The study analyzed strategies for park city construction in Chengdu from 2014-2019 to mitigate urban heat islands. It found that:
1) The intense heat island zone decreased 0.91% and the cold island zone increased 17.89% from 2014-2019.
2) Urban green spaces like water and vegetation helped mitigate heat, while impervious surfaces and bare land exacerbated it.
3) Fractional vegetation cover across the study area increased significantly, with higher cover correlating to lower land surface temperatures.
Park city construction was found to effectively alleviate urban heat islands by increasing green space, though layout and quality need further optimization.
Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
The Evaluation of Land Use Evolution and Ecological Sensitivity of Guangzhou ...AI Publications
The dynamic stability of the local ecological environment is related to changes in land use patterns and ecological sensitivity. The study aims to identify the land use characteristics and dynamic change features in Guangzhou City using RS and GIS technology. We choose six ecological sensitivity factors, such as land use type, elevation, watershed buffer, vegetation cover, slope, and slope direction, and use the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to obtain the results of single-factor and comprehensive ecological sensitivity. The findings indicate that, in terms of land use, the area of four types—forest land, grassland, arable land, and unused land—decreased from 2000 to 2020, while the area of water bodies and construction land rose, with a minimal overall change. According to total ecological sensitivity, very sensitive areas make up the majority of the total area and are primarily found along the northern township boundary; very low-sensitive and mildly sensitive areas are mostly found in the south and center. In order to encourage the development of an ecological civilization in the city, Guangzhou City must establish the idea of harmony between people and the land and increase the ecological conservation function.
Impact of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) on Carbon Storage in Zhaoqing by using...AI Publications
Exploring the impact of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) on ecosystem carbon storage is of great significance for promoting low-carbon development. Based on the land cover data from 2000 to 2020 interpreted by remote sensing, this study uses the InVEST model to analyze the relationship between the spatial and temporal changes of carbon storage in the ecosystem of Zhaoqing City and land cover. The results show that: 1) In the past 20 years, the area of land cover types in Zhaoqing City has not changed much; the area of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland has decreased; and the area of water area, construction land, and unused land has increased. 2) The carbon storage volume in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 296.74×106t, 297.00×106t, and 290.50×106t, respectively. Carbon storage increased at first and then decreased, showing an overall downward trend. 3) High carbon reserves are distributed in the central and northern mountainous areas of Zhaoqing City; medium carbon reserves are distributed in the western basin of Huaiji County; and low carbon reserves are distributed in the southern area of Zhaoqing. 4) From 2000 to 2010, the conversion between forest and grassland resulted in relatively stable carbon storage and an increase of 201,200 tons. The conversion of forest land and cultivated land into construction land and water has reduced carbon storage by 6.5745 million tons.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
Ecological Sensitivity Assessment of Hangzhou City Based on GIS and AHPAI Publications
Ecological sensitivity analysis is an important basis for urban planning and layout. This article selects six ecological factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, water area, and vegetation index (NDVI), and land use type, to construct an ecological sensitivity evaluation system for Hangzhou City. GIS's spatial analysis technology, combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), is used to comprehensively evaluate the six ecological factor sensitivity indices. Meanwhile, the natural breakpoint method was used to divide the results into 5 levels: extremely sensitive region, highly sensitive region, meso-sensitive region, low sensitive region, and non-sensitive region. The results indicate that the ecological sensitivity of the study area is generally high, with land use type, vegetation coverage, and water area being the main sensitive factors. The proportion of the five sensitive areas from extremely sensitive to non-sensitive regions is 19%, 34%, 18%, 16%, and 13%, respectively. The highly sensitive regions in Hangzhou are mainly distributed in the southwest, while the non-sensitive regions are mainly distributed in the northeast. Finally, based on the comprehensive evaluation of ecological sensitivity and spatial layout in Hangzhou, this article provides targeted countermeasures and suggestions, providing a basis for land use construction planning and promoting ecological environment protection.
Development of an Integrated Urban Heat Island Simulation ToolSryahwa Publications
Urban heat island (UHI) effect is quite common in megacities due to the built-up area and reduced greenery coverage of land surface, which highly affect urban livability. An integrated urban heat island simulation tool is developed by accounting for major heat sources and heat sinks in selected area of interest, and their interactions with the surrounding environment.
The Evaluation of Land Use Evolution and Ecological Sensitivity of Guangzhou ...AI Publications
The dynamic stability of the local ecological environment is related to changes in land use patterns and ecological sensitivity. The study aims to identify the land use characteristics and dynamic change features in Guangzhou City using RS and GIS technology. We choose six ecological sensitivity factors, such as land use type, elevation, watershed buffer, vegetation cover, slope, and slope direction, and use the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to obtain the results of single-factor and comprehensive ecological sensitivity. The findings indicate that, in terms of land use, the area of four types—forest land, grassland, arable land, and unused land—decreased from 2000 to 2020, while the area of water bodies and construction land rose, with a minimal overall change. According to total ecological sensitivity, very sensitive areas make up the majority of the total area and are primarily found along the northern township boundary; very low-sensitive and mildly sensitive areas are mostly found in the south and center. In order to encourage the development of an ecological civilization in the city, Guangzhou City must establish the idea of harmony between people and the land and increase the ecological conservation function.
Impact of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) on Carbon Storage in Zhaoqing by using...AI Publications
Exploring the impact of Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) on ecosystem carbon storage is of great significance for promoting low-carbon development. Based on the land cover data from 2000 to 2020 interpreted by remote sensing, this study uses the InVEST model to analyze the relationship between the spatial and temporal changes of carbon storage in the ecosystem of Zhaoqing City and land cover. The results show that: 1) In the past 20 years, the area of land cover types in Zhaoqing City has not changed much; the area of cultivated land, forest land, and grassland has decreased; and the area of water area, construction land, and unused land has increased. 2) The carbon storage volume in 2000, 2010, and 2020 were 296.74×106t, 297.00×106t, and 290.50×106t, respectively. Carbon storage increased at first and then decreased, showing an overall downward trend. 3) High carbon reserves are distributed in the central and northern mountainous areas of Zhaoqing City; medium carbon reserves are distributed in the western basin of Huaiji County; and low carbon reserves are distributed in the southern area of Zhaoqing. 4) From 2000 to 2010, the conversion between forest and grassland resulted in relatively stable carbon storage and an increase of 201,200 tons. The conversion of forest land and cultivated land into construction land and water has reduced carbon storage by 6.5745 million tons.
Developing Design Criteria for Sustainable Urban Parks
* Dr. Didem Dizdaroğlu Image result for research orcid
Department of Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Art, Design, and Architecture, Bilkent University, Turkey
E-mail: dizdaroglu@bilkent.edu.tr
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 28 February 2021
Revised: 15 August 2021
Accepted: 19 August 2021
Available online: 30 August 2021
Keywords:
Sustainable Cities;
Urban Parks;
Green Spaces;
COVID-19;
Sustainable Design.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
This study investigates how urban parks can contribute to helping cities become more sustainable through developing a set of criteria for the sustainable design of urban parks. Today, there is no example around the world where all the proposed sustainable design criteria are applied together in a specific urban park. In this context, this study aims to make a novel contribution by systematically reviewing the literature on the sustainable design of urban parks. In the light of research findings, this study contributes to the implementation of a comprehensive sustainable park design practice in our cities in the future. These design criteria may further serve as performance indicators to offer information and know-how to local authorities, practitioners, communities, and other actors in this field to help them assess their success levels and progress over time.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 69-81.
Ecological Sensitivity Assessment of Hangzhou City Based on GIS and AHPAI Publications
Ecological sensitivity analysis is an important basis for urban planning and layout. This article selects six ecological factors, including elevation, slope, aspect, water area, and vegetation index (NDVI), and land use type, to construct an ecological sensitivity evaluation system for Hangzhou City. GIS's spatial analysis technology, combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), is used to comprehensively evaluate the six ecological factor sensitivity indices. Meanwhile, the natural breakpoint method was used to divide the results into 5 levels: extremely sensitive region, highly sensitive region, meso-sensitive region, low sensitive region, and non-sensitive region. The results indicate that the ecological sensitivity of the study area is generally high, with land use type, vegetation coverage, and water area being the main sensitive factors. The proportion of the five sensitive areas from extremely sensitive to non-sensitive regions is 19%, 34%, 18%, 16%, and 13%, respectively. The highly sensitive regions in Hangzhou are mainly distributed in the southwest, while the non-sensitive regions are mainly distributed in the northeast. Finally, based on the comprehensive evaluation of ecological sensitivity and spatial layout in Hangzhou, this article provides targeted countermeasures and suggestions, providing a basis for land use construction planning and promoting ecological environment protection.
Analysis Of Solar Radiation Towards Optimization and Location Of The Urban Bl...IEREK Press
Increasing population causes Energy consumption and environmental pollution. It is essential to consider renewable forms of energy, especially solar power, to reduce energy consumption. This requires attention to energy issues in the early stages of urban design and practical and creative solutions for more efficient use of this type of energy. This study aims at calculating the annual solar radiation at a city scale through a novel process and methodology. In this regard, artificial intelligence algorithms and satellite data can help maximize the amount of sunlight in neighborhoods and urban blocks in neighborhood units during the development process. In the simulation process, location, and optimization of the urban form, it is necessary to consider the limitations and resources for field study and simulation of urban blocks. Therefore, in this study, Farhangian neighborhood in phase 1 of Kermanshah, Iran, which has a good level of structural diversity and lends itself to field studies, was selected and studied at neighborhood and urban block scales. The case study indicates the significant role of calculatingand optimizing the patterns of urban blocks to achieve maximum solar energy. Estimates at different levels show that urban block variables effectively access solar radiation energy and, given various scales of development -from macro-scale spatial planning to micro-scale local design -can improve energy intake by 3 to 5 percent. Accordingly, the results show that to accelerate the calculation of energy at the planning scale, the use of 2.5D locating model and 3D optimization contribute to achieving the maximum or minimum solar radiation, respectively. On the other hand, this method can be used to organize calculations and planning for maximum absorption of solar radiation at different stages of development.
Climate Variability: Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future ...AI Publications
As far as the reduction of fossil fuel reserves and environmental degradation in building houses are concerned, contemporary architects use other energy sources to create thermal comfort. Passive system is the most efficient way in which the needs of buildings thermal heat, without using the fossil energy, mechanical force and renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, are met. Compatibility with environment, using context and area potentials to reduce fossil energy consumption and environmental destructive effects are the main advantages of these systems. Considering the temperature principles used in different elements of Iranian architecture this article reviews the operation of architectural elements which were compatible with the context in traditional Iranian architecture by focusing on the role of architect in environmental health and conservation. This study further offers solutions for creating thermal comfort by using descriptive content analysis in order to describe passive system principles associated with each of the above elements. Additionally, this research illustrates traditional architectural elements in terms of form and fabric in correspondence with modern elements as a method for mitigating climate changes.
Exploration of Forming an Ecological Eco-Environment Protection Planning Syst...civejjour
In recent years, environmental protection is attached great importance in our country. Beginning with San
Ya's pilot in December 2015, our country has spread out a series of works about “Urban dual
maintenance” by President Xi with “ecological restoration and urban renovation” as the core. After that
in February 2018, “Park City” has been promoted first in Chengdu, a lot of cities followed, which
chieved good results in sustainable development.
EXPLORATION OF FORMING AN ECOLOGICAL ECO-ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION PLANNING SYST...civejjour
In recent years, environmental protection is attached great importance in our country. Beginning with San
Ya's pilot in December 2015, our country has spread out a series of works about “Urban dual
maintenance” by President Xi with “ecological restoration and urban renovation” as the core. After that
in February 2018, “Park City” has been promoted first in Chengdu, a lot of cities followed, which
chieved good results in sustainable development.
EXPLORATION OF FORMING AN ECOLOGICAL ECO-ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION PLANNING SYST...civejjour
In recent years, environmental protection is attached great importance in our country. Beginning with San
Ya's pilot in December 2015, our country has spread out a series of works about “Urban dual
maintenance” by President Xi with “ecological restoration and urban renovation” as the core. After that
in February 2018, “Park City” has been promoted first in Chengdu, a lot of cities followed, which
chieved good results in sustainable development.
In the procedure of urban planning and construction, Suining highly emphasized ecological protection and
attached attention to various urban disease. Through the construction of “sponge city”, which seen as an
important means to realize the idea of “Urban dual maintenance”“Park City”, and played an important
role in urban planning management was completed. Suining has a strong will to form an Ecological
Environment Protection Planning System, and it`s certain that Suining has finished and achieved several
results in the protection of urban ecological environment.
This article focuses on the work of environmental protection in recent years of Suining, especially
centering on the planning and construction measures of “Park City”. The measures implemented in the
planning management, the environmental protection strategy in the planning preparation, and the
promotion of the “sponge city” are also summarized. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the
environment in Suining, some other small and medium-sized cities on the waterfront like Suining can get
experiences in environmental protection. In the long run, to build an Environment Protection Planning
System is meaningful for small and medium-sized cities. Summarizing characteristics, analyzing problems,
summing up experience, putting forward suggestions, and concluding the core ideas of “Park City”, so the
means and systems applied to some other small and medium- sized cities in the future can be summarized.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
Green infrastructure in jakarta basic understanding and implementation effort...Oswar Mungkasa
The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) in Indonesia accelerated by public awareness of the importance of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. One of the Indonesian government’s efforts to apply the principles of GI in urban areas in a structured and massive manner is through the Green City Development Program (P2KH) Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR). The approach taken is Green Planning and Design, Green Open Space, Green Energy, Green Water, Green Waste, Green Building, Green Transportation, Green Community. The city that is the case study for discussion is Jakarta. Jakarta Smart City, Green Buildings, Urban Agriculture, and Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA) are programs that successfully implemented. The implementation GI program easily accepted if based on the community.
This article represents results of an unbiased, factual, and scientifically valid analysis
of all available data on ecological, economic, and social indicators of energy
technologies and of how they influence sustainable development indicators. It marks out
indicators characterizing the impact of energy technologies on the environment providing
specific values to all energy sources considered (coal, gas, hydro, wind, solar, and
nuclear). The article demonstrates that renewable energy sources and nuclear power are
characterized by the best ecological indicators. The article also reveals that the most
efficient energy technologies for promoting sustainable development are natural gas and
nuclear power.
One of the most common issues on the word right now is green building technology, with the goal of reducing the development industry's various negative effects on the environment, society, and economy. Because pollution and global warming are quickly expanding over the planet, the world urgently requires a sustainable and reasonable development. Because of the increase in Green House Gases (GHGs), dramatic climatical differences occurring everyday have been noted and are being faced by almost everyone all over the world. Within settled countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there have already been rigorous steps taken to achieve workable development, as well as rules and regulations enacted by their respective governments to assist and accomplish a workable and environmentally approachable development of their countries. However, emerging countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and others are dragging in terms of founding supportable growth and environmentally friendly structures. In addition, there is a deficiency of public understanding about this worldwide issue in these emerging countries. According to surveys and study, these countries are also far behind schedule the established nations of the world. This article discusses the need for maintainable growth around the world, particularly in emerging countries such as India and China, which have enormous land-living masses and are fast emerging, with the potential to become new global superpowers in the near future. It also includes sustainable and monetary research with connections to Indian contexts, as well as a recent live instance study of a freshly built and constructed luxurious housing home in a densely populated area of India. The case study is a inhabited house that is planned and built as a sustainable and green structure in an extremely community inside the state of Maharashtra, India, as India is also known as a country of villages with the world's second largest population. According to India's 2012 census, 69.84 percent of the population, or 869.17 million people, live in 6,47,861 distinct villages. By using straightforward, simple, and cost-effective strategies, this study will assist Indian communities and residential buildings in becoming more sustainable and greener.
Remote sensing and geographic information systems technics for spatial-based...IJECEIAES
Indonesia's land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) is a global concern. The relocation plan of the capital city of Indonesia to East Kalimantan will be becoming an environmental issue. Knowing the latest land cover change modeling and prediction research is essential for fundamental knowledge in spatial planning and policies for regional development. Five articles related to integrated technology of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing for spatial modeling were reviewed and compared using nine variables: title, journal (ranks), keywords, objectives, data sources, variables, location, method, and main findings. The results show that the variables that significantly affect LULCC are height, slope, distance from the road, and distance from the built-up area. The artificial neural network-based cellular automata (ANN-CA) method could be the best approach to model the LULCC. Furthermore, by the current availability of global multi-temporal and multi-sensor remote sensing data, the LULCC modeling study can be limitless.
Transportation access was important element on regional development which have
consequence on the environment degradation. This issues driving the land conversion,
an exploitation of natural resources and pollution. This research was conducted to
estimate the carbondioxides emission (CO2) on a road construction process. The data
collects with bottom up approaches from 16 locations of road construction in Central
Java which represents 2 pavement types (flexible and rigid). The GHG emission
estimated with a conversion of fuel consumption (IPCC Method). The estimation result
was analyze with a qualitative and quantitative method. An estimation generated the
CO2 emission of flexible pavement was 261,91 ton CO2 similar with 21,84 kgCO2/m3
while a rigid pavement produces 149,22 ton CO2 similar with 7,44 kgCO2/m3. The
manufacture process became a stages with largest contributor on the CO2 emission.
According to the result, a rigid pavement was an environmentally friendly method to
reduces GHG emission on road construction with a distribution stages plays an
important role as key categories.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
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Analysis Of Solar Radiation Towards Optimization and Location Of The Urban Bl...IEREK Press
Increasing population causes Energy consumption and environmental pollution. It is essential to consider renewable forms of energy, especially solar power, to reduce energy consumption. This requires attention to energy issues in the early stages of urban design and practical and creative solutions for more efficient use of this type of energy. This study aims at calculating the annual solar radiation at a city scale through a novel process and methodology. In this regard, artificial intelligence algorithms and satellite data can help maximize the amount of sunlight in neighborhoods and urban blocks in neighborhood units during the development process. In the simulation process, location, and optimization of the urban form, it is necessary to consider the limitations and resources for field study and simulation of urban blocks. Therefore, in this study, Farhangian neighborhood in phase 1 of Kermanshah, Iran, which has a good level of structural diversity and lends itself to field studies, was selected and studied at neighborhood and urban block scales. The case study indicates the significant role of calculatingand optimizing the patterns of urban blocks to achieve maximum solar energy. Estimates at different levels show that urban block variables effectively access solar radiation energy and, given various scales of development -from macro-scale spatial planning to micro-scale local design -can improve energy intake by 3 to 5 percent. Accordingly, the results show that to accelerate the calculation of energy at the planning scale, the use of 2.5D locating model and 3D optimization contribute to achieving the maximum or minimum solar radiation, respectively. On the other hand, this method can be used to organize calculations and planning for maximum absorption of solar radiation at different stages of development.
Climate Variability: Integration of Renewable Energy into Present and Future ...AI Publications
As far as the reduction of fossil fuel reserves and environmental degradation in building houses are concerned, contemporary architects use other energy sources to create thermal comfort. Passive system is the most efficient way in which the needs of buildings thermal heat, without using the fossil energy, mechanical force and renewable energy sources like solar and wind energy, are met. Compatibility with environment, using context and area potentials to reduce fossil energy consumption and environmental destructive effects are the main advantages of these systems. Considering the temperature principles used in different elements of Iranian architecture this article reviews the operation of architectural elements which were compatible with the context in traditional Iranian architecture by focusing on the role of architect in environmental health and conservation. This study further offers solutions for creating thermal comfort by using descriptive content analysis in order to describe passive system principles associated with each of the above elements. Additionally, this research illustrates traditional architectural elements in terms of form and fabric in correspondence with modern elements as a method for mitigating climate changes.
Exploration of Forming an Ecological Eco-Environment Protection Planning Syst...civejjour
In recent years, environmental protection is attached great importance in our country. Beginning with San
Ya's pilot in December 2015, our country has spread out a series of works about “Urban dual
maintenance” by President Xi with “ecological restoration and urban renovation” as the core. After that
in February 2018, “Park City” has been promoted first in Chengdu, a lot of cities followed, which
chieved good results in sustainable development.
EXPLORATION OF FORMING AN ECOLOGICAL ECO-ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION PLANNING SYST...civejjour
In recent years, environmental protection is attached great importance in our country. Beginning with San
Ya's pilot in December 2015, our country has spread out a series of works about “Urban dual
maintenance” by President Xi with “ecological restoration and urban renovation” as the core. After that
in February 2018, “Park City” has been promoted first in Chengdu, a lot of cities followed, which
chieved good results in sustainable development.
EXPLORATION OF FORMING AN ECOLOGICAL ECO-ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION PLANNING SYST...civejjour
In recent years, environmental protection is attached great importance in our country. Beginning with San
Ya's pilot in December 2015, our country has spread out a series of works about “Urban dual
maintenance” by President Xi with “ecological restoration and urban renovation” as the core. After that
in February 2018, “Park City” has been promoted first in Chengdu, a lot of cities followed, which
chieved good results in sustainable development.
In the procedure of urban planning and construction, Suining highly emphasized ecological protection and
attached attention to various urban disease. Through the construction of “sponge city”, which seen as an
important means to realize the idea of “Urban dual maintenance”“Park City”, and played an important
role in urban planning management was completed. Suining has a strong will to form an Ecological
Environment Protection Planning System, and it`s certain that Suining has finished and achieved several
results in the protection of urban ecological environment.
This article focuses on the work of environmental protection in recent years of Suining, especially
centering on the planning and construction measures of “Park City”. The measures implemented in the
planning management, the environmental protection strategy in the planning preparation, and the
promotion of the “sponge city” are also summarized. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the
environment in Suining, some other small and medium-sized cities on the waterfront like Suining can get
experiences in environmental protection. In the long run, to build an Environment Protection Planning
System is meaningful for small and medium-sized cities. Summarizing characteristics, analyzing problems,
summing up experience, putting forward suggestions, and concluding the core ideas of “Park City”, so the
means and systems applied to some other small and medium- sized cities in the future can be summarized.
Mathematical Model Applied to Green Building Concept for Sustainable Cities Under Climate Change
1 Professor Dr. Md. Haider Ali Biswas Image result for research orcid , 2* M.Sc. Pinky Rani DeyImage result for research orcid
3 Asst. Prof. Md. Sirajul Islam Image result for research orcid , 4 M.Sc. Sajib Mandal Image result for research orcid
1 Mathematics Discipline, Science Engineering and Technology School, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh
2, 3 & 4 Department of Mathematics, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj-8100, Bangladesh
E-mail 1: mhabiswas@gmail.com , E-mail 2: pinkydey.math@gmail.com
E-mail 3: sirajulku@gmail.com , E-mail 4: sajibmandal1997@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO:
Article History:
Received: 20 May 2021
Revised: 25 July 2021
Accepted: 11 August 2021
Available online 16 August 2021
Keywords:
Green Building;
Sustainable Cities;
Climate Change;
Mathematical Model;
Numerical Simulations.
ABSTRACT D:\My Journal\papers\Vol 4 ISSUE 1\1 senem sadri Turkey\check for updates2020ijcua.tif
Recently the effect of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is worldwide terrified anxiety to the public and scholars. Even this global problem is one of the great issues that continuously makes worrying the governments and environmentalists, but its solution findings are not out of the image at all. In this study, we have proposed and analysed a mathematical model for the solvable management of GHGs by sowing the seeds of green building dynamic systems. Moreover, in the model, the human community is used to enhance the production power of individuals of green buildings by absorbing the GHGs. The model is analysed by stability analysis at the equilibrium points: trivial and global equilibrium, and also by convincing the stability and instability of the system of equations. The behaviour of the propound model has been developed by numerical simulations which shows the rate of the fruitfulness of GHG components.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2022), 6(1), 36-50.
SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DISPERSION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENTAM Publications
Interest in air pollution investigation of urban environment due to existence of industrial and commercial activities along with vehicular emission and existence of buildings and streets which setup natural barrier for pollutant dispersion in the urban environment has increased. The air pollution modelling is a multidisciplinary subject when the entire cities are taken under consideration where urban planning and geometries are complex which needs a large software packages to be developed like Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), California Line Source model (CALINE series) etc. On overviewing various works it can be summarized that the air pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons and all linked phenomenon such as wind flow, pollutant concentrations, temperature distribution etc. generally depend on wind speed and direction, building heights and density, road width, source and intensity of air pollution, meteorological variables like temperature, humidity etc. A unique and surprising case is observed every time on numerous combinations of these factors. The main aim of this study is to simulate the atmospheric pollutant dispersion for given pollutant like carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and given atmospheric conditions like wind speed and direction. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation for analysing the atmospheric pollutant dispersion is done after natural airflow analysis. Volume rendering is done for variables such as phase 2 volume fraction and velocity with resolution as 250 pixels per inch and transparency as 20%. It can be observed that all the three pollutant namely nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide the phase 2 volume fraction changes from 0 to 1. The wind velocity changes from 3.395×10-13 m/s to 1.692×102 m/s. The dispersion of pollutants follow the sequence Sulphur dioxide>Carbon monoxide>Nitrogen dioxide.
Green infrastructure in jakarta basic understanding and implementation effort...Oswar Mungkasa
The implementation of green infrastructure (GI) in Indonesia accelerated by public awareness of the importance of conservation of natural resources and ecosystems. One of the Indonesian government’s efforts to apply the principles of GI in urban areas in a structured and massive manner is through the Green City Development Program (P2KH) Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (PUPR). The approach taken is Green Planning and Design, Green Open Space, Green Energy, Green Water, Green Waste, Green Building, Green Transportation, Green Community. The city that is the case study for discussion is Jakarta. Jakarta Smart City, Green Buildings, Urban Agriculture, and Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA) are programs that successfully implemented. The implementation GI program easily accepted if based on the community.
This article represents results of an unbiased, factual, and scientifically valid analysis
of all available data on ecological, economic, and social indicators of energy
technologies and of how they influence sustainable development indicators. It marks out
indicators characterizing the impact of energy technologies on the environment providing
specific values to all energy sources considered (coal, gas, hydro, wind, solar, and
nuclear). The article demonstrates that renewable energy sources and nuclear power are
characterized by the best ecological indicators. The article also reveals that the most
efficient energy technologies for promoting sustainable development are natural gas and
nuclear power.
One of the most common issues on the word right now is green building technology, with the goal of reducing the development industry's various negative effects on the environment, society, and economy. Because pollution and global warming are quickly expanding over the planet, the world urgently requires a sustainable and reasonable development. Because of the increase in Green House Gases (GHGs), dramatic climatical differences occurring everyday have been noted and are being faced by almost everyone all over the world. Within settled countries such as the United States of America, Russia, Australia, and the United Kingdom, there have already been rigorous steps taken to achieve workable development, as well as rules and regulations enacted by their respective governments to assist and accomplish a workable and environmentally approachable development of their countries. However, emerging countries such as India, China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and others are dragging in terms of founding supportable growth and environmentally friendly structures. In addition, there is a deficiency of public understanding about this worldwide issue in these emerging countries. According to surveys and study, these countries are also far behind schedule the established nations of the world. This article discusses the need for maintainable growth around the world, particularly in emerging countries such as India and China, which have enormous land-living masses and are fast emerging, with the potential to become new global superpowers in the near future. It also includes sustainable and monetary research with connections to Indian contexts, as well as a recent live instance study of a freshly built and constructed luxurious housing home in a densely populated area of India. The case study is a inhabited house that is planned and built as a sustainable and green structure in an extremely community inside the state of Maharashtra, India, as India is also known as a country of villages with the world's second largest population. According to India's 2012 census, 69.84 percent of the population, or 869.17 million people, live in 6,47,861 distinct villages. By using straightforward, simple, and cost-effective strategies, this study will assist Indian communities and residential buildings in becoming more sustainable and greener.
Remote sensing and geographic information systems technics for spatial-based...IJECEIAES
Indonesia's land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) is a global concern. The relocation plan of the capital city of Indonesia to East Kalimantan will be becoming an environmental issue. Knowing the latest land cover change modeling and prediction research is essential for fundamental knowledge in spatial planning and policies for regional development. Five articles related to integrated technology of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing for spatial modeling were reviewed and compared using nine variables: title, journal (ranks), keywords, objectives, data sources, variables, location, method, and main findings. The results show that the variables that significantly affect LULCC are height, slope, distance from the road, and distance from the built-up area. The artificial neural network-based cellular automata (ANN-CA) method could be the best approach to model the LULCC. Furthermore, by the current availability of global multi-temporal and multi-sensor remote sensing data, the LULCC modeling study can be limitless.
Transportation access was important element on regional development which have
consequence on the environment degradation. This issues driving the land conversion,
an exploitation of natural resources and pollution. This research was conducted to
estimate the carbondioxides emission (CO2) on a road construction process. The data
collects with bottom up approaches from 16 locations of road construction in Central
Java which represents 2 pavement types (flexible and rigid). The GHG emission
estimated with a conversion of fuel consumption (IPCC Method). The estimation result
was analyze with a qualitative and quantitative method. An estimation generated the
CO2 emission of flexible pavement was 261,91 ton CO2 similar with 21,84 kgCO2/m3
while a rigid pavement produces 149,22 ton CO2 similar with 7,44 kgCO2/m3. The
manufacture process became a stages with largest contributor on the CO2 emission.
According to the result, a rigid pavement was an environmentally friendly method to
reduces GHG emission on road construction with a distribution stages plays an
important role as key categories.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Similar to A study on the strategies of Park City construction of Chengdu from the perspective of urban heat island mitigation (20)
Brownfield Sites as Catalysts for Sustainable Urban Regenerationand the Deman...IEREK Press
Almost two decades today, the topic of brownfields has extensively been researched in urban sociology, urban planning, and human geography, and numerous Western-Centric studies have linked the redevelopment of the abandoned, contaminated, vacant or derelict sites to sustainable urban regeneration and achieving smart cities and sustainability goals in general. Yet, until this day, the concept has received little academic and practical attention in Middle Eastern contexts. Western contexts on the other hand including Europe, UK and USA continue to offer unique perspectives on approaching brownfields in ways that reduce the alarming spatial cluttering and address socio-spatial disparities and spatial segregation in addition to achieving economic and environmental goals, and similar to the global scene, brownfield sites make a large portion of the post-industrial city of Amman, the capital of Jordan. However, with the lack of a systematic definition for the urban phenomenon objectives, methods to identifying potential brownfield sites and evaluating the prioritisation of their redevelopment that takes into consideration context particularities, and with the absence of participative approaches that include the local community in the decision-making regarding these spaces, city planners fail to include the increasingly growing number of brownfield site that proliferate their cities in the urban planning practice. Through the examination of literature discussions on objectives, approaches, classification systems, methodologies, assessment and evaluation tools for the support of design and prioritising decisions for brownfield regeneration indifferent contexts, and through looking at the numerous potential alternatives for brownfield sites regeneration these contexts highlight, this paper bids to emphasise the importance of developing context specific, localised tools tailored for the Middle Eastern case. Building on the above, this paper identifies five potential brownfield typologies in the context of Amman; (1)residual planning outcomes; (2) discontinued mines and quarries; (3) unfinished mega-projects; (4) contaminated and hazardous sites, and; (5) miscellaneous abandoned sites and buildings, and ends on the note that looking at the increasing demand to meeting smart growth and sustainability needs, these urban landscapes may function as catalysts for achieving comprehensive sustainable urban regeneration.
Natural Urban Heritage and Preservation Policies: the Case of Kyoto’s Waterways.IEREK Press
The value of natural heritage within urban areas is nowadays gaining recognition, but there are still no clear reference frameworks to confront the complexities of their management. In this discussion, the challenges of the association of historical preservation and urban nature are explored through the analysis of the management of Kyoto’s waterways. The conflicts caused by the rapid modernization of Japan at the end of 19thcentury find in Kyoto a remarkable expression in the tensions between renovation and conservation, providing a fertile frame for discussion. Relevant achievements and shortcomings of Kyoto ́s experience are here analyzed, considering how the preservation of historic landscapes affected the protection of urban rivers, the relationship between sustainability and heritage, and the new environmentally aware approaches to river improvement.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Revitalization Strategy for Historic Core of AhmedabadIEREK Press
In India, dense historic urban settlements were developed with the intention of provision of spaces for adequate engagement of the people. Public squares and streets became important places of interaction. ‘Historic core,’ especially had public spaces meant for various socioeconomic groups. Ahmedabad city is a blend of a harmonious past and a vivacious present. Number of historical and architecturally important buildings were built during Muslim and Moghul rules. One of the first built structures within the walled city is the Bhadra fort, a citadel founded by sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 with a huge public square in front, developed for purpose of procession and gathering. This Bhadra precinct went through various layers of transformation in different eras and now have become vulnerable due to congestion and encroachment. Though, a need for intervention was felt to bring back the lost vitality of the Bhadra precinct, it was realized that a comprehensive approach would be the necessity. Conservation and sensitive development approach was taken to tackle this problem through pedestrianization of the Bhadra precinct, rerouting of traffic and restoration of Bhadra fort. Larger level traffic and parking issues were also considered be-yond the site. Alternative use of Bhadra fort as tourist information center was considered. Urban design guidelines were proposed for harmonious development in the surrounding area. This proposal was considered for funding under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission(JnNURM)and was implemented. Many issues were faced during implementation of Bhadra project due to contextualization of informal commercial, religious and other cultural activities. Political, social and administrative factors also played immense role in implementation of proposal. Now since Ahmedabad has achieved the status of World Heritage City through UNESCO certification further implementation of this project will be relatively easy due to envisaged strong political and administrative support.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing theQuality of Urb...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
The Sinkhole Occurrence Risk Mitigation in Urban Areas for the Historic Salt ...IEREK Press
The present research focuses on the definition of a novel methodology for sinkhole risk assessment above shallow salt mines. The research were carried out on the area above the Wieliczka salt mine, a World Heritage site. The study of vertical stresses on the basis of a theoretical state of rock mass deformation in the area of test chambers was performed. Furthermore, the risk of chamber collapse due to ventricular stress exceeding the limit specified in the zone were calculated based on the arch pressure theory. The final stage of the research consists of spatial analysis that leading to the identification of chambers potentially influenced by other risk factors. The research shown in the article strongly suggests that combined spatial analysis with geotechnical analysis may lead to reliable sinkhole risk assessment methodology.
In Search of a Tool to Support Planning Inside Large Cities: the SustaIn-LED ...IEREK Press
The aim of the present study is to investigate the linkages between local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability inside urban areas. Can innovation affect the improvement of the quality of life inside urban areas? This research question comes from the consideration that usually innovation and growth in general are considered sources of conflict in affecting the livability of large cities. The objective of the paper is to design a model — the “SustaIn-Led” - to connect levels of environmental sustainability, quality of life, and economic development inside metropolitan areas, taking into account also innovation processes, activated by the innovation policies and by the knowledge economy. The study takes in consideration the 53 largest United States metropolitan areas with a population over 1 million, with a time series from the years 2000 through 2015.This has been done because of a two-fold reason: (1) the US among high-income countries is the one with the highest number of universities, patents, and citations; (2) several studies have shown that innovation occurs in large cities. The first part of the present study has carried out the identification of the variables to represent and significantly explain the phenomena – local economic development, innovation, and environmental sustainability – linked to the design of the SustaIn-LED model. Environmental sustainability in urban areas in this paper is represented by means of the Air Quality Index (AQI),while the number of workers synthetically quantifies local economic development. Correlation and multiple regression analyses are conducted in order to examine the relationship between the three main indicators. The multiple regressions for the year 2015 produced a low p-value, indicating that the predictors are significant in the regression analysis. Similar results of p-value are shown in all the years from 2000 to 2013. For 2015, the results showed that part of the variance in the measure of total workers of the metropolitan areas could be predicted by measures of innovation and air quality. Higher R2values have been registered for the years from 2000 through2013.The development of the SustaIn-LED model could be utilized in urban regeneration processes to help in the design of new urban planning policies inside large cities by means of a better comprehension of environmental and economic implications caused by the implementation of innovation policies.
Estimation of Coating Materials Contribution to the TVOCsEmissions of Wood Fl...IEREK Press
Based on the increasing concern about the exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor finishing materials, industrial companies are called to meet the growing demand for more sustainable products. Recently, most designers and consumers have more environmental considerations while selecting the finishing materials. These considerations are related to the VOCs content of the finishing material itself regardless of its coating layers. Nowadays, interior wood coatings are commonly applied to large surfaces (ceilings, walls, floors) and many types of furnishing, leading to a high loading factor (surface-to-volume ratio). These coatings might contribute significantly to the VOCs emissions due to repeatedly and periodically use during maintenance, remodeling, and renovation of interior spaces. The aim of this study is to estimate the wood coating materials contribution to the TVOCs emissions of wood product in the indoor environment to shed light on the importance of comprehensive analysis of wood material with all treatment coatings. So, a small interior space with controlled temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange rate was simulated using IA-Quest program to investigate the influence of three wood coating materials; stain, wax, and varnish which were applied to an area of natural hardwood Oak floor. The TVOCs emission data resulted from the different coated wood floor was compared with VOCs emissions caused by the natural wood floor to find out the coating material contribution in TVOCs emissions of a wood flooring material
Sustainable Park Landscaping as an Approach for theDevelopment of the Built E...IEREK Press
Implementing sustainable principles when landscaping parks is vital for the development of the built environment, and should take into account environmental, social, economic, and cultural aspects, in order to eliminate conflict between developmental requirements, and the need to preserve cultural and natural resources. This paper reviews the guidelines that should be considered for current and future sustainable parks in regions with a moderate climate, in order to ensure that they incorporate ecotourism, cost effective operation and maintenance, a clean environment, the promotion of renewable energy, and resource preservation. A number of parks, located in moderate climate zones, are studied in terms of aspects such as their location, topography, operation, and landscaping characteristics, to demonstrate the prevailing normative values that can be applied to sustainable park design. Prince Meshari Park, in Al-Baha city, Saudi Arabia, is employed as a case study for applying all of the guidelines proposed in this investigation, and to highlight some of their merits and limitations in terms of the current situation of the park.
Load Shifting Assessment of Residential Heat Pump System in JapanIEREK Press
With the economic growth and increasing requirement of indoor thermal comfort, the load of building sector presents a greater variability. This paper aims at analyzing the energy consumption characteristics and influencing factors of the residential heat pump system. Firstly, we selected residential households as investigated objective in Kitakyushu, Japan, and compared the energy saving performances of heat supply systems between heat pump and natural gas boiler. The results were based on real measured residential load during winter period, and calculated the cost saving performance of residential heat pump system compared with traditional natural gas boiler. We also did a survey of residential occupation behavior for the 12 selected residential customers. The result indicated that there was low relationship between power consumption and occupation hours, and the number of family members had a significant impact on the power consumption. The results indicate that residential heat pump system presented promising energy saving and cost reduction potential
A Model Proposed for the Prediction of Future Sustainable Residence Specifica...IEREK Press
In Egypt, people are unable to determine the qualities of appropriate residence that achieves quality and occupant satisfaction, and contributes to sustainability of residential conglomerations. In general, developing countries lack housing information which can be used to enhance quality of residence. Also, the methods of assessing and identifying the appropriate criteria for future residence quality remain traditional ones that cannot address the multiple, conflicting, overlapping aspects to reach a good decision. This calls for using the Analytical Network Process (ANP), an effective tool for specifying the relative importance of all factors impacting a specific issue for making an appropriate residential decision. In addition, this method provides results for the decision element impacts network within the decision structure; thus contributing to more understanding of the mechanisms and requirements of residence selection. The proposed decision structure comprises a two-level network: main clusters, main elements, and sub-elements included in the demographic characteristics group, the residence criteria group, the demand parameters group, the supply parameters group, the residence specifications group, and the alternatives group which representing, in total, the decision and specifying the percentage needed for each housing level. Results of the model showed complete capacity in smoothly addressing complexities and overlapping in the decision structure. The decision structure showed that 52% chose luxury residence, 28% chose middle-class residence, and 19.5% chose the economic residence. Mechanisms of decision making were analyzed; particularly in terms of relationship to demographic characteristics and residence specifications. Also, the importance and impact of demand / supply parameters in reaching decision were analyzed
Development of an Open-Source Water Consumption Meter for HousingIEREK Press
This article reports on the project "Design and development of water and gas P.L. measurement devices in the housing: an approach to sustainable consumption in Mexico", prepared at the Metropolitan Autonomous University in the Department of the Environment, whose objective was to develop a device to measure water consumption in the housing, which allows users to know their spending and can make decisions in favor of efficiency through the reduction of water use in household activities. The meter is made up of open source, programmable or reconfigurable software, which receives the signal from a water flow sensor and a casing designed to contain the hardware and facilitate the user's installation. Both the hardware and the casing can be purchased, downloaded, manufactured and assembled at home (Do It Yourself). As specific results were obtained: hardware programming and housing design and as a final result: the assembly of the functional prototype with which measurements of water consumption were made in a housing in Mexico. With this work we conclude that through the development of new accessible and common measurement technologies for the users of a house, it will be possible to promote efficiency in the use of natural resources in cities, increasing availability and promoting a more sustainable urban development.
Multi-Scale Assessment of Urban Gardens as Constructed Habitats for Biodivers...IEREK Press
Biodiversity in arid urban environments depends upon habitat formation that balances both bioclimatic and biophysical environment needs. There is the potential for urban gardens to establish symbiotic ecosystem services from microhabitat formation that collectively form an assemblage of ecological patches to connect a diverse range of flora and fauna, and establish community driven nursery and seed collection initiatives. This study of urban garden habitats situated within a new urban district of Jeddah Saudi. The analysis concentrates on the ability of garden spatial formations to construct a heterogeneous spatial morphology of sub-patch within the larger urban landscape patch. Patch and subpatch formations are examined based on the criteria of (I) assemblage of the spatial habitat (characterized by shape and spatial organization); (II) integration of spatial, functional and vegetation plantation patterns; (III) connectivity. Findings reveal that garden layout is structured by the integration and layering of plant types to generate cool understory habitat with seedling establishment, and water conservation. Designed layout of the garden as a spatial pattern is augmented with a range of microclimate mediators to dim solar exposure within the plantation habitat. A strong heterogeneity in plant formations and combinations is seen to dominant the garden formations.
Architectural Education for Sustainable Urban RegenerationIEREK Press
Urban regeneration is one of the important agendas of Turkey as a developing country. Rapid urbanization problems have been causing vital social and economic problems together with physical and spatial ones especially in big cities of Turkey. Thus, national and local governments handled urban regeneration as a practical method for solution of these problems. However, they unfortunately don’t implement urban regeneration according to its real requirements. Instead, this multi-dimensional and complex process is seen as a pull down and built up operation. Considering this situation and being in awareness of the responsibilities of architects throughout urban regeneration process, the authors think that urban regeneration should be discussed in the scope of architectural education. This paper presents the purpose, the process and the products of an undergraduate architectural design studio that was undertaken at Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Architecture. The architectural and urban design projects of the students of which aim was to offer a livable and sustainable mixed used living environments are discussed together with their conceptual backgrounds. Putting stress on the differences between theory and practice, the conclusion introduces a critical evaluation of urban regeneration and sustainable housing concepts in Turkey.
Typology and Solar Gain Analysis: Vernacular Courtyard Houses of Tabriz, IranIEREK Press
The study presents the results of typological analysis and simulation modeling analysis of traditional courtyard residential houses in the cold semi-arid climate of Iran. The purpose of the research has been to analyze and evaluate traditional passive environmental strategies and their elements to provide implications for the design of sustainable residential buildings in contemporary time. Five existing traditional courtyard houses in the city of Tabriz, Iran, are used as case-studies to analyze the typology and the solar zoning conditions and to develop simulation models. The Ecotect simulation program is used to calculate the solar gains of the buildings and to analyze the effectiveness of the natural passive systems along with native design strategies in terms of potential solar gains of main and secondary living spaces. However, in the vernacular, not only the awareness of the climatic and topological considerations is important, but also the values, rituals, and beliefs that shape the design of the dwellings need to be considered. The research is based on the hypothesis that vernacular buildings (courtyard houses) of Iran have been environmentally sustainable structures. However, an important challenge of the study has been to avoid the technological bias and to consider the cultural and social aspects and embodiment of the studied houses, as well. The study also addresses the potential short comings that limit the reliability of Iranian vernacular architecture at present in order to arrive at a more holistic understanding of the sustainability of the vernacular architecture in the country.
Lessons Learned from the First Passivhaus Building in QatarIEREK Press
Energy efficient models have become the path to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse gas emissions in the built environment in many developed countries. According to the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), new buildings constructed within the European Union (EU) countries are expected to be nearly zero energy buildings (nZEBs) by 2020, while new public buildings are expected to adhere to this target by 2018. The Passivhaus approach has been identified by several researchers as a possible roadmap to achieve nZEBs. The meticulous engineering and high standards of the Passivhaus building fabric, in addition to the high comfort levels, are the main reasons behind the success and widespread of the standard. Recently, in 2013 the Passivhaus principles have been applied to an experimental residential project in the hot and arid climate of Qatar. The project is composed of two identical buildings, one built according to the Passivhaus standard and the other according to normal practices in the country. The thermal performance and comfort levels of both buildings were assessed through dynamic simulation and on-site measurements. Results indicated that at least 50% reduction in annual operational energy, water consumption, and CO2 emissions were achieved in the Passivhaus model in comparison to the standard model. This paper aims to highlight the lessons learned through the Passivhaus project; first by exhibiting the Passivhaus criteria that have been met, second by showcasing the outcomes of the project, and third by displaying the barriers and difficulties that have been associated with building according to the standard in Qatar. Finally, recommendations and general guidelines are suggested towards a possible adoption of the Passivhaus standard in Qatar and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
Optimal Sizing and Design of Isolated Micro-Grid systemsIEREK Press
Micro-grid and standalone schemes are emerging as a viable mixed source of electricity due to interconnected costly central power plants and associated faults as well as brownouts and blackouts in additions to costly fuels. Micro-Grid (MG) is gaining very importance to avoid or decrease these problems. The objective of this paper is to design an optimal sizing and energy management scheme of an isolated MG. The MG is suggested to supply load located in El-shorouk Academy, Egypt between 30.119 latitudes and 31.605 longitudes. The components of the MG are selected and designed for achieving minimum Total Investment Cost (TIC) with CO2 emissions limitations. This is accomplished by a search and optimization MATLAB code used with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The use of Diesel Generators (DGs) is minimized by limiting the gaseous CO2 emissions as per targeted allowable amount. A comparison is accomplished for investigating the CO2 emissions constraints effects on the TIC in $/year and annual cost of energy in $/kWh. The obtained results verified and demonstrated that the designed MG configuration scheme is able to feed the energy entailed by the suggested load cost effectively and environmental friendly.
Regenerative Mobility: Disruption and Urban EvolutionIEREK Press
Mobility plays an important role in the cities by enabling people to carry out the most varied activities across the territory, as well as to ensure the city fully function. In addition, analogies to the human organism can be made by this urban dynamic, looking for solutions to specific issues. Moreover, this paper has been based by the premise that phenomena and urban elements could be conceptualized, explained and transformed from contemporary and innovative approaches applied in the medical field. For this reason, this paper aims to develop and present a new concept associated with urban mobility, based on the principles of regenerative medicine: the Regenerative Mobility, a concept with disruptive and evolutionary purposes. Furthermore, the structure of this paper is summarized by the introduction which contextualizes the theme, presents and characterizes the techniques used in the research. Additionally, the following chapters explore essential aspects of the city, explaining why it needs a mobility change and new concepts. Therefore, the concept of Regenerative Mobility is presented as a potential of mobility and cities improvement, followed by pragmatic cases, capable of illustrating some of its principles.
Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Ur...IEREK Press
Currently more than half of world population are living in cities, while world is witnessing a rapid urbanization process particularly in cities of the developing and emerging countries, where urban poverty areas (UPA) with low quality of urban life (QUL) and lack of the usual urban spaces are the most significant urban phenomena that characterized those cities. In such an urban context there is a need for an efficient tool that contributes positively to the enhancement of the QUL, meanwhile to provide the best use of the rare vacant lands. This study argues that urban architecture as a design field offers a distinctive approach to a special type of buildings made for an urban setting, thus it can enhance the QUL in UPA through community projects. The study is based on an analytical study of selected cases of community projects in UPA that represents examples of how urban architecture through its potentials has a positive impact on its urban context, notably through community projects that strongly linked to real community needs. The results showed that urban architecture as a design approach for community projects have multiple roles that boost the socio-economic daily life, as well it supports various environmental issues towards better QUL.
Urban Public Space Axis Rector of Green Infrastructure in the Current City of...IEREK Press
The current city calls for the reconsideration of a close relationship between gray infrastructure and public spaces, understanding the infrastructure as a set of items, equipment, or services required for the functioning of a country, a City. Ambato, Ecuador, is a current intermediate city, has less than 1% of the urban surface with use of public green spaces, which represents a figure below the 9m2/ hab., recommended by OMS. The aim of this paper was to identify urban public spaces that switches of green infrastructure in the city today, applying a methodology of qualitative studies. With an exploratory descriptive level analysis, in three stages, stage of theoretical foundation product of a review of the existing literature, which is the theoretical support of the relationship gray infrastructure public spaces equal to green infrastructure. Subsequent to this case study, discussed with criteria aimed at green infrastructure and in the public spaces of the study area. Finally, after processing and analysis of the results, we provide conclusions for urban public space as a definition of the green infrastructure of the current city of Latin America; in the latter, the focus is to support this article.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
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• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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2. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 92
In recent years, scholars have carried out a large number of studies on the UHI, by two major research methods of
on-site measurement and estimation based on satellite data (Ouyang et al, 2021; Amindin et al, 2021). Previous studies
have focused on the following facets: the temporal and spatial characteristics, cause of formation, influencing factors,
mitigation measures of UHI, the relationship between UHI and air pollution, and the impact of UHI on human health
(Tian et al, 2021; Zhang et al, 2007; Park et al, 2017; Li et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2021; Laaidi et al, 2011). Studies
have found that meteorological characteristics (e.g. wind speed, humidity, etc.) (Zong et al, 2021; Alekseeva et al,
2019), urban spatial morphology (e.g. building density, floor area ratio, night light intensity, etc.) (Sun, 2020; Liu et
al, 2020), and land use (Singh et al, 2017) all have a certain degree of impact on the urban heat island intensity (UHII).
The research on strategies of thermal environment improvement focuses on urban ventilation, green space and water
and ground materials, rational planning of urban layout and ventilation corridors and optimization of blue-green space
pattern, strategies to improve the quantity and quality of green space and so on (Peng et al,2017; Guo et al, 2015;
Yang et al, 2021). Among them, green spaces are considered to be able to alleviate the UHII directly and effectively,
whose effect is influenced by size, shape and layout (Jonghoon et al,2017; Li et al,2014). Previous studies have shown
that the cooling degree and range of green space are positively correlated with the area and negatively correlated with
the shape index (Yuan et al, 2017). In further studies, scholars used models (such as CFD model) to quantitatively
evaluate the impact of urban spatial morphology, land use, and other factors on urban thermal environment and
proposed corresponding planning strategies to provide guidance for urban construction (Yuan et al, 2020; Iizuka et
al, 2020).
In 2018, during a visit to Tianfu New Area of Chengdu, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the concept of "Park
City" for the first time. The proposal of "Park City" not only reflects the development concept of "Ecological
Civilization" and "Human-centered", but also reflects the consideration of the development mode and the pathway of
urbanization. In recent years, Chengdu has made persistent efforts to advance the construction of Park City. Related
theoretical studies mainly focus on the construction strategies, paths and ecological value of Park Cities, including
constructing ecological network systems, promoting park layout optimization, shaping city style, innovating park
management mode and so on (Lin et al, 2020). However, the current studies have not yet covered the impact of Park
City construction on the urban thermal environment. Although Park City construction helps to increase the urban
blue-green space and improve quality, it is still not clear whether the Park City construction can effectively alleviate
the UHI. Therefore, it is crucial to discuss how to carry out urban construction in a way to mitigate the increasing
urban heat island effect more efficiently.
The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of Park City construction on the urban thermal environment, and
discuss how to optimize Park City construction in order to alleviate the urban heat island effect in an even better
fashion. Accordingly, we choose the Lantsat 8 satellite image and surface coverage data. Through the spatial statistical
analysis and correlation analysis, we try to explore the influence of the Park City construction of Chengdu on
alleviating the UHI, reaching the research conclusion on the basis of the parks in Chengdu city urban construction
strategy, thus to provide further optimized guidance for the construction of Park City. In addition, we also put forward
the urban strategies of Chengdu Park City construction based on the research conclusions, which give further guidance
for the construction of Chengdu Park City.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study area
Located in the western part of Sichuan Basin, the topography of Chengdu blocks the air flow inside the city, which
brings about a significant heat island effect in Chengdu, under a subtropical monsoon humid climate. The terrain is
high in the northwest and low in the southeast, and the west is dominated by deep hills and mountains, while the east
is plain. The annual average temperature is about 16℃, and the UHI effect is significant. The annual frost-free period
is 278 days, and the average annual precipitation is 900 ~ 1,300 mm, with low wind velocity and few sunny days.
Covering a total area of 14,335 km2
, Chengdu registered an urban built-up area of 949.6km2
in 2019, that is to say,
its urbanization rate reached up to 74.41%. In recent years, Chengdu has vigorously promoted the construction of
3. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 93
Park City, and achieved certain results, including the newly added green space of 19 million square meters, the forest
coverage of 39.9%, the green coverage of built-up area of 43.5%, and the per capita green area of parks of 14.9 m2
.
Restricted by the cloudage of study data, the study area was delineated as the inner area within the Third Ring Road
in Chengdu. ArcGIS software was used to obtain the scope of the study area, that is, 19,285.29hm2
as the total area.
Figure 1. Satellite image of the study area
2.2. Source of data
The satellite data used in this study come from the Geospatial Data Cloud Platform of Computer Network Information
Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.gscloud.cn). In the study, we selected Landsat8 satellite
image data from August when the flora grows well. In view of the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, satellite
data from August 13, 2014 and August 11, 2019 were further selected for the study. The image quality was good with
no cloud over the study area, which meets the research needs. Although the surface temperature retrieved by satellite
remote sensing is only the surface temperature at the time of satellite transit in one day, however, the thermal field
distribution characteristics of the surface of the study area are constant, so it can be used to study the distribution of
the ground thermal field, and it can also cover the entire study area. The land cover data came from the Earth Big
Data Science and Engineering Data Sharing Service System (http://data.casearth.cn/). The classified land cover data
of 2015 and 2020 (with a spatial resolution of 30 meters) were selected to calculate the land cover of Chengdu in
2014 and 2019 respectively.
Table 1. Satellite data information
Imaging time Satellite Spatial resolution
(m)
Cloudage Sensor
August 13, 2014 Landsat8 30 3.74% OLI_TIRS
August 11, 2019 Landsat8 30 0.89% OLI_TIRS
4. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 94
2.3. Data pre-processing
Remote sensing has become an important way to observe UHI. Remote sensing images can cover the whole study
area, and the distribution characteristics of urban heat field are stable. Therefore, remote sensing images can be used
to study the spatial distribution of UHI in the study area.
Factors such as terrain, earth rotation, atmospheric refraction and others may have various influences on remote
sensing imaging. In order to reflect LST as accurately as possible, ENVI5.3 software was used to conduct atmospheric
correction and geometric correction on the thermal infrared image. Finally, the satellite imagery and land cover
classification data were collected by using the vector layer within Chengdu's Third Ring Road.
Surface temperature inversion methods mainly include atmospheric correction method, single window algorithm,
single channel method and so on. In this study, atmospheric correction method was used to process Landsat8 data
and the LST was obtained by inversion. The main principle of atmospheric correction method is to evaluate the
influence of atmospheric effect on surface thermal radiation based on atmospheric data, by removing the value of this
part from the total thermal radiation to obtain the surface thermal radiation intensity and convert it into the
corresponding LST (Wu et al, 2016), which is used to characterize the changes of UHII.
However, due to the different weather conditions at different imaging times, it is difficult to study the changes in the
UHII from the inversion of the LST directly. Normalized mean-standard deviation method (Zhou, 2019) is adopted
to classify UHII, that is, firstly standardize the LST, and then use the mean-standard deviation method to divide the
study area into five zones: intense heat island zone (IHI), mild heat island zone (MHI), no significant zone(NS), mild
cold island zone(MCI) and intense cold island zone (ICI).
2.4. Analytical techniques
2.4.1. Land cover and UHII
The research superimposed the land cover data and LST data in the inner area within the Third Ring Road of Chengdu
in 2014 and 2019, calculated the average LST of various types of land cover respectively, and made statistics on the
types of land cover in different UHII grading zones. Finally, we got the land cover data in each zone. The purpose of
this analysis is to determine the influence of various land cover types on LST.
Considering that the LST obtained by satellite data inversion may be affected by weather conditions, in order to
intuitively analyze the different effects of different urban land cover types on UHII, we choose to measure the impact
of land use change on LST based on the average LST change value of different areas. Therefore, this paper divides
the study into different zones according to the different land cover types in the inner area within the Third Ring Road
of Chengdu in 2014. Arcgis software was used to calculate the average LST of each zone in 2014 and 2019 and obtain
the LST change, which was used as the basis to measure the change of UHII.
After that, we counted the land cover types of each zone in 2019 and further divided them into smaller zones. Then,
we calculated the average LST of each smaller zone in 2014 and 2019, subtracted the LST change obtained here from
the average LST change mentioned above, and finally, conducted quantitative analysis of the changes of UHII in
different land cover zones (a positive result means a rise in LST, which means an increase in UHII. A negative result
means a drop in LST, which means a decrease in UHII).
2.4.2. Calculation of Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC)
In the study, we used the pre-processed data to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and
then converted the specific values outside the interval into the background value (0) to calculate the FVC:
𝐹𝑉𝐶 = (𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼 − 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙)/(𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑣𝑒𝑔 − 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙) (1)
In the formula, 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑣𝑒𝑔is the NDVI of pure vegetation-covered pixel, and 𝑁𝐷𝑉𝐼𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙is the NDVI of bare soil-covered
pixel.
5. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 95
In this study, FVC is divided into five grades, and the classification criteria are as follows: [0, 0.2] is low FVC, (0.2,
0.4] is medium-low FVC, (0.4, 0.6] is moderate FVC, (0.6, 0.8] is medium-high FVC and (0.8, 1]is high FVC (Peng
et al, 2017). The FVC of different UHII zones was analyzed by Arcgis software.
3. Results
3.1. Spatial distribution characteristics of UHII
The LST retrieved from Landsat8 images can be obtained through data processing by Arcgis. The average LST of the
study area on August 13, 2014 was 35.89℃, and the temperature distribution ranged 26.39℃ to 47.86℃. On August
11, 2019, the average LST was 40.21℃, and the temperature distribution ranged 29.80℃ to 49.81℃. In this study,
we divided the study area into five zones (Fig. 2). The area and proportion of each zone are shown in Table 2.
Figure 2. Classification of UHII within the Third Ring Road of Chengdu in 2014 and 2019
Table 2. Classification of SUHII
SUHII Range
2014 2019
Value
change1
Area
(hm2
)
Proportion
(%)
Area
(hm2
)
Proportion
(%)
IHI Ts≥(a+Sd) 2,929.23 15.19 2,874.33 14.90 -
MHI (a+0.5*Sd)≤Ts<(a+Sd) 3,202.11 16.60 3,081.78 15.98 -
NS
(a-0.5*Sd)≤Ts<
(a+0.5*Sd)
7,138.62 37.02 3,864.42 20.04 -
MCI
(a-Sd)≤Ts<(a-
0.5*Sd)
2,815.74 14.60 6,578.73 34.11 +
ICI Ts<(a-Sd) 3,199.59 16.5 2,886.03 14.96 -
1
"+" represents an increase in area from 2014 to 2019; "-" represents a decrease in area from 2014 to 2019.
Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that: in 2014, the area of NS zone within the Third Ring Road of
Chengdu is relatively large, reaching 7,138.62hm2
, accounting for 37.02% of the total area. The area of UHI is
6,131.34hm2
, accounting for 31.79% of the study area, mainly distributed in the urban center and the southwest region,
which is the area with relatively concentrated construction land with low afforestation degree. In 2019, the area of
MCI zone is relatively large, reaching 6,578.73hm2
, accounting for 34.11% of the study area and increasing by
3,762.99hm2
compared with 2014. The area of UHI is 5,956.11hm2
, accounting for 30.88% of the study area, mainly
concentrated in the urban center, which has decreased compared with the area in 2014.
6. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 96
3.2. The effect of land cover on UHII
3.2.1. Land cover in the study area
According to the land cover data, there were 8 land cover types in the study area in 2014, namely cropland, forest,
grassland, shrubland, wetland, water, impervious surface and bare land. The area occupied by different land cover
types in order of arrangement was as follows: impervious surface > cropland > grassland > forest > water > bareland
> wetland > shrubland. In 2019, there were 6 types of land cover in the study area, including cropland, forest,
grassland, water, impervious surface and bare land. The area occupied by different land cover types in order of
arrangement was as follows: impervious surface > cropland > water > grassland > forest > bareland. The specific
composition is shown in Table 3. As can be seen from the statistical data, in the process of Park City construction,
the impervious surface within the Third Ring Road of Chengdu increased by 923.63hm2
, accounting for 4.80% of the
study area, while the area of blue-green space decreased by 900.28hm2
, accounting for 4.68% of the study area.
Table 3. Statistics of land cover types in the study area
Land cover
2014 2019 Value
change1
Area(hm2) Proportion(%) Area(hm2) Proportion(%)
Cropland 1,629.37 8.46 1,026.24 5.33 -
Forest 72.03 0.37 1.61 0.01 -
Glassland 306.16 1.59 10.21 0.05 -
Shrubland 0.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 -
Wetland 3.58 0.02 0.00 0.00 -
Water 70.60 0.37 144.26 0.75 +
Impervious surface 17,143.23 89.06 18,066.86 93.86 +
Bareland 23.40 0.12 0.05 0.00 -
Total 19,249.23 100 19,249.23 100 -
1
"+" represents an increase in area from 2014 to 2019; "-" represents a decrease in area from 2014 to 2019.
3.2.2. UHII in different land cover areas
In this paper, land cover data and LST data are superimposed, and the temperature of different land cover types is
statistically analyzed by spatial analysis in Arcgis software. The obtained results are shown in Fig. 3. By comparison,
the average LST of various land cover types in the study area in 2014 in order of arrangement was as follows:
impervious surface > bare land > grassland > cropland > shrubland > forest > water > wetland, and the average LST
in 2019 was as follows: bareland > impervious surface > grassland > water > forest > cropland.
7. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 97
Figure 3. LST in different land cover areas
In order to analyze the relationship between UHII and land cover intuitively, statistics are made on the classification
of UHII in different land cover areas, and the proportion of the obtained area is calculated to draw the classification
scale diagrams of UHII of different land cover types (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5).
Figure 4. Scale diagram of UHII for different land cover types in 2014
8. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 98
Figure 5. Scale diagram of UHII for different land cover types in 2019
From the analysis above, we found that the obvious urban cold island effect shows up in water, forest, wetland and
cropland, and the LST is significantly lower than other land cover types. The LST of impervious surface and bare
land in the study area was the highest, and the areas with NS zone and UHI zone accounted for a large proportion in
these areas. The LST change of impervious surface, water and cropland varies more than 14℃, while the change of
LST of wetland, shrub land and forest land is smaller.
3.2.3. Changes of UHII in different land cover areas
In this paper, the land use of the study area is divided into 8 zones according to the land cover situation within the
Third Ring Road of Chengdu in 2014. We made statistics on the area and annual average LST of each zone and
calculated the average LST change. The results are shown in Table 4. Then, we further divided each zone according
to the land cover in 2019, calculated the change of LST, and compared it with the change of average LST to judge
how the UHII is changing (Fig 6).
Table 4. Average LST and its variation in different land cover areas
Land cover
(2014)
Area(hm2)
Average LST(℃)
Changes of LST(℃)
2014 2019
Cropland 1,629.37 33.17 38.16 4.99
Forest 72.03 32.23 37.09 4.86
Glassland 306.16 33.28 38.90 5.62
Shrubland 0.86 33.26 38.45 5.19
Wetland 3.58 31.92 36.92 5.00
Water 70.60 31.51 35.92 4.41
Impervious surface 17,143.23 36.24 40.46 4.22
Bareland 23.40 34.45 40.36 5.91
9. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 99
Figure 6. Variation of UHII in different land cover zones from 2014 to 2019
The above analysis shows that the UHII decreases when the land cover type is changed to cropland, grassland and
water, and the UHII decreases the most when the land cover type is changed to water. The UHII increases when the
land cover type is changed to impervious surface or bareland. The results of quantitative analysis indicate that blue-
green space such as cropland, grassland and water is beneficial to reduce UHII, while impervious surface and bareland
have negative effect on reducing UHII.
3.3. Relationships between FVC and UHII
3.3.1. Spatial distribution of FVC in the study area
Spatial distribution of FVC within the Third Ring Road of Chengdu in 2014 and 2019 is shown in Fig. 7. According
to the spatial statistical analysis of Arcgis, the area of moderate FVC in the study area was the largest in 2014, up to
9,735.66hm2
, accounting for 50.48% of the study area. The area of high FVC and medium high FVC is smaller,
respectively accounting for 1.97% and 13.17% of the study area. The area of low FVC is the smallest, accounting for
0.47% of the study area.
Compared with the FVC in 2014, the area of low, medium low and moderate FVC zones in 2019 in the study area
decreases to varying degrees, while the area of medium high and high zones increases. The area of medium high FVC
increases the most, reaching 1,027.62hm2
(Table 5).
Table 5. Grade distribution of FVC within the Third Ring Road of Chengdu in 2014 and 2019
Zone
2014 2019
Area
(hm2)
Proportion
(%)
Area
(hm2)
Proportion
(%)
Low FVC zone 90.99 0.47 85.41 0.44
Medium low FVC zone 6,538.05 33.90 5,582.25 28.95
Moderate FVC zone 9,735.66 50.48 9,637.56 49.97
Medium high FVC zone 2,540.16 13.17 3,567.78 18.50
High FVC zone 380.43 1.97 412.29 2.14
10. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 100
Figure 7. Spatial distribution of FVC grades within the Third Ring Road of Chengdu in 2014 and 2019
As a whole picture, the vegetation in the area within Third Ring Road of Chengdu was in good condition. After
promoting the construction of the Park City, FVC has been significantly improved, and the layout of green space is
more reasonable, indicating that the construction of the Park City plays an important role in promoting the realization
of urban environmentally friendly and the improvement of human settlement quality.
From the perspective of spatial distribution, the area of the medium low FVC zone within the Third Ring Road of
Chengdu decreased significantly from 2014 to 2019, especially in the urban center. The area of medium and high
FVC expanded, spatially to the center of the city or to the west.
The area of the western part and the NS zone around the water system decreased greatly, and most of them turned
into the MCI zone. Compared with the analysis of the FVC changes above, it can be found that the FVC in this area
increased significantly. In general, with the construction of Park City such as urban afforestation, the area of heat
island zone decreased while the area of cold island zone increased, indicating that the Park City construction has a
significant positive effect on the reduction of UHII in the study area.
Table 6. Statistics of FVC in different heat island zone (hm2
)
Zone
2014
Low FV Medium low Moderate Medium high High
IHI 11.97 1,008.54 1,487.43 377.01 44.28
MHI 16.56 1,107.81 1,634.67 391.77 51.30
NS 33.66 2,420.64 3,576.33 952.74 155.25
MCI 12.96 930.33 1,431.27 380.34 60.84
ICI 15.84 1,070.73 1,605.96 438.30 68.76
Zone
2019
Low Medium low Moderate Medium high High
IHI 29.88 821.07 1,439.91 527.67 55.80
MHI 10.71 898.83 1,577.52 540.00 54.72
NS 14.40 1,128.15 1,935.54 702.63 83.70
MCI 21.78 1,884.96 3,261.15 1,259.55 151.29
ICI 8.64 849.24 1,423.44 537.93 66.78
11. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 101
3.3.2. Effect of FVC change on heat island effect
By importing the FVC data in 2014 and 2019, and the LST data obtained by inversion into SPSS software for
correlation analysis, we find that FVC and LST showed a significant negative correlation (P < 0.01), indicating that
the higher the FVC, the lower the LST is.
Table 7 Correlation analysis between FVC and LST
Surface temperature
2014 2019
Spearman Rho FVC Correlation -0.420** -0.454**
Number of significant (double-tailed) 0.000 0.000
Cases 214,704 214,704
** Significant at 99 % ( P < 0.01).
In this study, SPSS is used to fit and analyze the data, coming into a regression equation of the relationship between
FVC and LST, and the Origin software is used to plot. Arcgis software is used to calculate the average LST in areas
with different FVC, and the results are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9.
Figure 8. Fitting analysis of FVC and LST
Figure 9. Average LST in different FVC zones
12. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 102
In the fitting equation, Y is LST (℃), X is FVC (range [0,1]). The significance of the equation P < 0.01.
According to the fitting analysis, compared with the low FVC and the medium low FVC zones, the LST in the
moderate FVC and high FVC zones is lower. It can be seen from the statistics of average LST in different FVC zones
that the LST difference between low FVC and medium low FVC, medium high FVC and high FVC zone is large,
while the temperature change range among medium low FVC, moderate FVC and high FVC zone is small. The
maximum average LST difference among zones with different FVC was 0.38℃ in 2014, and 0.58℃ in 2019.
The above analysis shows that, on the whole, the increase of FVC is beneficial to the reduction of UHII, although the
actual cooling effect may be affected by other factors.
4. Discussion
Existing studies have shown that blue-green space is conducive to the mitigation of the heat island effect. The Park
City construction aims to build an ecological civilization and create a good living environment, which is considered
to have a positive effect on the improvement of urban thermal environment. In the study, we found that the heat island
in Chengdu is mostly concentrated in the areas with concentrated construction land and low afforestation rate,
especially in the downtown area of the city. After the construction of the Park City, the area of the heat island
decreased and the area of MCI increased. Cropland, grassland, and water are beneficial to the mitigation of the heat
island effect, while impervious surface and bare land may have the adverse effect. There was a noticeably negative
correlation between FVC and LST.
According to the analysis on the impact of land cover and FVC on the UHII, we propose the following strategies for
Park City construction of Chengdu:
- Increase the cooling effect of blue-green space
- Renovate bareland
- Control the expansion of impervious surface
This study shows that the existence of blue-green space reduces LST, while the existence of impervious surface and
bareland renders it higher. UHII increases when converted to impervious surface and bareland, while UHII decreases
when converted to farmland, grassland and water. Therefore, in the process of construction, attention should be paid
to the protection of the ecological environment and to increase the area of urban blue-green space. Furthermore, the
expansion of impervious surface and the increase of construction intensity shall be controlled, and bare land shall be
eliminated and rationally utilized.
However, in the process of urban development and construction, the expansion of impervious surface is inevitable,
which will inevitably compress the area of urban blue-green space. Existing studies have shown that the layout of
urban green space has a notable impact on the urban meteorological environment. The cooling effect of green space
on the surrounding environment is limited to a certain spatial range, yet the overall cooling effect of the decentralized
green space on the surrounding environment is better than that of the centralized large green space (Luan et al, 2014;
Miao et al, 2013). It can be perceived that in the process of alleviating the urban heat island effect, it is also necessary
to improve the quality of the blue-green space and adjust the spatial layout appropriately in addition to ensuring the
urban blue-green space. During the construction, attention should be paid to increasing the amount of green space,
making full use of the existing blue-green space, and optimizing the urban blue-green space network to enhance its
cooling effect.
In the downtown area of the city, the impervious surface is large but the land resources are limited, so it is not suitable
to increase the large scale of urban green space. In the constructions, limited space can be used to increase the thermal
comfort of a small area by appropriately adding spot-like green space or small bodies of water, which is conducive
to breaking the heat island effect area and eliminating the scale effect and superposition effect of the heat island. At
the same time, it can also convert the existing bare land into green space to improve the environmental quality.
- Integrate construction with urban ventilation corridor planning
13. Wang / Environmental Science and Sustainable Development
pg. 103
Increasing air motion is one of the crucial ways to mitigate the UHII. In this study, we found that the LST of the
medium low FVC zone in 2019 was slightly lower than that of the moderate FVC zone, which may be related to the
presence of plants that hindered the flow of wind, resulting in agglomeration and increase of temperature. In the study
of the impact of urban structure on the urban thermal environment, we can see that UHII is directly proportional to
the urban building density, that is, the greater the density of urban building, the lower the air circulation efficiency,
resulting in the severer heat island effect (Peng et al, 2017). In the process of Park City construction, the protection
of wind sources should be strengthened and attention should be paid to creating open spaces to introduce cold air
from the periphery of the city into the city. At the same time, the temperature difference between the cold and hot
islands in the city should be fully utilized, and the spatial layout should be reasonably arranged to form local air
circulation in the city and accelerate air motion.
- Reasonable control of FVC
Although both vegetation coverage and surface temperature showed a noticeably negative correlation, for alleviating
the heat island effect, higher vegetation coverage is not always better. The quantitative analysis also reveals that the
presence of forest may increase LST. Excessively high FVC will hinder air flow, cause heat accumulation and
increase regional temperature, which is also one of the causes for the high temperature in Chengdu in
summer. Existing studies have shown that, for different floras, the range of the effect of FVC on temperature is
different (Li et al, 2021). In the process of Park City construction, plant species should be reasonably selected
according to the needs, and FVC should be classified and controlled, to give full play to the cooling effect of different
plants and alleviate the UHII.
The results indicated that water have a good cooling effect, and its cooling effect may be even superior to that of
green space. In actual construction, water can be added to the existing green space to make full use of its mitigation
effect on the heat island effect, and to reduce the accumulation of vegetation in the green space, so as to accelerate
the air flow in the urban green spaces.
5. Conclusions
This study contributes to the understanding of the contribution of Park City construction to the enhancement of the
urban environment, and also provides a new perspective for further optimizing Park City construction. In this paper,
we used Landsat8 data and land use data to clarify the impact of Park City construction on the urban heat island effect,
and found out the direction for the further improvement of urban thermal environment. The results show that there is
no doubt about the Park City construction serving as the aid to the mitigation of the heat island effect, even though
its effect is affected by land use and FVC. The existence of blue-green spaces is beneficial, while the impervious
surface and bareland have the adverse effect; an increase in FVC is helpful in general, but in some cases, may not
be. According to the results, we propose optimization strategies, including optimizing urban space layout, integrating
construction with urban ventilation corridor planning and controlling FVC reasonably.
This study is expected to provide guidance for further construction given that urban heat island effect may be
exacerbated later. The conclusions and the proposed strategies are useful for optimizing Park City construction and
improving the quality of urban thermal environment.
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