminating information on the potential/ actual impacts of climate change as well as on forecast impacts on agriculture, water resources and diseases.
Efe (2009) also studied the threat of climate change to food security and livelihoods in selected states in Nigeria, while Ubachukwu (2005) examined the effects of climate change on food productivity in the Niger delta. They discovered that climate change impacts significantly on all aspects of crop yields, food security availability of seeds and access, and utilization of foods. They noted that there were decreases in crop yields due to decreases in temperatures in his study areas and that most of the farmers had low level of awareness on the
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danger of climate change hazard. Efe (2007) highlighted the implications of climate change-induced variability’s on food security and livelihoods and recommended that management issues raised in his paper be translated into decision and policy making by stakeholders in order to ensure food security in northern Nigeria. Njoku (2006) and Umah (2009) discovered a downward trend in rainy days per annum at Sokoto and Kano stations with Kaduna having only a slight reduction in its rain day per annum. This observed climate change- induced variability was found to have a negative effect on annual crop yields. Njoku (2006) also discovered that a decrease in food crops availability occurred as rainfall and temperatures decreased in his study areas. He recommended the need to develop effective long-term agricultural policies that are situated within a given set of environmental determinants Obioha (2005), Baka et al (2007), Okoli (2008) and Oluwatuyi (2009) studied the environmental consequences of climate change hazard in Nigeria. Obioha (2005) discovered that many of the environmental consequences of climate change resulted from physical changes insurance, transportation, flood defense migration, forest, water, security and the spread of diseases. He noted that changes in the timing of seasonal patterns in ecosystems, and direct economic impact are some of the regional effects of global warming. Baka et al (2007) referred to the IPCC 2007 reported and observed that the effects of climate change will be mixed across regions. For Nigeria climate change according to this scholar will lead to extreme weather events, (flooding) and famine, desertification, spread of diseases and water scarcity in some parts of Nigeria. Okoli (2008) also agreed that most of the environmental consequences of climate change would manifest as physical changes: sea level rises, higher local temperature and changes in rainfall pattern. Oluwatuyi and Jegede (2009) further stressed that sea levels are expected to rise dramatically by the end of the 21st century and that coastal cities such as Lagos, Port Harcourt and even Calabar may be adversely affected. They added that Nigeria may loss a significant size of her coastal strips. These scholars however observed that climate change will have positive effects (increased agricultural yields) in some parts of Nigeria. This is because it enhances the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, especially in preventing photorespiration, which is responsible for significant destruction of several crops in Nigeria. Odjugo (2000), Obioha (2005) and Nnaji (2009) also studied the effects of climate change in the socio-economic development in Nigeria and discovered that climate change and existing climatic variability will have harsh effects on the low-income and marginalized poor people in Nigeria and will, in addition, make the process of eradicating poverty more difficult because of the negative effects of climate change on: (i)economic growth (ii) poor people’s livelihoods and assets (upon which they depend) and (iii) the level of risks to which the people are exposed. They concluded by observing that the impact of climate change and climate variability on short-term economic growth will be enormous but that the impacts would be felt mostly by the down trodden in Nigeria. Obioha (2005) added that economic sectors that depend heavily on climate and weather-sensitive sector for their growth will be affected mostly. He identified agriculture and water resources as such critical sectors. This, he noted, may disrupt government revenues and inhibit government’s ability to finance important services. Nnaji (2009) extended these discussions by observing that it will adversely affect the poor by reducing their ability to diversify livelihoods and their ability to afford sustainable and unrestricted coping strategies.
VII. IMPACT STUDIES ON WATER AND OTHER RESOURCES
Kalang, (2007), Obeta (2009), Mbajiorgu and Ogbu, (2010) studied the impact of climate change on water resources in Nigeria. Their studies revealed that climate change has the potential to either alleviate or aggravate water availability in different part of the country. On balance, however, the impacts are likely to be adverse, especially in the semi-arid northern parts, based on the area’s past climate and hydrology and because of the limited water infrastructure and use. Kalang (2007) did a preliminary study of the magnitude, effects and distribution of intense rainfall resulting from climate change in Nigeria. Estimates were made of the magnitude- frequency relationships of selected meteorological data (daily rainfall amounts, daily mean temperatures etc) recorded at network stations across the country. The results revealed that projected changes in rainfall and sea level rise and on the incidence of extreme weather events which bring risks to the security of the nation’s water resources, agricultural systems and settlements, as well as to the health of our people-risks which could be severe in several parts of Nigeria. Temperature in areas of 2-3oC were also predicted, and these will have irreversible effects on the nation’s fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs and low-lying freshwater wetlands of the Niger Delta.
VIII. STUDIES ON VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE
HAZARD IN NIGERIA
Vulnerability studies on climate change in Nigeria include the works of Baka et al (2007), Nwafor (2007) Onuoha (2008) and Ajaero and Madu (2009). Baka et al (2007) noted that vulnerability is an indication of people’s exposure to external risks, shocks and stresses and their ability to cope with and recover from, the resulting impacts. They noted that vulnerability may differ seasonally or at different times within people’s lives.
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It also differs across groups, within communities or individuals within a household owing to their livelihood activities or social standing. In Nigeria, they identified the most vulnerable groups as the extreme poor, aged, sick people displaced by conflicts and urban dwellers. Nwafor (2007) added that a common theme in the climate change vulnerability literature is the idea that countries, regions, economic sectors and social groups differ in their degree of vulnerability to climate change. This is partly due to the fact that changes in temperature and precipitation will occur unevenly and that climate change impacts, resources and wealth are distributed unevenly across the globe. Onuoha (2008) extended these observations by adding that unless appropriate, mitigation measures are adopted to reduce vulnerability in Nigerian and other developing countries of sub Saharan Africa, climate change portends grave danger to our people as well as our biotic and abiotic environments. He expressed concern that all developmental advances witnessed in sub. Saharan Africa may be destroyed or reversed over a short period of time unless we reverse or regulate the climate change phenomenon.
IX. ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION STUDIES
Adaptation, technically, is the appropriate way to deal with the unavoidable impacts of climate change. It is a mechanism to manage risks, adjust economic activity to reduce vulnerability and to improve business certainty. The concern for adaptation and mitigation of climate change phenomenon has revived fulsome attention in literature in Nigeria. Oladip (2008) for instance advocated the entrenching of energy efficiency practices by industries in Nigeria. This according to him will offer very important opportunities for mitigating GHG emissions for energy use. He recommended three basic approaches, viz:
i) Limited use of fossil fuels for energy, either directly by industry for heat and power generation or indirectly in the generation of electricity and steam.
ii) Non-energy uses of fossil fuels in chemical processing and metal smelting, and adoption of other innovative strategies
iii) Retraining, awareness creation and changes in people’s behavior and attitude in order to reduce GHG emission by industries in Nigeria. The Energy efficiency measures, suggested as No.1 above, will involve several processes such as, a shift to low carbon fuels, application of waste fuels, increased use of additives in cement manufacturing and removal of Co2 from fuel gases in chink or kilms
iv) Increased use of already proven nuclear energy, a Co2 emission-free source
v) Continued development of new types of energy systems such as fuel cells for use in automobiles
vi) Carbon sequestration
vii) Aforestation-plants absorb and use Co2 in the process of photosynthesis
viii) Injecting Co2 into ocean depths form Co2 hydrates.
Efe (2008) added additional numbers of mitigation measures and management practices which included energy efficiency measures ie using high energy efficient equipment and operating procedures and maintenance measures to mitigate GHG emissions. Rakiya (2008) also added a number of other strategies for stemming the impact of climate change in Nigeria. The suggested measures were:
1) Introduction of carbon tax to reduce the utilization of oil, gas and coal
2) Use of alternative energy resources-wind, solar etc.
3) Ban of gas flaring in the Niger Delta because gas flaring has contributed substantially to global warming and has increased the acid rain in oil producing communities in Nigeria
He concluded by observing that overcoming the challenges posed by climate change to economic growth and sustainable development in Nigeria require creative thinking, holistic ideas, innovative solutions and the participation of all stakeholders-governments, NGOS, private sectors, civil society organizations etc. The possible barriers to mitigating GHG emissions in Nigeria, according to this scholar, include lack of relevant information on energy efficiency measures, financial constraints, inadequate technical skills and lack of political will.
X. COMMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS
Eight observations and comments will be made in this sector on the studies reviewed the first is on the quantum and regularity of investigations in climate change by scientists in Nigeria. The nation’s research landscape continues to witness, with near-constant frequency, new works on various spheres of the climate change hazard, particularly on its impacts, vulnerability, levels of enforcement of mitigation measures, growing damage potentials and risks posed to man or his environment etc. This shows clearly that climate change hazard has emerged as one of the frontier environmental issues attracting attention/comments from academics and other stakeholders in Nigeria. This high level of interest among the Nigeria scientific community on this hazard is not surprising, given the crucial influence of climate change on the pace and patterns of the nation’s socio-economic
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development. Based on this, one can assert that the Nigerian scientific coming community is living up to its responsibility trying to push forward the frontiers of national development. Our second observation is that studies on climate change hazard in Nigeria have been undertaken by scholars from diverse backgrounds. (See table 1) Infact, the fifty three studies reviewed (authored by sixty seven scholars) showed clearly that workers and methods span through a range of disciplines, including climatology, physics, geography, biophysical sciences, surveying, engineering, agricultural sciences, social sciences, economics, chemistry, management and planning Table 1: Studies Reviewed and Background of the Authors
S/No
Faculties of learning
Sub-disciplines or Department
No. of studies
1
Environmental sciences
Geography, Surveying and geo-informatics, Estate Management, Urban and Regional Planning, Environmental Technology, Hydrology and Water Resources.
18
2
Agricultural Sciences
Soil Science, Crop science, Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Animal Science Agricultural Economics
10
3
Engineering Sciences
Civil Engineering, Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Agricultural and Bioresources engineering
11
4
Natural Sciences
Geology, Chemistry and Physics-meterology
5
5
Planetary Sciences
Geology and Geodynamics
2
6
Social Sciences
Economics, Sociology
3
7
Geo Sciences
Geophysics
3
8
Education
Environmental Education, Science Education
8
9
Government Agencies
National Water Resources Institute, Nigerian Meteorological Agency, National Hydrological Services Agency, Federal ministry of the Environment
4
10
Others
NASDA, Archeology and Tourism, NGOs
5
Total
67
This supports the view of several scholars such as Ayoade, (1974) and Oyebande et al (2006) that climatic science is an interdisciplinary field of study. Also noticeable in the works reviewed is the high level of collaboration. This shows that Nigerian scholars are eager and willing to work together and to build new knowledge about the potential effects of the changing climate system. Thirdly, the works reviewed suggest that research efforts in climate change hazard in Nigeria are largely adhoc, fragmented and limited in scope. Many of the reviewed works were not published on the internet and are rather sketchy-failing to synthesize and communicate existing and emerging knowledge for adaptation, vulnerability, policy formation etc. Few of the works actually provided development drivers (governments, private sector, NGOS, industries etc.) with clear and reliable information to assess risks and develop area- specific adaptation strategies. This shows that there is urgent need in Nigeria to conduct strategically focused research on specific areas of need and to link existing researches to organizations and to conduct multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral investigations. Fourthly, most of the researches reviewed were probably done for the sake of journal publications; for the need of the researcher and not for what other sector of the economy (agriculture, industry, power, commerce etc) wants. Information on financial assistance, acknowledgement commissionship (of research) linkages and the interest of governments/ other users of the information generated from the researches were generally lacking. This in our view contrasts dramatically with what is obtained in other countries where strong linkages between researches and end-users of research outcomes exist. Finally, many the researches reviewed were short-term researches (lasting for less than one year). This probably due to the fact that they were not funded otherwise a normal problem-solving research on the climate change hazard on any sector of the economy should span (ignore) over at least 12 calendar months and such researches need to be properly funded.
XI. SUGGESTED NEW DIRECTION FOR RESEARCHES ON CLIMATE
CHANGE HAZARD IN NIGERIA
In this review, we have examined the scope of the work done by the Nigerian scientific community in the area of climate change. As the paper shows, a range of issues dealing the causes, effects, vulnerability, adaptation, perception and adjustment have been repeatedly researched on. The issues of risks and/or damage assessment have not received adequate attention despite the fact that the negative impacts of the climate change phenomenon were generally discussed by most of the researches. Also studies on prediction and forecasting are
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scarce and between. This may not be unconnected with data limitations-there are very few functional hydro- meteorological and gauge stations keep up to-date-records in Nigeria. Against this background the paper suggests that research efforts should be directed to the following.
1) Addressing critical knowledge gaps on the effects of climate change hazard key sectors in Nigeria and establishing suitable methods for identifying and assessing potential adaptation strategies.
2) Developing climate changes action plans for vulnerable areas/sectors in Nigeria and providing guidelines for the implementation of such plans.
3) Developing improved regional climate projections and projections of extreme weather events in various parts of Nigeria.
4) Conducting interoperated studies on predictions/forecasting of climate change as well as impacts on priority sectors and vulnerable regions such as the Niger delta and coastal cities like Lagos and Port-Harcourt
5) Developing better regional climate models that shows relationship between climate variability and physiological and ecosystem processes.
6) Undertaking integrated assessment/ of the impacts and analysis that define/identify and describe viable response options by governments and disaster managers and other stakeholders in Nigeria for future changes in climate
7) Identifying and assessing social and economic costs of climate change on various sectors of the Nigerian economy including the cost of not taking adaptation action.
8) Improving regional climate modeling and downscaling techniques.
XII. CONCLUSION
Climate change, as shown by the studies reviewed, is a topical issue that engages the attention of many researchers in Nigeria. This is probably due to numerous climatic extremes (floods, droughts, heat and cold waves etc) experienced in various parts of the country. These extreme hydrological events affect Nigerians and their activities. Concerned about these effects, therefore, the Nigerian scientific community, are forced to seek ways of finding lasting solutions to the challenges of climate change through frequent studies. A lot of information about how climate is changing and the broad physical impacts which these change have on various sectors of the Nigerian economy have been generated. However, adequate and relevant information about the projections of climate change, particularly of extreme weather events, social and economic trends that affect climate change vulnerability, and the social and economic impacts of climate change in specific areas/sectors in Nigeria are generally lacking. To overcome this, we suggest that governments and other stakeholders should assist in building the capacity of Nigerian scientists in climate change science so that they can generate adequate information, synthesize knowledge, undertake long-term researches coordinate and commission research activities and provide adequate information for decision makers in a form that will be relevant to their sectoral or regional needs. REFERENCES
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