REDECON 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL STRUCTURES

REDECON 2016
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
TALL STRUCTURES
Evolution and Innovation
9th to 12th November, 2016
ROLE OF SUSTAINABILITY
INDICES IN TALL BUILDINGS
A
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A
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ASSOCIATION OF CONSULTING
CIVIL ENGINEERS (INDIA)
REDECON 2016 - INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL STRUCTURES
1. OVERVIEW
2. SUSTAINABILITY IN TRUE SENSE
3. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
4. SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT
5. CONCEPT OF FIGURE OF MERIT
6. CASE STUDY

It all began at the Rio,
Brazil, Earth Summit In
1992. The Convention
included the adoption of
the UN Framework on
Climate Change.
This convention set out a framework for action aimed at
stabilizing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases
(GHGs) to avoid “ dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system.”
1. OVERVIEW

FOLLOWED BY:
• Kyoto Protocol (COP3) Kyoto,
Japan, 1997. Setting
internationally binding
emission reduction targets.
• Placed a heavier burden on
developed nations, being
responsible for the current
high levels of GHG emissions
in the atmosphere as a result
of more than 150 years of
industrial activity

The detailed rules of Kyoto Protocol were adopted
at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and are
referred to as the “ Marrakesh Accords ”. COP 22
is again in MORRACO this month.

• INDIA PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE.
• 195 COUNTRIES PARTICIPATED
• DEVELOPED NATIONS PLEDGED
• FINACIAL ASSISTANCE OF 100 B-USD
• TO STRIVE HARD TO HOLD GLOBAL
TEMPRATURE RISE BELOW 1.5 DEGREES
• COUNTRIES WERE BOUND BY INDCs
THEN CAME :
COP 21, THE PARIS SUMMIT, 2015
INDC : Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

• Annually, 220 billion rupees of CSR money is to be
spent on environmental initiatives.
• Propagate Sustainable Living
• Adopt Eco-friendly Paths / Mechanisms
• Reduce GHG emission by 35% by 2025
• Generate 40% of the total power required using
renewable energy technologies.
• Create additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion
tonnes by 2030.
• In addition to this India has strategized many GHG
reduction measures.
India’s Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions (INDCs)

INDIA
CO2
6.5%
Construction
Industry
contribution
40 %
OPERATIVRE
PHASE
75 to 80 %
PRE USE AND
OTHER PHASES
20 TO 25 %
EXTENSIVE STUDY
DONE ON THIS
PHASE
NEGLECTED
PHASE . HENCE
OUR FOCUS

PRE USE AND OTHER
PHASES 20 TO 25 %
CRADLE TO CRADLE SYSTEM BOUNDARY

2. SUSTAINABILITY
IN TRUE SENSE
TRUE
SUSTAINABILITY:
Holistic Integration
of all the three
independent
environmental
entities.
We focus on the
sphere of Natural
Environment.

World Commission on Environment and
Development (Brundtland Commission) :
"development which meets the needs of current
generations without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs".
Resource Depletion- Global Warming-Ecological Rucksack
Impact
Sustainable development
Most appropriate definition for engineers

An indicator helps us to
understand where we are,
which way we are going and
how far we are from where we
want to be.
A good indicator alerts to a
problem before it gets too bad
and helps you recognize what
needs to be done to fix the
problem.
Sustainability Indicator ?
Indicators of a sustainable community point to areas
where the links between the economy, environment and
society are weak.

COMPENDIUM OF SUSTAINABLE
INDICATOR INITIATIVE TALKS ABOUT 500 +
INDICATORS
LIVING PLANET INDEX (LPI) : Global Biodiversity Indicator
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT INDEX (EFI) : Measures Land and
Water requirement to sustain life on earth.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI) : Deals with Social
Dimension, Literacy, Life expectancy etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY INDEX (ESI) : Quantifies whether
a country is capable of preserving its Natural Resources
ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX (EPI) : Deals with
stresses in human beings due to environmental deterioration.

CITY DEVELOPMENT INDEX (CDI)
INFRASTRUCTURE
INDEX
WASTE
INDEX
ECONOMIC
INDEX
EDUCATIONAL
INDEX
HEALTH
INDEX
Transportation
Communication
Electricity
Potable Water
Waste Water
Treatment
Solid Waste

DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS DUE
TO GLOBAL WARMING
 Fossil Fuel Depletion
 Ozone Depletion
 Smog
 Acidification
 Eutrophication
 Deforestation, Soil Erosion
 Habitat Alteration
 Loss of Bio-Diversity
 Water Depletion
 Ecological Toxicity
 Human Health / Carcinogenic

4. SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
Built Environment Impacts Natural Environment. Assessing
total Energy Impact involves Life Cycle Analysis from
extraction stage to end of life stage. But has its own
limitations.
Assessment of Green House Gas emissions in terms of
Carbon Dioxide equivalent is complicated due to several
processes involved from equipment efficiency to Transport
efficiency.
UNEP calls for development of country specific sustainable
indicators that help in assessing the overall energy impact
applicable to any building or infrastructure project.
This calls for developing new Sustainability Indicators

Whole Building Life Cycle Analysis :
Involves three methods- Input-out put analysis-Process
Analysis and Hybrid Analysis-First two have limitations-Third
combines both and hence more realistic.
SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS FOR
ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS
TPSI-Tall Building Projects Sustainability Indicator :
Takes into account sub-systems involved in a construction
process. Specialized only for buildings that are more than
20 floors. This threshold limit is on the established fact that
beyond 20 floors, energy efficiency dramatically changes.
MIPS – Material Intensity per Service Unit Indicator :
Quantifies ecological disturbances due to technological
interferences using FoM concept.

NEW SUSTAINABILITY INDICATORS
FOR ENERGY IMPACT ANALYSIS
Green Building Rating Systems :
Most Green Building Rating systems available today are
criteria based. Whole building process are categorized into
several criteria and credited with points – Normalizing them
into Star Ratings or other nomenclature. They are good to
streamline the processes but do not accurately measure
the impact of BE on NE.
None of the systems include properties of materials and
integrate them in the assessment process. This lacunae calls
for development of a New Sustainability Indicator,
applicable for entire Built environment with ease.

• SUSTAINABILITY IS COMPLEX
PHENOMENA
• TOO MANY VARIABLES
• LACK OF Dependable DATA
• LIMITATIONS IN EXISTING
ASSESSMENT TOOLS
• UNEP CALL FOR DEVELOPING
COUNTRY SPECIFIC
INDICATORS
IN CONCLUSION ;

Sustainability
Development Index (SDI)
based on Figure of Merit (FoM)
concept and evaluate sustainability
Levels in TALL buildings.
SDI developed is expressed in terms
Sustainability Percentage.

5. Figure of Merit (FoM)
Figure of Merit (FoM) has
several contextual definitions
and has been extensively used
in various fields of engineering
to assess the most suitable
option amongst available
alternatives.

Figure of Merit to be a mathematical expression where
inputs are some of the important engineering
characteristics of a material and the output data
validating these characteristics.
Engineering
characteristics of a
Material
Validation of input
Characteristics
FoM-
Mathematical
Expression

Figure of Merit (FoM)
Applications
In engineering designs-
FoM is applied to find out
material suitability, Compare utility,
applicability and design options.
In commercial domain-
FoM helps end users to decide
upon the dependability of a particular
brand.
In risk assessment-
FoM helps in decision making in respect of a
type of risk mitigation measure to be adopted.
Studies show many examples of FoM applications
and formulations using engineering parameters.

REFERENCE
ENGINEERING
PROPERTY 1
REFERENCE
ENGINEERING
PROPERTY 2
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY COST
STIMULANT 2
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY COST
STIMULANT 1
FIGURE OF
MERIT
(FoM)
Figure of Merit (FoM)
Construction
E = Modulus of Elasticity in Kg/m2 ;
ρ = Density of material in Kg/ m3;
Cm = Cost of material in INR / m3;
Ca = Cost of construction per square meter
Figure of Merit ( FoM)
ZC = E/ρ x Cm x 1/Ca

Sustainability Development Index
Interaction Model (SDIIM)

INTERACTION
VALUES
( I1, I2, I3)
COMBINING FOM
WITH RELEVANT
ECO PARAMETERS
LEADS TO …
SDI = I1+I2+I3

SDI = I1 + I2 + I3
I1= √ (ZC x EEC x TEC)
I2= √ (ZC x ECC x TEC x µ)
I3= √ (ZC x EEC x ECC x TEC)
ZC = Figure of Merit as defined in Equation 1;
EEC = Embodied Energy Coefficient = EE / EE (stone)
ECC = Embodied Carbon Coefficient = ECe / ECe (stone)
TEC = Transport Energy Coefficient = 0.00285 / EE
µ = Time Coefficient = EEC x (Design Period / GWP Time Period)
THREE PRIMARY
EQUATIONS

GW: Global Warming , GWP : Global warming Potential , CO2e : Green house gasses expressed
CO2 equivalent
INTERACTION I3
Materials & Embodied
Energy
Embodied Energy &
GW (CO2e)
GW(CO2e) &
Materials
Figure 2: Evaluation Parameters included in I1,I2 and I3
Synergic Effect of Interaction
(I1+I2+I3)
GWP Period ( 100 years)
Transport Energy
Total Cost of Materials
Cost of Construction
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT INDEX
(SDI) %
INTERACTION I1 INTERACTION I2
Modulus of Elasticity
Material Density
Embodoed Energy
Transport Energy
Embodied Carbon
GWP Period ( 100 years)
Design Life (50 years)
Transport Energy
Embodied CO2 (e)
Material Density
Embodoed Energy
Material Density
Embodoed Energy
EVALUATION
PARAMETERS
INCLUDED IN
I1, I2, I3
12 ECO
PARMTRS

EE TE CO2e
I1 I2 I3
CM vs EE EE vs GW GHG vs CM
SYSTEM INPUTS
QUANTIFICATION
ENERGY AUDIT
APPLICATION
Sustainable Development
Index Expressed in %
ENERGY COEFFICIENTS
SDI= (I1+I2+I3) &
SDI %
Construction Materials and
Construction Process
Material Consumption
Assessment per unit Area of
Construction
INTERACTIONS
SYNERGIC EFFECT
Sustainability Rating System
BMP VALUES
Individual
Building
Materials within
the Building
Infrastructure
Projects
Cluster of
Buildings
MATERIALS
# Extraction
# Processing
# Manufacture
# Transport
# Delivery
# Use
# Maintain
# Dispose
CRADLE TO CRADLE
# Elasticity Modulus
# Material Density
# Cost of Material
# Cost of Construction
# Range Values
FIGURE OF MERIT
PRIMARY
PARAMETERS
# Concrete
# Steel
# Formwork
# Structural Glazing
# Flooring
# Masonry
# Plaster
# Painting
# Waterproofing
# Doors
# Windows
# EmbodiedEnergy
# CO2 Emission
# Transport Energy
# Operational Energy
# EE Coefficient
# EC Coefficient
# DesignPeriod
# Recyclability
ENERGY AUDIT BENCH MARK PROJECT
SUSTAINABILITY
DEVELOPMENT
INDEX MODEL
(SDIM)
WITHIN
THE
SYSTEM
OUTSIDE
THE
SYSTEM

6. CASE STUDY
BUILDINGS CHOSEN FROM DIFFERENT CLIMATIC
ZONES AND DIFFERENT CITIES OF INDIA

SDI COMPUTATION
INVOLVES :
• Figures of Merit for various construction materials
• Embodied Energy computation per Sqm
• Embodied Carbon computation per Sqm
• Embodied Energy Coefficient
• Embodied Carbon Coefficient
• Transport Energy Coefficient
• I1- Interaction between Materials and EE
• I2- Interaction between EE and Global Warming
• I3- Interaction between Global Warming and Materials

Table: EE(MJ/Sqm) in Residential Buildings
Primary Parameters P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P11 P12 P15
Concrete 2613.07 2676.62 2145.75 2381.99 2738.02 2854.13 1952.72 2087.00 2403.98 2681.37 2001.49
2724.74
Steel 1035.49 1164.69 1165.89 1655.65 1676.68 576.89 1076.54 1195.8 1096.1 1200.79 1003.76
1120.33
Masonry 215.06 218.54 223.82 307.98 383.52 1103.26 381.24 50.22 149.24 118.60 211.10
181.09
Plastering 153.70 151.74 134.32 121.37 101.10 296.40 100.48 621.54 189.44 148.51 235.34
148.95
Doors 49.24 57.18 53.05 0.00 0.00 170.31 189.63 24.15 29.47 36.20 20.63
36.31
Windows 190.40 193.39 253.01 320.02 176.17 87.11 213.51 207.19 396.31 234.16 217.47
179.29
Flooring 226.57 258.39 105.20 418.59 379.97 352.71 332.24 266.81 231.76 252.59 314.30
157.40
Painting 75.90 60.14 47.52 48.46 39.88 58.25 84.87 52.63 45.07 53.43 85.92
39.24
Formwork 618.30 418.75 498.54 352.22 98.25 458.00 592.61 207.01 534.76 675.55 688.68
595.40
Waterproof 2.94 1.07 1.33 1.36 1.76 6.25 1.75 19.95 4.09 0.52 25.43
2.98
Total EE(MJ/Sqm) 5180.67 5200.51 4628.43 5607.64 5595.35 5963.31 4925.59 4732.25 5080.19 5401.72 4804.12 5185.73

From the EE distribution chart, it
can be seen that Concrete,
Steel, Formwork, Windows and
Masonry are important from
energy efficiency consideration.

Primary
Parameters
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P11 P12 P15
Concrete 273.31 279.95 224.43 249.14 286.370 298.52 204.25 218.29 251.44 280.45 209.34 284.99
Steel 89.06 100.28 100.34 139.53 144.270 49.5 92.38 102.49 93.81 102.77 86.05 93.44
Masonry 22.96 23.34 23.9 32.89 6.900 38.27 6.86 5.36 15.94 12.66 22.54 19.34
Plastering 11.1 10.96 9.7 8.77 0.730 21.41 7.26 37.39 13.68 10.73 17 10.76
Doors 4.12 4.78 4.44 0.00 0.000 14.25 15.86 1.89 2.47 3.03 1.73 3.04
Windows 10.35 10.52 13.76 17.4 9.580 6.53 12.46 12.09 21.35 12.73 11.82 9.75
Flooring 15.95 17.56 7.2 34.53 26.720 24.12 23.28 18.31 15.74 17.89 21.69 10.66
Painting 6.94 5.5 4.35 4.43 3.650 5.33 7.76 4.81 4.12 4.89 7.86 3.59
Formwork 49.76 33.7 40.12 28.42 11.090 36.86 47.69 69.57 43.04 54.37 55.43 47.92
Waterproofing 0.27 0.1 0.12 0.12 0.160 0.57 0.16 19.90 0.37 0.05 2.33 3.77
Total ECe 483.82 486.69 428.36 515.23 489.47 495.36 417.96 490.10 461.96 499.57 435.79 487.26
TABLE: CO2e / SQM-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

From the ECe
distribution chart, it
can be seen that
Concrete, Steel,
Formwork, Windows
and Masonry are
important from
energy efficiency
consideration.

Primary
Parameters
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P11 P12 P15
Concrete 6.51 7.97 6.4 6.1 8.40 9.4 4.79 5.9 6.04 6.57 4.79 7.4
Steel 34.14 45.69 45.78 57.1 67.58 25.3 34.88 49.42 36.53 39.13 31.90 41.5
Masonry 0.51 0.61 0.63 0.7 0.83 1.9 0.66 0.13 0.35 0.28 0.48 0.5
Plastering 0.34 0.40 0.36 0.3 0.29 0.9 0.65 4.78 0.42 0.32 0.50 0.4
Doors 0.65 0.90 0.84 0.0 0.00 0.0 2.39 0.37 0.40 0.48 0.27 0.5
Windows 1.23 1.49 1.94 2.1 1.40 7.4 7.97 11.69 13.31 1.48 7.63 1.3
Flooring 6.46 9.18 4.04 9.4 12.36 14.5 9.62 10.13 6.87 7.29 10.01 5.1
Painting 0.32 0.24 0.19 0.2 0.17 0.3 0.28 0.21 0.15 0.18 0.28 0.2
Formwork 49.81 33.51 39.81 24.1 8.96 40.5 38.77 17.28 35.91 44.26 44.05 43.2
Waterproofing 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.0 0.01 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.09 0.04
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
TABLE: SDI % COMPARISON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

From the SDI %
distribution chart, it
can be seen that
Steel, Formwork,
Concrete, Windows
and Flooring are
important from
Sustainability
assessment point of
view.

P1, 34
P2, 46
P3, 46
P4, 57
P5, 68
P6, 25
P7, 35P8, 50
P9, 36
P10, 40
P11, 39
P12, 32
P13, 30
P15, 42
P16, 43
STEEL-SDI % VALUES

P1, 1
P2, 1
P3, 2
P4, 2
P5, 1
P6, 7
P7, 8
P8, 12
P9, 13
P11, 1
P12, 8
P15, 1
WINDOWS-SDI %

In Conclusion
 Role of Sustainability Indices is to help assessing the energy
impact of Built Environment in Buildings and Infrastructure
Projects. Sustainability Development Index (SDI) discussed
here is one of the methods where :
 Sustainability Levels of subsystems within the building can be
computed and expressed in percentage.
 Sustainability Level of a building in its entirety as compared to
a Benchmark Project can be expressed in terms of
percentage.
 Sustainability level of building clusters in a particular locality.
 SDI can be an excellent tool in Rating a Building from
Energy perspective.

THANK YOU ALL
ajit.sabnis@jainuniversity.ac.in

REDECON 2016 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TALL STRUCTURES

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