Climate change is impacting architectural practice in Nigeria. It is affecting building design and architects must design sustainable buildings that can adapt to changing needs over time. As the climate changes and its effects cannot be eliminated, architects and other industry professionals must produce buildings that can withstand climate impacts and reduce vulnerability. Responding requires both mitigating further climate change and adapting to current and expected future impacts through improved building design.
Housing and climate change in the nigerian built environmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the relationship between housing, climate change, and the built environment in Nigeria. It finds that climate change is caused by both natural forces and human activities like building houses, which alters the natural ecosystem balance. Housing construction and energy use in homes produces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming and climate change. The document recommends adopting adaptation and mitigation strategies through sustainable architecture to reduce these impacts while allowing for human development and resource use.
This document discusses the role that architects can play in achieving sustainable environmental development. It argues that architects have responsibilities both through their professional practice and as citizens of their environment. As professionals, architects can work to integrate sustainability into new and existing built environments through approaches like participatory design, multidisciplinary collaboration, and evaluating past projects. As citizens, architects should see themselves as stakeholders in their environment and work to improve sustainability in both their professional and personal capacities. The document suggests that architects need continual learning and skill development regarding sustainable strategies to strengthen their ability to create sustainable built environments and communities.
Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the lite...GJESM Publication
Rapid urbanization has brought environmentally, socially, and economically great challenges to cities
and societies. To build a sustainable city, these challenges need to be faced efficiently and successfully. This paper focuses on the environmental issues and investigates the ecological approaches for planning sustainable cities through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The review focuses on several differing aspects of sustainable city formation. The paper provides insights on the interaction between the natural environment and human activities by identifying environmental effects resulting from this interaction; provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable urban development by underlining the important role of ecological planning in achieving sustainable cities; introduces the notion of urban ecosystems by establishing principles for the management of their sustainability; describes urban
ecosystem sustainability assessment by introducing a review of current assessment methods, and; offers an outline of indexing urban environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings.
Importance of climate to architectural designs in nigeriaAgboola Paul
This paper reiterates the need for
architects/designers to design in relation to climate, in order to achieve pleasantly,
comfortable and conducive structures that ensure physiological and psychological
the comfort of the occupants. As a result of which, there will be a reduction in
the substantial amount expended by people to achieve thermal comfort within and
around the building, through the use of mechanically controlled measures
The document summarizes key discussions from a conference focused on how architects can contribute to a more sustainable world and transforming architectural education. Key recommendations include: redefining the architect's role to include sustainability; viewing buildings as part of larger living systems; incentivizing sustainability in design schools through funding, lectures, and accreditation; and connecting curriculum, campus operations, and the surrounding community to model sustainable design practices.
Planning of Sustainable Development -Module 1zameer1979
Sustainable Development-explains and critically evaluates the concept of sustainable development, Environmental degradation and poverty Sustainable development: its main principles, the evolution of ideas about sustainability,
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like CO2 trapping heat in the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuels produces most CO2 emissions. While the average temperature increase seems small, global warming has significant environmental impacts like more wildfires, rising sea levels, and melting Arctic ice, endangering habitats and species. Solutions include developing renewable energy alternatives to reduce fossil fuel use and associated CO2 emissions.
This presentation discusses sustainable housing across environmental, social, cultural, and economic dimensions. Sustainable housing can promote development while addressing problems like urbanization, poverty, and climate change. It considers how housing impacts the environment through resource use and pollution, and how the environment impacts housing through hazards. Socially and culturally, housing meets basic needs but also supports community development. Economically, housing is a major asset and industry that affects household costs, employment, and resource flows. The conclusion emphasizes finding a balance across these sustainability dimensions.
Housing and climate change in the nigerian built environmentAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article about the relationship between housing, climate change, and the built environment in Nigeria. It finds that climate change is caused by both natural forces and human activities like building houses, which alters the natural ecosystem balance. Housing construction and energy use in homes produces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming and climate change. The document recommends adopting adaptation and mitigation strategies through sustainable architecture to reduce these impacts while allowing for human development and resource use.
This document discusses the role that architects can play in achieving sustainable environmental development. It argues that architects have responsibilities both through their professional practice and as citizens of their environment. As professionals, architects can work to integrate sustainability into new and existing built environments through approaches like participatory design, multidisciplinary collaboration, and evaluating past projects. As citizens, architects should see themselves as stakeholders in their environment and work to improve sustainability in both their professional and personal capacities. The document suggests that architects need continual learning and skill development regarding sustainable strategies to strengthen their ability to create sustainable built environments and communities.
Ecological approaches in planning for sustainable cities A review of the lite...GJESM Publication
Rapid urbanization has brought environmentally, socially, and economically great challenges to cities
and societies. To build a sustainable city, these challenges need to be faced efficiently and successfully. This paper focuses on the environmental issues and investigates the ecological approaches for planning sustainable cities through a comprehensive review of the relevant literature. The review focuses on several differing aspects of sustainable city formation. The paper provides insights on the interaction between the natural environment and human activities by identifying environmental effects resulting from this interaction; provides an introduction to the concept of sustainable urban development by underlining the important role of ecological planning in achieving sustainable cities; introduces the notion of urban ecosystems by establishing principles for the management of their sustainability; describes urban
ecosystem sustainability assessment by introducing a review of current assessment methods, and; offers an outline of indexing urban environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with a summary of the findings.
Importance of climate to architectural designs in nigeriaAgboola Paul
This paper reiterates the need for
architects/designers to design in relation to climate, in order to achieve pleasantly,
comfortable and conducive structures that ensure physiological and psychological
the comfort of the occupants. As a result of which, there will be a reduction in
the substantial amount expended by people to achieve thermal comfort within and
around the building, through the use of mechanically controlled measures
The document summarizes key discussions from a conference focused on how architects can contribute to a more sustainable world and transforming architectural education. Key recommendations include: redefining the architect's role to include sustainability; viewing buildings as part of larger living systems; incentivizing sustainability in design schools through funding, lectures, and accreditation; and connecting curriculum, campus operations, and the surrounding community to model sustainable design practices.
Planning of Sustainable Development -Module 1zameer1979
Sustainable Development-explains and critically evaluates the concept of sustainable development, Environmental degradation and poverty Sustainable development: its main principles, the evolution of ideas about sustainability,
Global warming is caused by greenhouse gases like CO2 trapping heat in the atmosphere. Burning fossil fuels produces most CO2 emissions. While the average temperature increase seems small, global warming has significant environmental impacts like more wildfires, rising sea levels, and melting Arctic ice, endangering habitats and species. Solutions include developing renewable energy alternatives to reduce fossil fuel use and associated CO2 emissions.
This presentation discusses sustainable housing across environmental, social, cultural, and economic dimensions. Sustainable housing can promote development while addressing problems like urbanization, poverty, and climate change. It considers how housing impacts the environment through resource use and pollution, and how the environment impacts housing through hazards. Socially and culturally, housing meets basic needs but also supports community development. Economically, housing is a major asset and industry that affects household costs, employment, and resource flows. The conclusion emphasizes finding a balance across these sustainability dimensions.
1) Environmental studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the interactions between humans and their natural and social surroundings. It has become increasingly important due to growing environmental issues like pollution, climate change, and depletion of natural resources.
2) The environment consists of both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components that interact in complex ways. It includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Environmental studies considers the physical, biological, social, cultural, economic, and political factors that make up these systems.
3) Understanding our environment and the impacts of human activities is crucial for sustainable development and conservation of resources for future generations. Environmental studies aims to create awareness of environmental
The document discusses the importance of protecting the environment. It defines key terms like environment, sustainability, and environmental degradation. It explores the relationship between the economy and environment. It discusses several major environmental issues like global warming, pollution, and deforestation. It outlines important environmental movements like Chipko and organizations working on sustainability like UNEP. The document emphasizes that protecting the environment benefits both current and future generations.
Community greening in pre and post climate change knowledge era in third worl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community greening efforts in Lagos, Nigeria before and after awareness of climate change. It finds that the government has made more efforts to provide and maintain green spaces in recent years, creating 14 parks and 128 gardens covering over 77 acres in the past 6 years. A new agency was also established to promote green areas, and fines and imprisonment were introduced for cutting trees. Over 300,000 trees were planted from 2009-2010. In contrast, greening efforts were less prioritized before awareness of climate change impacts. The study recommends further greening and discouraging hard landscaping to adapt to climate impacts like flooding and rising temperatures in Lagos.
This document outlines six principles of sustainable design:
1. The Human Vitality Principle focuses on creating healthy environments for people without diminishing nature's ability to provide for others.
2. The Ecosystem/Bioregion Principle emphasizes respect for local environments and adapting designs to the climate, topography, and local biological differences of a particular region.
3. Other principles discussed include using local resources, holistic thinking, biomimicry, and conservation of renewable resources. The goals are to comply with social, economic and ecological sustainability and waste neither natural nor human resources.
The document discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and global environmental issues. It notes that environmental studies involves topics from many fields, including chemistry, physics, geology, climatology, engineering and more. It also outlines several major global environmental issues facing the planet, such as population growth, land degradation, biodiversity loss, global warming, habitat destruction, ozone depletion, groundwater depletion, deforestation, pollution and acid rain. The document emphasizes that the environment is a complex system involving both living and non-living components that sustain life on Earth.
History of environmental planning and management since mid 20th centuryGeofrey Yator
Environmental planning and management began in the mid-20th century due to increasing environmental degradation from industrialization and population growth. Several major pollution events in the 1940s-1960s caused health issues and brought environmental problems into focus. In 1972 the UN held its first global environmental convention, outlining 26 principles including that humans impact and rely on the environment, and international cooperation is needed to protect the environment for human well-being. Numerous national environmental laws were subsequently passed through the 1970s-1990s to regulate air, water, and hazardous waste pollution.
Global Warming and Sustainable Development - IEESDorcas Omowole
This document discusses the link between global warming and sustainable development. It notes that carbon emissions are a major greenhouse gas causing global warming, which threatens sustainable development goals by potentially raising sea levels, increasing extreme weather events, and disrupting global ecosystems. The document advocates curbing carbon emissions and shifting to more environmentally friendly economic and consumption practices in order to mitigate global warming and work towards sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of environmental studies as an interdisciplinary field. It defines key terms like environment, biotic and abiotic factors. It describes the four spheres of the environment - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It discusses the interaction between living organisms and their surrounding environment. It also outlines the positive and negative impacts of human activities and technology on the environment. The document emphasizes that environmental studies considers both scientific and social aspects to develop a holistic understanding of environmental issues.
Challenges of implementing sustainable development in the Asia Pacific Region...ESD UNU-IAS
This document discusses the challenges facing pioneers in sustainability projects in Asia-Pacific region and the work of ProSPER.Net, a research network of 34 universities in the region. It outlines ProSPER.Net's activities in supporting joint research, awards, training programs. Key challenges discussed include declining populations and need for new approaches given limits of old theories on issues like population growth. The network aims to expand membership and research on sustainability issues in the region.
Energy, environment and sustainable developmentSamanth kumar
The document outlines the course contents of an M.Arch program in environmental architecture at Anna University. It covers 5 units: (1) energy sources, (2) ecological principles, (3) energy systems and environment, (4) green innovation and sustainability, and (5) green energy and sustainable development. Unit 1 discusses different types of energy sources including fossil fuels, renewable sources like solar and wind, as well as energy transformations. It also provides an overview of global and India's energy scenarios.
The document discusses ecosystems, waste, and waste management. It defines an ecosystem as where living organisms interact with each other and the environment. Waste is unwanted material from human activities like houses and industries. Waste management includes collecting, transporting, treating, and disposing of waste, with monitoring and regulation of the process. It also discusses advantages like a cleaner environment and jobs, and disadvantages like costs and potential dangers.
This document provides definitions and overview information about the environment and environmental studies. It defines environment as the sum of surrounding conditions, including both biotic and abiotic factors, that influence living organisms. Environmental science is described as the interdisciplinary study of how living things interact with each other and their non-living surroundings. The key components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere - are also summarized. The document then discusses the relationship between humans and the environment and the impacts of technology before concluding with summaries of environmental degradation and sustainable development.
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_IrenaIrena Itova
Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize environmental impacts through efficient design, using renewable materials, and producing zero waste and pollution. It considers buildings as interconnected systems that function with the ecosystem. Principles of sustainable design include climate-responsive design using renewable energy, optimizing resource consumption, and prioritizing end-user comfort and social needs through mixed-use, walkable spaces and urban farming. Sustainable urban design connects buildings into efficient networks at local, city and regional levels through sustainable transportation and infrastructure systems.
Sustainability principles and its application resort managementAMALDASKH
This document discusses sustainability principles and their application to resort management. It defines sustainability and its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Specific sustainability practices for resorts are outlined, including optimizing guest numbers, generating profits for best practices, prioritizing the local community, reducing pollution through renewable energy and organic farming, and implementing eco-friendly construction and operations. Oyster Island resort is provided as a case study of a sustainable resort practice in India.
The document discusses various definitions and models of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It describes models such as the three pillars model focusing on economy, environment and society. Another model presented is the sustainability model depicting the interdependence of people and ecosystems. The document also discusses measures of sustainable development like the Gross National Happiness Index and different sustainability indicators.
Environmental Compliance for Sustainable DevelopmentRajat Seth
Report on Law for Environmental Compliance for Sustainable Development
How the concept of Sustainable Development evolved in India
pain areas regarding sustainable development
This document presents information about environmental education from a group of students. It defines environmental education as a process to develop awareness about the environment and sustainability. The main goals are to improve environmental quality and create awareness of problems. Objectives include developing awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills and participation. Key issues are water, air, waste, land and climate change pollution. Principles emphasize nature's balance and interconnectedness. Components of environmental education are the natural environment, built environment, spatial environment and social/cultural environment.
This document summarizes the key concepts of sustainable development and its relationship to civil engineering. It defines sustainability and sustainable development, noting their focus on meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. For civil engineers, sustainability means using natural resources to improve society's quality of life indefinitely. The document outlines 17 sustainable development goals and discusses civil engineers' role in achieving these through sustainable design, green buildings, and sustainable construction practices like reducing waste and using renewable building materials. It provides examples of sustainable buildings from around the world.
Built environment transformation in Nigeria the effects of a regenerative fr...AgboolaPaul3
The promise of a healthier, more comfortable, and more productive way of life has fueled a rapid
technological transition, and a regenerative built environment has emerged as the tagline to
denote the recent sustainable development. In the built environment, the regenerative paradigm
has emerged as a transformative approach that goes beyond mere sustainability, aiming to
restore, renew, and enhance the ecosystems affected by human activities. However, the concept
of the regenerative paradigm and its potential to foster sustainable development has been
understudied in recent time. Therefore, this paper explores how we can transform the built
environment in the face of the present impacts of climate change using a new regenerative
paradigm concept. The objectives of the study are: (i) to explore the predictors of climate change,
(ii) to determine the negative impacts of environmental issues on inhabitants’ health, and (iii) to
explore adaptive climate change strategies for Nigeria’s regenerative built environment. The
study sample consisted of 235 stratified respondents’ opinions from within the built environment
in southwestern Nigeria collected via a self-administered questionnaire. The collected quantitative
data was analysed using SPSS (version 22) logistic regression analysis. The major results of the
analysis revealed: (i) the ten most important predictors of climate change indicators, (ii) the
existence of negative consequences of the impacts of climate change on inhabitants’ health in
southwestern regions of Nigeria, and (iii) a significant (p ≤ 0.05) in all regenerative factors:
planting native species has the highest β coefficient of 0.499, followed by the biophilic approach
(0.494), the establishment of a city’s tree canopy (0.467), the creation of a green functional green
space (0.436), the use of smart landscaping techniques (0.388), and the development of a healthy
watershed (0.314). This indicates that to have a regenerative built environment it is essential to
create a functional green space, plant native species, establish a city’s tree canopy, create
a healthy watershed, and render a biophilic approach. The study’s recommendations include
urgent action to integrate climate change interventions into the decision-making processes,
initiatives, and development plans of the Nigerian government. This integration should prioritize
sustainable practices within the built environment, considering the regenerative paradigm’s
potential to address climate change impact effectively.
Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings, June 2010 Innovate UK
Design for future climate: adapting buildings (2010) provides the framework for undertaking a risk assessment and developing an adaptation strategy in the built environment.
1) Environmental studies is an interdisciplinary field that examines the interactions between humans and their natural and social surroundings. It has become increasingly important due to growing environmental issues like pollution, climate change, and depletion of natural resources.
2) The environment consists of both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components that interact in complex ways. It includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Environmental studies considers the physical, biological, social, cultural, economic, and political factors that make up these systems.
3) Understanding our environment and the impacts of human activities is crucial for sustainable development and conservation of resources for future generations. Environmental studies aims to create awareness of environmental
The document discusses the importance of protecting the environment. It defines key terms like environment, sustainability, and environmental degradation. It explores the relationship between the economy and environment. It discusses several major environmental issues like global warming, pollution, and deforestation. It outlines important environmental movements like Chipko and organizations working on sustainability like UNEP. The document emphasizes that protecting the environment benefits both current and future generations.
Community greening in pre and post climate change knowledge era in third worl...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on community greening efforts in Lagos, Nigeria before and after awareness of climate change. It finds that the government has made more efforts to provide and maintain green spaces in recent years, creating 14 parks and 128 gardens covering over 77 acres in the past 6 years. A new agency was also established to promote green areas, and fines and imprisonment were introduced for cutting trees. Over 300,000 trees were planted from 2009-2010. In contrast, greening efforts were less prioritized before awareness of climate change impacts. The study recommends further greening and discouraging hard landscaping to adapt to climate impacts like flooding and rising temperatures in Lagos.
This document outlines six principles of sustainable design:
1. The Human Vitality Principle focuses on creating healthy environments for people without diminishing nature's ability to provide for others.
2. The Ecosystem/Bioregion Principle emphasizes respect for local environments and adapting designs to the climate, topography, and local biological differences of a particular region.
3. Other principles discussed include using local resources, holistic thinking, biomimicry, and conservation of renewable resources. The goals are to comply with social, economic and ecological sustainability and waste neither natural nor human resources.
The document discusses the multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies and global environmental issues. It notes that environmental studies involves topics from many fields, including chemistry, physics, geology, climatology, engineering and more. It also outlines several major global environmental issues facing the planet, such as population growth, land degradation, biodiversity loss, global warming, habitat destruction, ozone depletion, groundwater depletion, deforestation, pollution and acid rain. The document emphasizes that the environment is a complex system involving both living and non-living components that sustain life on Earth.
History of environmental planning and management since mid 20th centuryGeofrey Yator
Environmental planning and management began in the mid-20th century due to increasing environmental degradation from industrialization and population growth. Several major pollution events in the 1940s-1960s caused health issues and brought environmental problems into focus. In 1972 the UN held its first global environmental convention, outlining 26 principles including that humans impact and rely on the environment, and international cooperation is needed to protect the environment for human well-being. Numerous national environmental laws were subsequently passed through the 1970s-1990s to regulate air, water, and hazardous waste pollution.
Global Warming and Sustainable Development - IEESDorcas Omowole
This document discusses the link between global warming and sustainable development. It notes that carbon emissions are a major greenhouse gas causing global warming, which threatens sustainable development goals by potentially raising sea levels, increasing extreme weather events, and disrupting global ecosystems. The document advocates curbing carbon emissions and shifting to more environmentally friendly economic and consumption practices in order to mitigate global warming and work towards sustainable development.
This document provides an overview of environmental studies as an interdisciplinary field. It defines key terms like environment, biotic and abiotic factors. It describes the four spheres of the environment - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. It discusses the interaction between living organisms and their surrounding environment. It also outlines the positive and negative impacts of human activities and technology on the environment. The document emphasizes that environmental studies considers both scientific and social aspects to develop a holistic understanding of environmental issues.
Challenges of implementing sustainable development in the Asia Pacific Region...ESD UNU-IAS
This document discusses the challenges facing pioneers in sustainability projects in Asia-Pacific region and the work of ProSPER.Net, a research network of 34 universities in the region. It outlines ProSPER.Net's activities in supporting joint research, awards, training programs. Key challenges discussed include declining populations and need for new approaches given limits of old theories on issues like population growth. The network aims to expand membership and research on sustainability issues in the region.
Energy, environment and sustainable developmentSamanth kumar
The document outlines the course contents of an M.Arch program in environmental architecture at Anna University. It covers 5 units: (1) energy sources, (2) ecological principles, (3) energy systems and environment, (4) green innovation and sustainability, and (5) green energy and sustainable development. Unit 1 discusses different types of energy sources including fossil fuels, renewable sources like solar and wind, as well as energy transformations. It also provides an overview of global and India's energy scenarios.
The document discusses ecosystems, waste, and waste management. It defines an ecosystem as where living organisms interact with each other and the environment. Waste is unwanted material from human activities like houses and industries. Waste management includes collecting, transporting, treating, and disposing of waste, with monitoring and regulation of the process. It also discusses advantages like a cleaner environment and jobs, and disadvantages like costs and potential dangers.
This document provides definitions and overview information about the environment and environmental studies. It defines environment as the sum of surrounding conditions, including both biotic and abiotic factors, that influence living organisms. Environmental science is described as the interdisciplinary study of how living things interact with each other and their non-living surroundings. The key components of the environment - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere - are also summarized. The document then discusses the relationship between humans and the environment and the impacts of technology before concluding with summaries of environmental degradation and sustainable development.
Sustainability in Architecture and Urban Design_IrenaIrena Itova
Sustainable architecture seeks to minimize environmental impacts through efficient design, using renewable materials, and producing zero waste and pollution. It considers buildings as interconnected systems that function with the ecosystem. Principles of sustainable design include climate-responsive design using renewable energy, optimizing resource consumption, and prioritizing end-user comfort and social needs through mixed-use, walkable spaces and urban farming. Sustainable urban design connects buildings into efficient networks at local, city and regional levels through sustainable transportation and infrastructure systems.
Sustainability principles and its application resort managementAMALDASKH
This document discusses sustainability principles and their application to resort management. It defines sustainability and its economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Specific sustainability practices for resorts are outlined, including optimizing guest numbers, generating profits for best practices, prioritizing the local community, reducing pollution through renewable energy and organic farming, and implementing eco-friendly construction and operations. Oyster Island resort is provided as a case study of a sustainable resort practice in India.
The document discusses various definitions and models of sustainable development. It defines sustainable development as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. It describes models such as the three pillars model focusing on economy, environment and society. Another model presented is the sustainability model depicting the interdependence of people and ecosystems. The document also discusses measures of sustainable development like the Gross National Happiness Index and different sustainability indicators.
Environmental Compliance for Sustainable DevelopmentRajat Seth
Report on Law for Environmental Compliance for Sustainable Development
How the concept of Sustainable Development evolved in India
pain areas regarding sustainable development
This document presents information about environmental education from a group of students. It defines environmental education as a process to develop awareness about the environment and sustainability. The main goals are to improve environmental quality and create awareness of problems. Objectives include developing awareness, knowledge, attitudes, skills and participation. Key issues are water, air, waste, land and climate change pollution. Principles emphasize nature's balance and interconnectedness. Components of environmental education are the natural environment, built environment, spatial environment and social/cultural environment.
This document summarizes the key concepts of sustainable development and its relationship to civil engineering. It defines sustainability and sustainable development, noting their focus on meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. For civil engineers, sustainability means using natural resources to improve society's quality of life indefinitely. The document outlines 17 sustainable development goals and discusses civil engineers' role in achieving these through sustainable design, green buildings, and sustainable construction practices like reducing waste and using renewable building materials. It provides examples of sustainable buildings from around the world.
Built environment transformation in Nigeria the effects of a regenerative fr...AgboolaPaul3
The promise of a healthier, more comfortable, and more productive way of life has fueled a rapid
technological transition, and a regenerative built environment has emerged as the tagline to
denote the recent sustainable development. In the built environment, the regenerative paradigm
has emerged as a transformative approach that goes beyond mere sustainability, aiming to
restore, renew, and enhance the ecosystems affected by human activities. However, the concept
of the regenerative paradigm and its potential to foster sustainable development has been
understudied in recent time. Therefore, this paper explores how we can transform the built
environment in the face of the present impacts of climate change using a new regenerative
paradigm concept. The objectives of the study are: (i) to explore the predictors of climate change,
(ii) to determine the negative impacts of environmental issues on inhabitants’ health, and (iii) to
explore adaptive climate change strategies for Nigeria’s regenerative built environment. The
study sample consisted of 235 stratified respondents’ opinions from within the built environment
in southwestern Nigeria collected via a self-administered questionnaire. The collected quantitative
data was analysed using SPSS (version 22) logistic regression analysis. The major results of the
analysis revealed: (i) the ten most important predictors of climate change indicators, (ii) the
existence of negative consequences of the impacts of climate change on inhabitants’ health in
southwestern regions of Nigeria, and (iii) a significant (p ≤ 0.05) in all regenerative factors:
planting native species has the highest β coefficient of 0.499, followed by the biophilic approach
(0.494), the establishment of a city’s tree canopy (0.467), the creation of a green functional green
space (0.436), the use of smart landscaping techniques (0.388), and the development of a healthy
watershed (0.314). This indicates that to have a regenerative built environment it is essential to
create a functional green space, plant native species, establish a city’s tree canopy, create
a healthy watershed, and render a biophilic approach. The study’s recommendations include
urgent action to integrate climate change interventions into the decision-making processes,
initiatives, and development plans of the Nigerian government. This integration should prioritize
sustainable practices within the built environment, considering the regenerative paradigm’s
potential to address climate change impact effectively.
Design for Future Climate: Adapting Buildings, June 2010 Innovate UK
Design for future climate: adapting buildings (2010) provides the framework for undertaking a risk assessment and developing an adaptation strategy in the built environment.
Global warming is causing sea levels to rise in a coastal city, threatening low-lying areas of the city. To address this, mitigation and adaptation measures are proposed. Mitigation involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable development, green transportation, boosting energy efficiency, renewing renewables, phasing out fossil fuels, and managing forests. Adaptation includes expanding water storage, adjusting agriculture, protecting infrastructure, diversifying tourism, and strengthening energy systems. Together, mitigation and adaptation efforts by various groups can help address the challenges of climate change.
Task 6 nur amalina binti zabidi a142031amalinazabidi
The city administrator has noticed that the mean sea level has been rising over the past 50 years in the coastal city, which could cause problems in the low-lying city center. As a consultant, there are several actions that can be taken to reduce or mitigate these problems. First, mitigation efforts like reducing greenhouse gas emissions through sustainable development, green transportation, boosting energy efficiency and renewables, and phasing out fossil fuels can help reduce global warming. Second, adaptations like expanding rainwater harvesting, constructing seawalls, and relocating infrastructure can help the city cope with rising sea levels. Overall, mitigation and adaptation strategies are both important to address the challenges from sea level rise.
This document summarizes a study on policy options for integrating climate change adaptation into hydropower development in Kenya. It discusses how climate change is impacting precipitation and temperature patterns, which affects water resources and hydropower generation. While hydropower can support climate change mitigation, less emphasis has been placed on adaptation. The study aims to evaluate existing climate change policies in Kenya to identify options to better integrate adaptation into hydropower projects. There are policies that could support this, but rules need to be developed to ensure appropriate adaptation actions are implemented on the ground.
An assessment of environmental impacts of building construction projectsAlexander Decker
This document discusses an assessment of the environmental impacts of building construction projects in Nigeria. It begins by providing background on the threats construction poses to the environment, including pollution, resource depletion, and habitat destruction. The study analyzed data from industry stakeholders to identify major environmental impacts. It found the top impacts were environmental pollution, resource depletion, and habitat destruction, specifically destruction of ecosystems, desertification, soil erosion, and increased waste. Waste management, pollution control, and ecology conservation were ranked as the most important environmental protection measures. The study concludes building projects must fully adopt environmental impact assessments and regulations to reduce degradation, and regulatory agencies should continue educating stakeholders on best practices.
Review on Climate Change and its Effects on Construction IndustryIRJET Journal
This document discusses how climate change is impacting the construction industry in three key ways:
1) Extreme weather events like heavy rainfall, flooding, and hot weather are causing delays, increased expenses, and safety issues for construction projects.
2) Climate change is a leading issue in the construction industry as buildings need to be designed to withstand higher temperatures, floods, winds, and other climate-related hazards.
3) Project management in the construction industry needs to account for the risks posed by climate change throughout the various phases of construction projects. Adaptation is needed to minimize impacts.
Global warming is causing sea levels to rise, threatening a coastal city. As a consultant, I would:
1) Identify impacts like flooding, erosion, and infrastructure damage.
2) Recommend mitigation measures like boosting energy efficiency, greening transportation, and developing renewables to reduce greenhouse gases.
3) Recommend adaptation measures like coastal defenses, resettling vulnerable areas, and developing early warning systems to cope with rising seas.
Effects of Sustainability Paradigm on ArchitectureIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper delves into effects of sustainability on architectural theory and practice. Ideas related to environmental protection from the past decades, cumulated in sustainability as unique global action. Circumstances were not in favour of necessary level of requested changes, but positive effects are evident in adjustment of legal base, new procedures and standards. Concept of sustainable architecture is proclaimed mainstream, faded by selective interpretation and perceptible lag in developing of theoretical background. Real critical observation and researches of sustainability and sustainable architecture are still very rare. Reasons for it are many, first of all not all of architects understand sustainable architecture as relevant and it is not rare misunderstanding of sustainable architecture as energy efficiency eco-tecture or other environmentally related “tecture”. Furthermore, building industry in its complexity is typically tardiness in acceptance of anything new in general. However, sustainable architecture is positive in its essence but rising confusion about it has to be halted by more clarified definitions, qualitative researches and developing of more solid theoretical bases. Otherwise it will lose positivity, transferred on semantic level where will spread, and atomise to its limits and fade away
This document provides an introduction to a master's thesis project titled "Aquatecture" by Bjarne Winther. It discusses the motivation for rethinking living on water as sea levels rise globally. The project aims to design a zero-energy housing complex on the water in Limfjorden, Denmark. It will focus on sustainability, modern living, and interaction with water. Passive and active strategies will be used to minimize energy usage and provide comfortable indoor climates. The document includes sections on sustainability, zero-energy buildings, climate change, and an outline of the project program and site analysis.
sustainability re thinking a tool for planning and design in nigeria built e...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The concept of sustainability has been introduced to combine concern for the well being of the planet with continued growth and development. This requires awareness of full short and long term consequences of any transformation of the environment. The paper investigates the principles underpinning tools and physical measures within the scope of planning and design in built environment. Working for sustainability demands an awareness of how everything works whether natural or man-made. The available range of tools for planning and design nesting with planning and design process is hereby discussed. The paper highlights that environment are met to change with inspiration and human creativity involving the concept of designing professionals within the concept of planning and design tools. Therefore, a more appropriate understanding of sustainability based on the critical activities of planning and design in the face of development and constructions are needed.
THE ADVANTAGES OF USING SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN IN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE...EkengJerry
This document discusses the advantages of using sustainable building design in school architecture. It explores how sustainable practices can benefit educational institutions through environmental balance, energy efficiency, and occupant well-being. Some key benefits highlighted include lower operating costs, improved indoor air quality, enhanced learning environments, and increased well-being. However, challenges also exist in seamlessly integrating sustainability into the design process and understanding relationships between building and urban systems. Overall, the document argues sustainable design should be a priority in contemporary architecture to address environmental challenges through responsible construction.
Climate change is a pressing issue that the world is facing today. The effects of global warming are becoming increasingly evident, and the situation seems to be getting worse with each passing year.
According to recent studies, it is predicted that by the year 2025, the effects of climate change will become irreversible, leading to catastrophic consequences for the planet.
1) The AIACC project studied climate change adaptation across many developing world regions. A key lesson is to adapt to climate impacts now to avoid greater costs later ("a stitch in time saves nine").
2) Current climate hazards already cause significant damages, demonstrating an "adaptation deficit" that climate change will worsen if left unaddressed. Acting now can yield immediate benefits and enable longer-term adaptation.
3) Other important lessons include: integrating adaptation with development; increasing knowledge about climate risks and responses; strengthening institutions; protecting degraded natural resources; providing financial assistance; involving at-risk communities; and using place-specific adaptation strategies tailored to local conditions.
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy
SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATE OF INDIAIJERA Editor
The consumption of energy in the buildings is increasing as the development is taking at a very fast rate. No evidence is now
required to prove that the present climate changes are directly linked to the human activities and also the concerns regarding
exploitation of the fossil fuel have reached a level where the negative effect are having impact on the life of a common man.
Passive Architecture involves blending conventional architectural principles with solar & wind energy and the inherent
properties of building materials to ensure that the interiors remain warm in winter and cool in summer, thus creating a yearround
comfortable environment. Various solar passive techniques have been studied in detail so that the undesirable impact
in hot and dry climate could be mitigated. It is concluded that with the application of these techniques the building could be
made comfortable with comparatively less use of energy.
The document discusses the causes and impacts of global warming on a coastal town. It identifies several major problems the town faces, including threats to natural protections from rising sea levels, more dangerous high tides and storm surges, and increased erosion. Solutions proposed to minimize impacts on the town include boosting energy efficiency, greening transportation, increasing renewable energy, phasing out fossil fuels, managing forests and agriculture sustainably, developing new technologies, and ensuring overall sustainable development.
This document summarizes the Go Green Initiative (GGI), which aims to form a network of young climate change leaders between Sweden and Africa. The initiative will provide training and tools to students and volunteers to conduct free energy surveys for local businesses. A digital platform will provide customized recommendations to businesses to reduce energy and water usage. The goals are to educate communities about climate change, stimulate practical solutions, and form an extensive knowledge network while giving students hands-on experience. Success will be measured by the number of participants and recommendations provided to businesses each year.
This document reviews 53 studies on climate change in Nigeria over the past two decades. The studies fall into several categories: those examining the reality and conceptual issues of climate change; studies of the causal factors; impacts on sectors like health, environment and agriculture; vulnerability and adaptation; economic costs; and forecasting. The broad consensus is that climate change poses major risks to Nigeria's development through impacts on key sectors like agriculture, water resources, and health. Future research needs to better integrate climate change into policies and strategies to manage associated risks.
IRJET- Understanding Flood Resilience in Urban ContextIRJET Journal
This document discusses flood resilience in urban contexts. It begins by noting that climate change is causing rising global temperatures, melting glaciers, and rising sea levels, endangering coastal urban areas. Natural disasters damage infrastructure, economies, and livelihoods. Urban resilience refers to a community's ability to prepare for, recover from, minimize losses from, and adapt to disruptive events like flooding. The document reviews factors like chronic stresses, acute shocks, the need to involve multiple stakeholders from different fields, and shifting from flood defense to flood management approaches. It concludes that urban planners and decision-makers need to embrace resilience approaches to flood risk management.
Similar to Climate change and architectural practice in nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Discover top-tier mobile app development services, offering innovative solutions for iOS and Android. Enhance your business with custom, user-friendly mobile applications.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
How information systems are built or acquired puts information, which is what they should be about, in a secondary place. Our language adapted accordingly, and we no longer talk about information systems but applications. Applications evolved in a way to break data into diverse fragments, tightly coupled with applications and expensive to integrate. The result is technical debt, which is re-paid by taking even bigger "loans", resulting in an ever-increasing technical debt. Software engineering and procurement practices work in sync with market forces to maintain this trend. This talk demonstrates how natural this situation is. The question is: can something be done to reverse the trend?
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...
Climate change and architectural practice in nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Climate Change and Architectural Practice in Nigeria
Oluwasola Feyisara Oni
1. Architectural Technology Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Architecture, Joseph Ayo Babalola Unive
• doluakingbohungbe@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper deals with Climate change and how it has impacted on the Nigerian Architectural practice. It
discusses the effect of climate change on architectural design as well
meet the social, economic, and environmental needs of the people it serves over time and changing needs. Since
climate is changing and the effect on the built environment can only be reduced and not totally eliminate
is need for Architects and other professionals in the building industry to produce buildings that are sustainable.
While this situation poses a major challenge to the practice of architecture, there arises the need for designers to
combat it through improved building design. The paper concludes by suggesting ways to combat the effect of
climate change through design solutions.
Keywords: climate change, Architectural practice, design solution, sustainable.
1. Introduction
Climate change has become the primary environmental threat of the 21st century. It is now on the global political
agenda as never before. The current concern is based on a number of recent scientific analyses that suggest that
potential climate change effects are at a scale that
change, but equally important, to efforts to adapt to the impacts already occurring. Science suggests that its
effects are at a scale that adds urgency not only to the efforts to prevent additional
to efforts to adapt to the impacts already occurring.
Responding to climate change falls into two broad classes of action, mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation of
human-induced climate change refers to measures that may eit
(abatement) or increase terrestrial storage of carbon (sequestration). Although Nigeria, like other developing
countries, is not required under the current global climate change negotiations to take on emissi
commitments, it nevertheless has to adapt to the expected impacts of anticipated climate change. Adaptation
refers to all the responses to climate change that may be used to reduce vulnerability.
Responding to climate change through adaptation
of seeking out opportunities and design actions to reduce the vulnerability of the people to climate change
impacts. Nigeria needs to explore a number of opportunities that exist to build a c
able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions caused by the adverse effects of climate change,
including climate-related hazards and disasters by strengthening its coping or adaptive capacity.
Architects over the years have reflected on the importance of having good quality environment. The quest for
environmental values in architecture, for a harmonious balance between man and his environment is not new
approach. It is so much that for centuries, mankind ad
vernacular architecture. However, since the industrial revolution, this has been increasingly abandoned in favour
of universal architecture, which in many parts of the world, Nigeria included has led to
buildings. The effects of global warming and Climate Change are increasingly becoming apparent, notably in
Nigeria is the serious famine we are witnessing today, diminishing rains, drying rivers and power rationing just
to mention but a few. Faced with these dangers, the public and policymakers alike must become conscious of the
need to protect our environment. One response to these issues is to approach architecture in a way that respects
the environment.
The aim of this paper is to identify how climate change has influenced the practice of Architecture in Nigeria.
The objectives are to:
i. identify the causes of climate change in Nigeria;
ii. determine the effects of Climate change on the Nigerian Environment;
iii. examine how has Climate Change
iv. determine the role of the Architect in combating the effects of climate change.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
1
Climate Change and Architectural Practice in Nigeria
Oluwasola Feyisara Oni1
& Davies Olugbenga Akingbohungbe
Architectural Technology Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.
Department of Architecture, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State, Nigeria.
doluakingbohungbe@gmail.com
his paper deals with Climate change and how it has impacted on the Nigerian Architectural practice. It
discusses the effect of climate change on architectural design as well as how Architects design buildings that
meet the social, economic, and environmental needs of the people it serves over time and changing needs. Since
climate is changing and the effect on the built environment can only be reduced and not totally eliminate
is need for Architects and other professionals in the building industry to produce buildings that are sustainable.
While this situation poses a major challenge to the practice of architecture, there arises the need for designers to
gh improved building design. The paper concludes by suggesting ways to combat the effect of
climate change through design solutions.
climate change, Architectural practice, design solution, sustainable.
e the primary environmental threat of the 21st century. It is now on the global political
agenda as never before. The current concern is based on a number of recent scientific analyses that suggest that
potential climate change effects are at a scale that adds urgency not only to the efforts to prevent additional
change, but equally important, to efforts to adapt to the impacts already occurring. Science suggests that its
effects are at a scale that adds urgency not only to the efforts to prevent additional change, but equally important,
to efforts to adapt to the impacts already occurring.
Responding to climate change falls into two broad classes of action, mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation of
induced climate change refers to measures that may either reduce the increase in greenhouse emissions
(abatement) or increase terrestrial storage of carbon (sequestration). Although Nigeria, like other developing
countries, is not required under the current global climate change negotiations to take on emissi
commitments, it nevertheless has to adapt to the expected impacts of anticipated climate change. Adaptation
refers to all the responses to climate change that may be used to reduce vulnerability.
Responding to climate change through adaptation initiatives will require Nigeria to engage in concerted efforts
of seeking out opportunities and design actions to reduce the vulnerability of the people to climate change
impacts. Nigeria needs to explore a number of opportunities that exist to build a climate-
able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions caused by the adverse effects of climate change,
related hazards and disasters by strengthening its coping or adaptive capacity.
er the years have reflected on the importance of having good quality environment. The quest for
environmental values in architecture, for a harmonious balance between man and his environment is not new
approach. It is so much that for centuries, mankind adopted this approach out of necessity, particularly in
vernacular architecture. However, since the industrial revolution, this has been increasingly abandoned in favour
of universal architecture, which in many parts of the world, Nigeria included has led to
buildings. The effects of global warming and Climate Change are increasingly becoming apparent, notably in
Nigeria is the serious famine we are witnessing today, diminishing rains, drying rivers and power rationing just
ew. Faced with these dangers, the public and policymakers alike must become conscious of the
need to protect our environment. One response to these issues is to approach architecture in a way that respects
ify how climate change has influenced the practice of Architecture in Nigeria.
identify the causes of climate change in Nigeria;
determine the effects of Climate change on the Nigerian Environment;
examine how has Climate Change has affected architectural practice in Nigeria;
determine the role of the Architect in combating the effects of climate change.
www.iiste.org
Climate Change and Architectural Practice in Nigeria
& Davies Olugbenga Akingbohungbe2*
Architectural Technology Department, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.
rsity, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State, Nigeria.
his paper deals with Climate change and how it has impacted on the Nigerian Architectural practice. It
as how Architects design buildings that
meet the social, economic, and environmental needs of the people it serves over time and changing needs. Since
climate is changing and the effect on the built environment can only be reduced and not totally eliminated, there
is need for Architects and other professionals in the building industry to produce buildings that are sustainable.
While this situation poses a major challenge to the practice of architecture, there arises the need for designers to
gh improved building design. The paper concludes by suggesting ways to combat the effect of
e the primary environmental threat of the 21st century. It is now on the global political
agenda as never before. The current concern is based on a number of recent scientific analyses that suggest that
adds urgency not only to the efforts to prevent additional
change, but equally important, to efforts to adapt to the impacts already occurring. Science suggests that its
change, but equally important,
Responding to climate change falls into two broad classes of action, mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation of
her reduce the increase in greenhouse emissions
(abatement) or increase terrestrial storage of carbon (sequestration). Although Nigeria, like other developing
countries, is not required under the current global climate change negotiations to take on emission reduction
commitments, it nevertheless has to adapt to the expected impacts of anticipated climate change. Adaptation
initiatives will require Nigeria to engage in concerted efforts
of seeking out opportunities and design actions to reduce the vulnerability of the people to climate change
-resilient society that is
able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions caused by the adverse effects of climate change,
related hazards and disasters by strengthening its coping or adaptive capacity.
er the years have reflected on the importance of having good quality environment. The quest for
environmental values in architecture, for a harmonious balance between man and his environment is not new
opted this approach out of necessity, particularly in
vernacular architecture. However, since the industrial revolution, this has been increasingly abandoned in favour
of universal architecture, which in many parts of the world, Nigeria included has led to energy intensive
buildings. The effects of global warming and Climate Change are increasingly becoming apparent, notably in
Nigeria is the serious famine we are witnessing today, diminishing rains, drying rivers and power rationing just
ew. Faced with these dangers, the public and policymakers alike must become conscious of the
need to protect our environment. One response to these issues is to approach architecture in a way that respects
ify how climate change has influenced the practice of Architecture in Nigeria.
has affected architectural practice in Nigeria;
determine the role of the Architect in combating the effects of climate change.
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the environment and also result from human acti
abundant greenhouse gas is water vapour, which reaches the atmosphere through evaporation from oceans, lakes,
and rivers. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is not directly affected by human activities.
• Water Vapour
Water vapour is the most common greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, accounting for about 60 to 70 per cent of
the natural greenhouse effect. Humans do not have a significant direct impact on water vapour levels in the
atmosphere. However, as human activities incr
atmosphere (producing warmer temperatures on earth), the evaporation of oceans, lakes, and rivers, as well as
water evaporation from plants, increase and raise the amount of water vapour in the atmosp
• Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide constantly circulates in the environment through a variety of natural processes known as the
carbon cycle. Volcanic eruptions and the decay of plant and animal matter both release carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere. In respiration, animals break down food to release the energy required to build and maintain cellular
activity. A by-product of respiration is the formation of carbon dioxide, which is exhaled from animals into the
environment. Oceans, lakes, and rivers absorb
plants collect carbon dioxide and use it to make their own food; in the process incorporating carbon into new
plant tissue and releasing oxygen to the environment as a by
buildings, power automobiles, and fuel electricity
carbon, such as the fossil fuels, oil, coal, and natural gas; wood or wood products; and some solid wastes. When
these products are burned, they release carbon dioxide into the air. In addition, humans cut down huge tracts of
trees for lumber or to clear land for farming or building. This process, known as deforestation, can both release
the carbon stored in trees and significantly
• Methane
Many natural processes produce methane, also known as natural gas. Decomposition of carbon
substances found in oxygen-free environments, such as wastes in landfills, release
such as cattle and sheep belch methane into the air as a by
damp soils, such as rice fields, produce methane when they break down organic matter. Methane is also emitted
during coal mining and the production and transport of other fossil fuels. Atmospheric concentrations of methane
are far less than carbon dioxide, and methane only stays in the atmosphere for a decade or so. But methane is an
extremely effective heat-trapping ga
• Nitrous Oxide
Nitrous oxide is released by the burning of fossil fuels, and automobile exhaust is a large source of this gas. In
addition, many farmers use nitrogen
fertilizers break down in the soil, they emit nitrous oxide into the air. Ploughing fields also releases nitrous oxide.
Nitrous oxide traps heat about 300 times more effectively than carbon dioxide and can stay in the atmosphere for
a century.
• Ozone
Ozone is both a natural and human-
layer and shields life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation, which can cause cancer and other
damage to plants and animals. However, ozone in the lower atm
of air pollution) and is considered a greenhouse gas. Unlike other greenhouse gases which are well
throughout the atmosphere, ozone in the lower atmosphere tends to be limited to industrialised regions.
• Synthetic Chemicals
Manufacturing processes use or generate many synthetic chemicals that are powerful greenhouse gases.
Although these gases are produced in relatively small quantities, they trap hundreds to thousands of times more
heat in the atmosphere than an equal amount of carbon dioxide does. In addition, their chemical bonds make
them exceptionally long lived in the environment.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
2
Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the environment and also result from human activities. By far the most
abundant greenhouse gas is water vapour, which reaches the atmosphere through evaporation from oceans, lakes,
and rivers. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is not directly affected by human activities.
vapour is the most common greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, accounting for about 60 to 70 per cent of
the natural greenhouse effect. Humans do not have a significant direct impact on water vapour levels in the
atmosphere. However, as human activities increase the concentration of other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere (producing warmer temperatures on earth), the evaporation of oceans, lakes, and rivers, as well as
water evaporation from plants, increase and raise the amount of water vapour in the atmosp
Carbon dioxide constantly circulates in the environment through a variety of natural processes known as the
carbon cycle. Volcanic eruptions and the decay of plant and animal matter both release carbon dioxide into the
espiration, animals break down food to release the energy required to build and maintain cellular
product of respiration is the formation of carbon dioxide, which is exhaled from animals into the
environment. Oceans, lakes, and rivers absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis,
plants collect carbon dioxide and use it to make their own food; in the process incorporating carbon into new
plant tissue and releasing oxygen to the environment as a by-product. In order to pro
buildings, power automobiles, and fuel electricity-producing power plants, humans burn objects that contain
carbon, such as the fossil fuels, oil, coal, and natural gas; wood or wood products; and some solid wastes. When
are burned, they release carbon dioxide into the air. In addition, humans cut down huge tracts of
trees for lumber or to clear land for farming or building. This process, known as deforestation, can both release
the carbon stored in trees and significantly reduce the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide.
Many natural processes produce methane, also known as natural gas. Decomposition of carbon
free environments, such as wastes in landfills, release methane. Ruminating animals
such as cattle and sheep belch methane into the air as a by- product of digestion. Microorganisms that live in
damp soils, such as rice fields, produce methane when they break down organic matter. Methane is also emitted
coal mining and the production and transport of other fossil fuels. Atmospheric concentrations of methane
are far less than carbon dioxide, and methane only stays in the atmosphere for a decade or so. But methane is an
trapping gas.
Nitrous oxide is released by the burning of fossil fuels, and automobile exhaust is a large source of this gas. In
addition, many farmers use nitrogen-containing fertilizers to provide nutrients to their crops. When these
down in the soil, they emit nitrous oxide into the air. Ploughing fields also releases nitrous oxide.
Nitrous oxide traps heat about 300 times more effectively than carbon dioxide and can stay in the atmosphere for
made greenhouse gas. Ozone in the upper atmosphere is known as the ozone
layer and shields life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation, which can cause cancer and other
damage to plants and animals. However, ozone in the lower atmosphere is a component of smog (a severe type
of air pollution) and is considered a greenhouse gas. Unlike other greenhouse gases which are well
throughout the atmosphere, ozone in the lower atmosphere tends to be limited to industrialised regions.
Manufacturing processes use or generate many synthetic chemicals that are powerful greenhouse gases.
Although these gases are produced in relatively small quantities, they trap hundreds to thousands of times more
han an equal amount of carbon dioxide does. In addition, their chemical bonds make
them exceptionally long lived in the environment.
www.iiste.org
vities. By far the most
abundant greenhouse gas is water vapour, which reaches the atmosphere through evaporation from oceans, lakes,
and rivers. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is not directly affected by human activities.
vapour is the most common greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, accounting for about 60 to 70 per cent of
the natural greenhouse effect. Humans do not have a significant direct impact on water vapour levels in the
ease the concentration of other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere (producing warmer temperatures on earth), the evaporation of oceans, lakes, and rivers, as well as
water evaporation from plants, increase and raise the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide constantly circulates in the environment through a variety of natural processes known as the
carbon cycle. Volcanic eruptions and the decay of plant and animal matter both release carbon dioxide into the
espiration, animals break down food to release the energy required to build and maintain cellular
product of respiration is the formation of carbon dioxide, which is exhaled from animals into the
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Through photosynthesis,
plants collect carbon dioxide and use it to make their own food; in the process incorporating carbon into new
product. In order to provide energy to heat
producing power plants, humans burn objects that contain
carbon, such as the fossil fuels, oil, coal, and natural gas; wood or wood products; and some solid wastes. When
are burned, they release carbon dioxide into the air. In addition, humans cut down huge tracts of
trees for lumber or to clear land for farming or building. This process, known as deforestation, can both release
reduce the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide.
Many natural processes produce methane, also known as natural gas. Decomposition of carbon-containing
methane. Ruminating animals
product of digestion. Microorganisms that live in
damp soils, such as rice fields, produce methane when they break down organic matter. Methane is also emitted
coal mining and the production and transport of other fossil fuels. Atmospheric concentrations of methane
are far less than carbon dioxide, and methane only stays in the atmosphere for a decade or so. But methane is an
Nitrous oxide is released by the burning of fossil fuels, and automobile exhaust is a large source of this gas. In
containing fertilizers to provide nutrients to their crops. When these
down in the soil, they emit nitrous oxide into the air. Ploughing fields also releases nitrous oxide.
Nitrous oxide traps heat about 300 times more effectively than carbon dioxide and can stay in the atmosphere for
made greenhouse gas. Ozone in the upper atmosphere is known as the ozone
layer and shields life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation, which can cause cancer and other
osphere is a component of smog (a severe type
of air pollution) and is considered a greenhouse gas. Unlike other greenhouse gases which are well-mixed
throughout the atmosphere, ozone in the lower atmosphere tends to be limited to industrialised regions.
Manufacturing processes use or generate many synthetic chemicals that are powerful greenhouse gases.
Although these gases are produced in relatively small quantities, they trap hundreds to thousands of times more
han an equal amount of carbon dioxide does. In addition, their chemical bonds make
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
• Chloro-fluoro-Carbons
Human-made greenhouse gases include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a family of chlorine
were widely used in the 20th
century as refrigerants, aerosol spray propellants, and cleaning agents. Scientific
studies showed that the chlorine released by CFCs into the upper atmosphere destroys the ozone layer. As a
result, CFCs are being phased out of production under a 1987 international treaty, the Montréal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. CFCs were mostly banned in industrialised nations beginning in 1996
and will be phased out in developing countries after 2010. New chemic
but they are also potent greenhouse gases. The substitutes include hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydro
fluorocarbons (HFCs), and per fluorocarbons (PFCs).
• Aerosols
Fuel combustion, and to a lesser extent, agric
tiny solid and liquid particles called aerosols that remain suspended in the atmosphere. Although aerosols are not
considered greenhouse gases, they do affect global warming in several ways.
Diesel engines and some types of biomass burning produce black aerosols such as soot, which absorb the sun’s
energy and therefore contribute to warming. Conversely, coal
sulphate aerosols, which are light-cultured aerosols that reflect incoming solar energy back to space. In this way,
they have a cooling effect. Natural aerosols that also have a cooling effect are produced during volcanic
eruptions and the evaporation of seawater. Aerosol particles also hav
“seeds” for the condensation of water vapour into cloud masses. In general, the amount of solar energy reflected
back to space is greater on cloudy days.
Overall, aerosols may roughly offset the net warming infl
through their direct cooling effect and half through their indirect cooling effect. However, considerable certainty
in aerosol processes means that their cooling influence could be much larger or much s
of the least understood factors in climate change and their effects are still being debated. Scientists are more
certain, however, about the net effect of all greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, which is estimated to be
roughly equal to the warming influence of carbon dioxide alone.
2.2 Impact of the Built Environment on Climate Change
According to the IPCC, buildings contribute about 31% of global CO2 emissions. This includes the emissions
created during the construction and use
environment throws up a number of climate change questions bothering on how resources and energy are
consumed, land developed, buildings and infrastructure constructed as well as services sup
connected.
It is estimated that the cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. CO2
emissions are produced through heating, cooling and powering the built environment. These emissions have
been rising by almost 2% per year, thanks largely to bigger homes with more energy consuming devices in them.
Additional to warming due to greenhouse gases, the built environment has an influence on the albedo effect.
Materials such as concrete and asphalt absorb greater
leads to localized warming, known as urban heat islands. In large cities there can be as much as a 5
between the city centre and the rural environs. (Vidal , 2007)
3.0 The Nigerian Climate
Climate, that is macro - and micro
atmosphere. These are modified by topographic conditions of the earth and by the changes which civilization has
made to its surface. Micro-climate is found in a more limited space like a room, a street, town or small landscape,
while macro-climate is that found in a much larger space such as over a country, a continent or on oceans.
Climatic conditions include weather observations over the longest
only of temperatures and precipitation values, but also humidity, cloud, wind, air pressure and solar radiation.
The Nigerian macro-climate may be classified into four zones according to Komolafe (1988) namely:
(i) Hot - dry,
(ii) Temperate dry
(iii) Hot humid and
(iv) Warm humid.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
3
made greenhouse gases include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a family of chlorine
century as refrigerants, aerosol spray propellants, and cleaning agents. Scientific
studies showed that the chlorine released by CFCs into the upper atmosphere destroys the ozone layer. As a
out of production under a 1987 international treaty, the Montréal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. CFCs were mostly banned in industrialised nations beginning in 1996
and will be phased out in developing countries after 2010. New chemicals have been developed to replace CFCs,
but they are also potent greenhouse gases. The substitutes include hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydro
fluorocarbons (HFCs), and per fluorocarbons (PFCs).
Fuel combustion, and to a lesser extent, agricultural and industrial processes, produce not only gases but also
tiny solid and liquid particles called aerosols that remain suspended in the atmosphere. Although aerosols are not
considered greenhouse gases, they do affect global warming in several ways.
Diesel engines and some types of biomass burning produce black aerosols such as soot, which absorb the sun’s
energy and therefore contribute to warming. Conversely, coal-fired power plants burning high
cultured aerosols that reflect incoming solar energy back to space. In this way,
they have a cooling effect. Natural aerosols that also have a cooling effect are produced during volcanic
eruptions and the evaporation of seawater. Aerosol particles also have an indirect cooling influence by acting as
“seeds” for the condensation of water vapour into cloud masses. In general, the amount of solar energy reflected
back to space is greater on cloudy days.
Overall, aerosols may roughly offset the net warming influence of noncarbonated dioxide greenhouse gases, half
through their direct cooling effect and half through their indirect cooling effect. However, considerable certainty
in aerosol processes means that their cooling influence could be much larger or much smaller. Aerosols are one
of the least understood factors in climate change and their effects are still being debated. Scientists are more
certain, however, about the net effect of all greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, which is estimated to be
qual to the warming influence of carbon dioxide alone.
Impact of the Built Environment on Climate Change
According to the IPCC, buildings contribute about 31% of global CO2 emissions. This includes the emissions
created during the construction and use of buildings, from heating, cooling and powering them. The built
environment throws up a number of climate change questions bothering on how resources and energy are
consumed, land developed, buildings and infrastructure constructed as well as services sup
It is estimated that the cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. CO2
emissions are produced through heating, cooling and powering the built environment. These emissions have
most 2% per year, thanks largely to bigger homes with more energy consuming devices in them.
Additional to warming due to greenhouse gases, the built environment has an influence on the albedo effect.
Materials such as concrete and asphalt absorb greater amounts of heat than natural surfaces. This absorption
leads to localized warming, known as urban heat islands. In large cities there can be as much as a 5
between the city centre and the rural environs. (Vidal , 2007)
and micro - climate, is the sum of characteristic meteorological phenomena in the
atmosphere. These are modified by topographic conditions of the earth and by the changes which civilization has
is found in a more limited space like a room, a street, town or small landscape,
climate is that found in a much larger space such as over a country, a continent or on oceans.
Climatic conditions include weather observations over the longest possible period of time, and must consist not
only of temperatures and precipitation values, but also humidity, cloud, wind, air pressure and solar radiation.
climate may be classified into four zones according to Komolafe (1988) namely:
www.iiste.org
made greenhouse gases include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a family of chlorine-containing gases that
century as refrigerants, aerosol spray propellants, and cleaning agents. Scientific
studies showed that the chlorine released by CFCs into the upper atmosphere destroys the ozone layer. As a
out of production under a 1987 international treaty, the Montréal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. CFCs were mostly banned in industrialised nations beginning in 1996
als have been developed to replace CFCs,
but they are also potent greenhouse gases. The substitutes include hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydro
ultural and industrial processes, produce not only gases but also
tiny solid and liquid particles called aerosols that remain suspended in the atmosphere. Although aerosols are not
Diesel engines and some types of biomass burning produce black aerosols such as soot, which absorb the sun’s
fired power plants burning high-sulphur coal emit
cultured aerosols that reflect incoming solar energy back to space. In this way,
they have a cooling effect. Natural aerosols that also have a cooling effect are produced during volcanic
e an indirect cooling influence by acting as
“seeds” for the condensation of water vapour into cloud masses. In general, the amount of solar energy reflected
uence of noncarbonated dioxide greenhouse gases, half
through their direct cooling effect and half through their indirect cooling effect. However, considerable certainty
maller. Aerosols are one
of the least understood factors in climate change and their effects are still being debated. Scientists are more
certain, however, about the net effect of all greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, which is estimated to be
According to the IPCC, buildings contribute about 31% of global CO2 emissions. This includes the emissions
of buildings, from heating, cooling and powering them. The built
environment throws up a number of climate change questions bothering on how resources and energy are
consumed, land developed, buildings and infrastructure constructed as well as services supplied and places
It is estimated that the cement industry contributes about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. CO2
emissions are produced through heating, cooling and powering the built environment. These emissions have
most 2% per year, thanks largely to bigger homes with more energy consuming devices in them.
Additional to warming due to greenhouse gases, the built environment has an influence on the albedo effect.
amounts of heat than natural surfaces. This absorption
leads to localized warming, known as urban heat islands. In large cities there can be as much as a 5o
C difference
climate, is the sum of characteristic meteorological phenomena in the
atmosphere. These are modified by topographic conditions of the earth and by the changes which civilization has
is found in a more limited space like a room, a street, town or small landscape,
climate is that found in a much larger space such as over a country, a continent or on oceans.
possible period of time, and must consist not
only of temperatures and precipitation values, but also humidity, cloud, wind, air pressure and solar radiation.
climate may be classified into four zones according to Komolafe (1988) namely:
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
3.1 Thermal Comfort Conditions
For body comfort, the most important factor which affects the absence of discomfort in an enclosed space is the
correct combinations of:
• The air temperature;
• The humidity;
• The radiation from or to surrounding surfaces;
• The movement of air and its freshness or stuffiness.
3.2 Site Planning for Comfort
The following fundamental rules for site orientations and solar control are generally valid:
• Open facades should face north or south as much as possible to avoid direct radiation from a low sun
and the consequent intensive concentration of heat.
• In hot - dry or arid zones, screening of openings in mostly closed wall surfaces is indispensable.
• In hot - humid zones it is necessary to screen all openings and in some circumstances, complete
facades against direct and indirect radiation from overcast skies.
A good design for thermal comfort in the Nigerian climate should observe the following conside
• Orientation of the buildings;
• Cross ventilation within the habitable rooms;
• Solar control and appropriate shading techniques;
• Use of appropriate properties of materials like heat storage and insulation;
• Appropriate and correct use of vegetati
• Air humidification or evaporative cooling.
3.3 Site Orientation of Buildings
Correct site orientation of buildings for thermal efficiency must pay attention to:
• Solar radiation and the resultant heat load;
• Direction and force of the wind and
• The topography of the site.
3.4 Solar Control and Shading Devices
In the tropics, protection from the sun is always necessary. This is because the intensity, duration and the angle
of incidence of solar radiation to a particular surface are the main dete
necessary for comfort. These factors affect the solar control measures such as:
• The time of the day and the extent of screening required and
• The calculation of the type, depth and separation of the screening elements re
Except for other aesthetic reasons, there is little or no justification for using the same screening devices on all the
four facades of a building. Screening is most effective if separately calculated to suit the solar angle of incidence
and the requirements for each facade. The capital cost involved in providing appropriate and suitable sun
shading devices helps to minimize the heat load and consequently:
• reduce the cost of air conditioning,
• provide cooler indoor environment,
• ensure greater thermal comfort of the occupants and
• increase productive efforts (Odeleye, 1989 ).
3.5 Effects of Climate on Building Elements
Climatic factors do not affect people's comfort alone; they can also impair the safety of buildings and lead to
building damage and premature fatigue of building materials, according to Komolafe (1988). In the tropics, for
example, factors such as intense solar radiation, high humidity and condensation, dust and sandstorms and the
salt content of the air affect building material
For walling materials, the comfort implication of heat storage capacity, where they are needed, are secondary to
those of privacy, stability, protection and security against house
walling and thin mud walls, adobe or wattle and daub are commonly used in various climatic zones.
The picture is not better with respect to roofing materials in common use. For example, galvanized iron sheet
absorbs 65% of solar radiation which increases to 80% when it gets old
roofing sheets absorb as high as 61% of heat, which increases to 83% when old and dirty (Komolafe, 1988).
Generally, the problem is not what is thermally desirable and efficient, but what is readily available and
economically affordable to the people
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
4
For body comfort, the most important factor which affects the absence of discomfort in an enclosed space is the
The radiation from or to surrounding surfaces;
The movement of air and its freshness or stuffiness.
The following fundamental rules for site orientations and solar control are generally valid:
Open facades should face north or south as much as possible to avoid direct radiation from a low sun
and the consequent intensive concentration of heat.
dry or arid zones, screening of openings in mostly closed wall surfaces is indispensable.
humid zones it is necessary to screen all openings and in some circumstances, complete
facades against direct and indirect radiation from overcast skies.
A good design for thermal comfort in the Nigerian climate should observe the following conside
Orientation of the buildings;
Cross ventilation within the habitable rooms;
Solar control and appropriate shading techniques;
Use of appropriate properties of materials like heat storage and insulation;
Appropriate and correct use of vegetation and
Air humidification or evaporative cooling.
Site Orientation of Buildings
Correct site orientation of buildings for thermal efficiency must pay attention to:
Solar radiation and the resultant heat load;
Direction and force of the wind and
Solar Control and Shading Devices
In the tropics, protection from the sun is always necessary. This is because the intensity, duration and the angle
of incidence of solar radiation to a particular surface are the main determinants of the design precautions
necessary for comfort. These factors affect the solar control measures such as:
The time of the day and the extent of screening required and
The calculation of the type, depth and separation of the screening elements required.
Except for other aesthetic reasons, there is little or no justification for using the same screening devices on all the
four facades of a building. Screening is most effective if separately calculated to suit the solar angle of incidence
equirements for each facade. The capital cost involved in providing appropriate and suitable sun
shading devices helps to minimize the heat load and consequently:
reduce the cost of air conditioning,
provide cooler indoor environment,
hermal comfort of the occupants and
increase productive efforts (Odeleye, 1989 ).
Effects of Climate on Building Elements
Climatic factors do not affect people's comfort alone; they can also impair the safety of buildings and lead to
ge and premature fatigue of building materials, according to Komolafe (1988). In the tropics, for
example, factors such as intense solar radiation, high humidity and condensation, dust and sandstorms and the
salt content of the air affect building materials.
For walling materials, the comfort implication of heat storage capacity, where they are needed, are secondary to
those of privacy, stability, protection and security against house - breaking. As a result of this, sandcrete block
lls, adobe or wattle and daub are commonly used in various climatic zones.
The picture is not better with respect to roofing materials in common use. For example, galvanized iron sheet
absorbs 65% of solar radiation which increases to 80% when it gets old and dirty. Similarly asbestos
roofing sheets absorb as high as 61% of heat, which increases to 83% when old and dirty (Komolafe, 1988).
Generally, the problem is not what is thermally desirable and efficient, but what is readily available and
nomically affordable to the people
www.iiste.org
For body comfort, the most important factor which affects the absence of discomfort in an enclosed space is the
The following fundamental rules for site orientations and solar control are generally valid:
Open facades should face north or south as much as possible to avoid direct radiation from a low sun
dry or arid zones, screening of openings in mostly closed wall surfaces is indispensable.
humid zones it is necessary to screen all openings and in some circumstances, complete
A good design for thermal comfort in the Nigerian climate should observe the following considerations:
In the tropics, protection from the sun is always necessary. This is because the intensity, duration and the angle
rminants of the design precautions
quired.
Except for other aesthetic reasons, there is little or no justification for using the same screening devices on all the
four facades of a building. Screening is most effective if separately calculated to suit the solar angle of incidence
equirements for each facade. The capital cost involved in providing appropriate and suitable sun -
Climatic factors do not affect people's comfort alone; they can also impair the safety of buildings and lead to
ge and premature fatigue of building materials, according to Komolafe (1988). In the tropics, for
example, factors such as intense solar radiation, high humidity and condensation, dust and sandstorms and the
For walling materials, the comfort implication of heat storage capacity, where they are needed, are secondary to
breaking. As a result of this, sandcrete block
lls, adobe or wattle and daub are commonly used in various climatic zones.
The picture is not better with respect to roofing materials in common use. For example, galvanized iron sheet
and dirty. Similarly asbestos – cement
roofing sheets absorb as high as 61% of heat, which increases to 83% when old and dirty (Komolafe, 1988).
Generally, the problem is not what is thermally desirable and efficient, but what is readily available and
5. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
3.6 Green Architecture
Green architecture refers to the creation or restructuring of buildings so that they have a minimal impact on the
environment. There are a number of different approaches to green construction,
the responsible recycling of existing resources along with the efficient use of environmentally friendly systems
to provide water and power services to buildings that are created using a sustainable design. As more people
have become concerned about the wise use of the planet's resources, the concept of green architecture has gained
in both acceptability and interest. Generally, a green architect will attempt to design or overhaul buildings so that
they provide all the necessary functions but do not pose a great threat to the surrounding environment. In many
cases, this means using building materials that are composed of organic compounds rather than synthetics. The
building material may be wood, bricks, or other elements th
demolition. These harvested materials are joined with newer technology to create structures that fit into the
surrounding landscape with greater ease and make the best use of availed resources for heating
and water supply to the edifice. The use of solar panels is a common element of green architecture. The panels,
along with their storage tanks, make it possible to store energy for electrical needs such as cooking, keeping the
temperature in the building at a comfortable level, and running necessary equipment such as computer. In recent
years, coupling of a solar energy system with a wind system has been experimented with, effectively drawing on
two renewable resources to create energy to
Another important aspect of green design is the strategic placement of windows around the facing of the building.
Ideally, the windows are placed so that the most efficient use of sunligh
to decreasing the demand for artificial light during the daytime, the windows can also serve as a means of
allowing the natural sunlight to provide a degree of warmth to the interior of the building. This in turn m
possible to utilize less of the stored solar or wind energy to keep the space at an equitable temperature.
Depending on the placement of the building and its intended purpose, other aspects of green architecture may be
included. The building may be recessed partially into the side of a hill, thus providing natural insulation.
Composting toilets may be the ideal solution in areas where water is hard to come by (Sustainable Architecture,
2010). Finding ways to use whatever elements are native to the a
with nature, such as creating blocks using local sand rather than shipping in bricks constructed elsewhere. While
the process of creating green architecture may be more deficient in some areas, there is no do
any structure can be altered or designed to be more environmentally friendly.
3.7 Green Architecture and Climate Change
It is estimated that at present, buildings contribute as much as one third of total global annual greenhouse gas
emissions, primarily through the use of fossil fuel during their operational phase and consumes up to 40% of all
energy (Adeleke, 2010). This includes energy used in the production and transportation of materials to building
construction sites, as well as the energy used to operate buildings. Given the massive growth in new construction
in economies in transition, and the inefficiencies of existing building stock worldwide, if nothing is done,
greenhouse gas emissions from buildings will more than double in
Green architecture is creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource
efficient throughout a building's life
renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of
economy, utility, durability and comfort (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). Green buildings are
designed to reduce the overall impact of the bu
This is achieved by efficiently using energy, water and other resources, protecting occupants' heath and
improving employees' productivity and reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradat
efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions must be the foundation of every national climatic
change strategy and incorporated into all development plans including those pertaining to building policy (Obot,
2010).
3.8 The Architect in Combating Climate Change
The Architect as a key player in the Building Industry, play a very vital role in combating the effect of climate
change on the built environment. According to Omotoso, (2011),the Architect can contribute to the reduction of
the energy and demand on resources associated with construction and operation of buildings by the followings:
• Incorporating existing buildings and structures into design schemes as much as possible instead of
demolishing such buildings and structures to ma
• Collaborating with Mechanical and Electrical Engineers to design for reduced consumption of energy in
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
5
Green architecture refers to the creation or restructuring of buildings so that they have a minimal impact on the
environment. There are a number of different approaches to green construction, with many of the ideas involving
the responsible recycling of existing resources along with the efficient use of environmentally friendly systems
to provide water and power services to buildings that are created using a sustainable design. As more people
have become concerned about the wise use of the planet's resources, the concept of green architecture has gained
in both acceptability and interest. Generally, a green architect will attempt to design or overhaul buildings so that
ssary functions but do not pose a great threat to the surrounding environment. In many
cases, this means using building materials that are composed of organic compounds rather than synthetics. The
building material may be wood, bricks, or other elements that are harvested from older buildings scheduled for
demolition. These harvested materials are joined with newer technology to create structures that fit into the
surrounding landscape with greater ease and make the best use of availed resources for heating
and water supply to the edifice. The use of solar panels is a common element of green architecture. The panels,
along with their storage tanks, make it possible to store energy for electrical needs such as cooking, keeping the
e in the building at a comfortable level, and running necessary equipment such as computer. In recent
years, coupling of a solar energy system with a wind system has been experimented with, effectively drawing on
two renewable resources to create energy to meet the demands of modern life (Sustainable Architecture, 2010).
Another important aspect of green design is the strategic placement of windows around the facing of the building.
Ideally, the windows are placed so that the most efficient use of sunlight during the day takes place. In addition
to decreasing the demand for artificial light during the daytime, the windows can also serve as a means of
allowing the natural sunlight to provide a degree of warmth to the interior of the building. This in turn m
possible to utilize less of the stored solar or wind energy to keep the space at an equitable temperature.
Depending on the placement of the building and its intended purpose, other aspects of green architecture may be
recessed partially into the side of a hill, thus providing natural insulation.
Composting toilets may be the ideal solution in areas where water is hard to come by (Sustainable Architecture,
2010). Finding ways to use whatever elements are native to the area also helps to keep the structure in balance
with nature, such as creating blocks using local sand rather than shipping in bricks constructed elsewhere. While
the process of creating green architecture may be more deficient in some areas, there is no do
any structure can be altered or designed to be more environmentally friendly.
Green Architecture and Climate Change
It is estimated that at present, buildings contribute as much as one third of total global annual greenhouse gas
emissions, primarily through the use of fossil fuel during their operational phase and consumes up to 40% of all
energy (Adeleke, 2010). This includes energy used in the production and transportation of materials to building
the energy used to operate buildings. Given the massive growth in new construction
in economies in transition, and the inefficiencies of existing building stock worldwide, if nothing is done,
greenhouse gas emissions from buildings will more than double in the next few years.
Green architecture is creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource
efficient throughout a building's life - cycle, from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance,
n and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of
economy, utility, durability and comfort (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). Green buildings are
designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment.
This is achieved by efficiently using energy, water and other resources, protecting occupants' heath and
improving employees' productivity and reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradat
efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions must be the foundation of every national climatic
change strategy and incorporated into all development plans including those pertaining to building policy (Obot,
ct in Combating Climate Change
The Architect as a key player in the Building Industry, play a very vital role in combating the effect of climate
change on the built environment. According to Omotoso, (2011),the Architect can contribute to the reduction of
the energy and demand on resources associated with construction and operation of buildings by the followings:
Incorporating existing buildings and structures into design schemes as much as possible instead of
demolishing such buildings and structures to make way for new buildings.
Collaborating with Mechanical and Electrical Engineers to design for reduced consumption of energy in
www.iiste.org
Green architecture refers to the creation or restructuring of buildings so that they have a minimal impact on the
with many of the ideas involving
the responsible recycling of existing resources along with the efficient use of environmentally friendly systems
to provide water and power services to buildings that are created using a sustainable design. As more people
have become concerned about the wise use of the planet's resources, the concept of green architecture has gained
in both acceptability and interest. Generally, a green architect will attempt to design or overhaul buildings so that
ssary functions but do not pose a great threat to the surrounding environment. In many
cases, this means using building materials that are composed of organic compounds rather than synthetics. The
at are harvested from older buildings scheduled for
demolition. These harvested materials are joined with newer technology to create structures that fit into the
surrounding landscape with greater ease and make the best use of availed resources for heating, cooling, cooking
and water supply to the edifice. The use of solar panels is a common element of green architecture. The panels,
along with their storage tanks, make it possible to store energy for electrical needs such as cooking, keeping the
e in the building at a comfortable level, and running necessary equipment such as computer. In recent
years, coupling of a solar energy system with a wind system has been experimented with, effectively drawing on
meet the demands of modern life (Sustainable Architecture, 2010).
Another important aspect of green design is the strategic placement of windows around the facing of the building.
t during the day takes place. In addition
to decreasing the demand for artificial light during the daytime, the windows can also serve as a means of
allowing the natural sunlight to provide a degree of warmth to the interior of the building. This in turn makes it
possible to utilize less of the stored solar or wind energy to keep the space at an equitable temperature.
Depending on the placement of the building and its intended purpose, other aspects of green architecture may be
recessed partially into the side of a hill, thus providing natural insulation.
Composting toilets may be the ideal solution in areas where water is hard to come by (Sustainable Architecture,
rea also helps to keep the structure in balance
with nature, such as creating blocks using local sand rather than shipping in bricks constructed elsewhere. While
the process of creating green architecture may be more deficient in some areas, there is no doubt that just about
It is estimated that at present, buildings contribute as much as one third of total global annual greenhouse gas
emissions, primarily through the use of fossil fuel during their operational phase and consumes up to 40% of all
energy (Adeleke, 2010). This includes energy used in the production and transportation of materials to building
the energy used to operate buildings. Given the massive growth in new construction
in economies in transition, and the inefficiencies of existing building stock worldwide, if nothing is done,
Green architecture is creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource -
cycle, from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance,
n and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of
economy, utility, durability and comfort (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009). Green buildings are
ilt environment on human health and the natural environment.
This is achieved by efficiently using energy, water and other resources, protecting occupants' heath and
improving employees' productivity and reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation. Energy
efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions must be the foundation of every national climatic
change strategy and incorporated into all development plans including those pertaining to building policy (Obot,
The Architect as a key player in the Building Industry, play a very vital role in combating the effect of climate
change on the built environment. According to Omotoso, (2011),the Architect can contribute to the reduction of
the energy and demand on resources associated with construction and operation of buildings by the followings:
Incorporating existing buildings and structures into design schemes as much as possible instead of
Collaborating with Mechanical and Electrical Engineers to design for reduced consumption of energy in
6. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
buildings.
• Specifying recyclable, reusable, local, natural, durable and environmental friendly building materials.
• Creating high performance buildings that take maximum advantage of natural ventilation and lighting.
• Planning cities, part of cities and neighbourhoods in such a manner that people can live and work and
take leisure within a single environment.
• Preserving biologically rich landscapes in master planning.
The Architect can contribute to the mitigation of the current and future effects of climate change on the built
environment by:
• Improved planning and building design to reduce urban heat and temperature rise. Urban popul
will want more access to outdoor natural open spaces as temperatures rise.
• Climate modification using plants, siting of buildings and using different surface materials and
topographic features either as they exist or as they could be constructed.
• Use of plants to enclose and modulate spaces of roads, buildings and forms.
• Extensive use of trees to shade buildings, people and road surfaces from solar radiation and reduce air
pollution and ameliorate temperature.
• Use of vertical louvers, projecting fins,
louvers, slates, concrete and metal grills to control sun penetration.
• Collaborating with members of the design team and the client to develop and update construction
designs that provide increased
humidity, levels of precipitation, wind speeds and frequency of extreme weather events.
4.0 Conclusion
Architecture is crucial in the present and future development of a country. As the
there is an urgent need to adopt green building standards. This will ensure not just cost
also healthier and more productive living environment (Adeleke, 2010). It can make a major contribution to the
pressing search to devise ways of life that are less taxing on the earth's resources, the relationship of buildings to
their environment, their location with regard to public amenities, the burden their occupants will place on road
networks are issues that will determine a building's green thumbprint.
The parameter of sustainable and environmentally friendly architecture is wide and the ability to control living
environments exists as never before. Since buildings have a long life, the effects of decisio
felt for many years to come. Thus, low environmental impact should be a built in feature of building design by
all professionals, clients and developers who claim to be producing quality buildings since quality requires that
today’s buildings not only meet the needs of the present occupants but also be an asset rather than a liability for
our children and future generations.
The following recommendations therefore become very necessary
• Architects, engineers and developers make a decis
environmentally friendly buildings. At present, what we need is a new generation of buildings: low in
energy consumption and environmentally friendly, that will set new standards in our urban centres.
• Environmental welfare that this will lead to reduction in CO2 emission, create better
Environments and help us to move towards sustainable development should be encouraged.
• As building professionals, we must take a keen interest in green buildings and a
architecture of the 21st Century is about environmental design.
• Government should take the leading role to facilitate and encourage best environmental practice. So
much so that practically all the new government buildings should be
should be good case studies for “green” building principles.
• It is important that the government moves to the forefront and be seen to guide the construction industry
by developing comprehensive targets to counter the challenge
• Low environmental impact should be a built in feature of building design by all professionals, clients
and developers To achieve this, we must ‘touch this earth lightly’.
References
Adeleke, K. (2010): Green Building Codes
Architects Colloquium organised by The Nigerian Institute of Architects in Abuja, March, 2010.
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
6
Specifying recyclable, reusable, local, natural, durable and environmental friendly building materials.
performance buildings that take maximum advantage of natural ventilation and lighting.
Planning cities, part of cities and neighbourhoods in such a manner that people can live and work and
take leisure within a single environment.
rich landscapes in master planning.
The Architect can contribute to the mitigation of the current and future effects of climate change on the built
Improved planning and building design to reduce urban heat and temperature rise. Urban popul
will want more access to outdoor natural open spaces as temperatures rise.
Climate modification using plants, siting of buildings and using different surface materials and
topographic features either as they exist or as they could be constructed.
of plants to enclose and modulate spaces of roads, buildings and forms.
Extensive use of trees to shade buildings, people and road surfaces from solar radiation and reduce air
pollution and ameliorate temperature.
Use of vertical louvers, projecting fins, projecting eaves, horizontal canopy or awning, horizontal
louvers, slates, concrete and metal grills to control sun penetration.
Collaborating with members of the design team and the client to develop and update construction
designs that provide increased durability and reliability in the face of changing temperature, relative
humidity, levels of precipitation, wind speeds and frequency of extreme weather events.
Architecture is crucial in the present and future development of a country. As the number of buildings multiplies,
there is an urgent need to adopt green building standards. This will ensure not just cost-
also healthier and more productive living environment (Adeleke, 2010). It can make a major contribution to the
pressing search to devise ways of life that are less taxing on the earth's resources, the relationship of buildings to
their environment, their location with regard to public amenities, the burden their occupants will place on road
t will determine a building's green thumbprint.
The parameter of sustainable and environmentally friendly architecture is wide and the ability to control living
environments exists as never before. Since buildings have a long life, the effects of decisio
felt for many years to come. Thus, low environmental impact should be a built in feature of building design by
all professionals, clients and developers who claim to be producing quality buildings since quality requires that
uildings not only meet the needs of the present occupants but also be an asset rather than a liability for
The following recommendations therefore become very necessary
Architects, engineers and developers make a decisive attempt to combat global warming by putting up
environmentally friendly buildings. At present, what we need is a new generation of buildings: low in
energy consumption and environmentally friendly, that will set new standards in our urban centres.
ironmental welfare that this will lead to reduction in CO2 emission, create better
Environments and help us to move towards sustainable development should be encouraged.
As building professionals, we must take a keen interest in green buildings and always remember that the
architecture of the 21st Century is about environmental design.
Government should take the leading role to facilitate and encourage best environmental practice. So
much so that practically all the new government buildings should be environmentally friendly and
should be good case studies for “green” building principles.
It is important that the government moves to the forefront and be seen to guide the construction industry
by developing comprehensive targets to counter the challenges of Climate Change.
Low environmental impact should be a built in feature of building design by all professionals, clients
and developers To achieve this, we must ‘touch this earth lightly’.
Adeleke, K. (2010): Green Building Codes - A Priority for Sustainable Development. Paper presented at the
Architects Colloquium organised by The Nigerian Institute of Architects in Abuja, March, 2010.
www.iiste.org
Specifying recyclable, reusable, local, natural, durable and environmental friendly building materials.
performance buildings that take maximum advantage of natural ventilation and lighting.
Planning cities, part of cities and neighbourhoods in such a manner that people can live and work and
The Architect can contribute to the mitigation of the current and future effects of climate change on the built
Improved planning and building design to reduce urban heat and temperature rise. Urban population
Climate modification using plants, siting of buildings and using different surface materials and
Extensive use of trees to shade buildings, people and road surfaces from solar radiation and reduce air
projecting eaves, horizontal canopy or awning, horizontal
Collaborating with members of the design team and the client to develop and update construction
durability and reliability in the face of changing temperature, relative
humidity, levels of precipitation, wind speeds and frequency of extreme weather events.
number of buildings multiplies,
-effective buildings but
also healthier and more productive living environment (Adeleke, 2010). It can make a major contribution to the
pressing search to devise ways of life that are less taxing on the earth's resources, the relationship of buildings to
their environment, their location with regard to public amenities, the burden their occupants will place on road
The parameter of sustainable and environmentally friendly architecture is wide and the ability to control living
environments exists as never before. Since buildings have a long life, the effects of decisions made today will be
felt for many years to come. Thus, low environmental impact should be a built in feature of building design by
all professionals, clients and developers who claim to be producing quality buildings since quality requires that
uildings not only meet the needs of the present occupants but also be an asset rather than a liability for
ive attempt to combat global warming by putting up
environmentally friendly buildings. At present, what we need is a new generation of buildings: low in
energy consumption and environmentally friendly, that will set new standards in our urban centres.
ironmental welfare that this will lead to reduction in CO2 emission, create better-Built
Environments and help us to move towards sustainable development should be encouraged.
lways remember that the
Government should take the leading role to facilitate and encourage best environmental practice. So
environmentally friendly and
It is important that the government moves to the forefront and be seen to guide the construction industry
s of Climate Change.
Low environmental impact should be a built in feature of building design by all professionals, clients
y for Sustainable Development. Paper presented at the
Architects Colloquium organised by The Nigerian Institute of Architects in Abuja, March, 2010.
7. Journal of Environment and Earth Science
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225
Vol. 3, No.4, 2013
Bulkeley H., Schroeder H., Janda K., Zhao J., Armstrong A., Chu S.Y and Ghosh S.: Report prepared
for the World Bank Urban Symposium on Climate Change.
Komolafe, L. K. (1988): "Influence of Climate on Building Design and Thermal Performance Assessment of
Some Construction Materials" in Ten Years of Building and Road Research. Edited by G. N. Omange, NBRRI,
Lagos. pp 95-108.
Obot, E. A. (2010): Architects and Global Warming. Paper presented at the Architects Colloquium organized by
The Nigerian Institute of Architects, Abuja. March. 2010
Odeleye, A. (1989): "The Design of Buildings for Comfort in the Nigeria
Seminar on "Architecture, Climate and Environment" organized by The Nigerian Building and Road Research
Institute in Lagos. October.
Odjugo PAO (2010). General overview of climate change impacts in Nigeria. J. Human Ecol.
Omotoso, A. J. (2011): The role of the Architect in Managing the Effect of Climate Change. Paper presented at
the Architects Colloquium organised by Nigerian Institute of Architects in Abuja, June, 2011
Satterthwaite, D. Hug, S. Pelling, M.
Series; Adapting to Climate change in Urban Areas
nations.ISBN: 978-1-84369-669-8.
Sustainable Architecture (2010): What Is Gre
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenbuilding.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009). Green Building Home. Retrieved
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm
Vidal,J.(2007, June28). Burgeoning cities face catastrophe, says UN,
Journal of Environment and Earth Science
3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
7
Bulkeley H., Schroeder H., Janda K., Zhao J., Armstrong A., Chu S.Y and Ghosh S.: Report prepared
the World Bank Urban Symposium on Climate Change.
Komolafe, L. K. (1988): "Influence of Climate on Building Design and Thermal Performance Assessment of
Some Construction Materials" in Ten Years of Building and Road Research. Edited by G. N. Omange, NBRRI,
Obot, E. A. (2010): Architects and Global Warming. Paper presented at the Architects Colloquium organized by
The Nigerian Institute of Architects, Abuja. March. 2010
Odeleye, A. (1989): "The Design of Buildings for Comfort in the Nigerian Climate." Paper presented at the
Seminar on "Architecture, Climate and Environment" organized by The Nigerian Building and Road Research
Odjugo PAO (2010). General overview of climate change impacts in Nigeria. J. Human Ecol.
Omotoso, A. J. (2011): The role of the Architect in Managing the Effect of Climate Change. Paper presented at
the Architects Colloquium organised by Nigerian Institute of Architects in Abuja, June, 2011
Satterthwaite, D. Hug, S. Pelling, M. Reid, H. and Lankao, P.M.(2007): Human Settlements Discussion paper
Series; Adapting to Climate change in Urban Areas- The possibilities and constraints in low and middle income
Sustainable Architecture (2010): What Is Green Architecture? Retrieved from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenbuilding. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/greenbuilding.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009). Green Building Home. Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/components.htm
Burgeoning cities face catastrophe, says UN, The Guardian.
www.iiste.org
Bulkeley H., Schroeder H., Janda K., Zhao J., Armstrong A., Chu S.Y and Ghosh S.: Report prepared
Komolafe, L. K. (1988): "Influence of Climate on Building Design and Thermal Performance Assessment of
Some Construction Materials" in Ten Years of Building and Road Research. Edited by G. N. Omange, NBRRI,
Obot, E. A. (2010): Architects and Global Warming. Paper presented at the Architects Colloquium organized by
n Climate." Paper presented at the
Seminar on "Architecture, Climate and Environment" organized by The Nigerian Building and Road Research
Odjugo PAO (2010). General overview of climate change impacts in Nigeria. J. Human Ecol., 29(1): 47-55.
Omotoso, A. J. (2011): The role of the Architect in Managing the Effect of Climate Change. Paper presented at
the Architects Colloquium organised by Nigerian Institute of Architects in Abuja, June, 2011
Reid, H. and Lankao, P.M.(2007): Human Settlements Discussion paper
The possibilities and constraints in low and middle income
8. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar