This document defines and provides examples of basic grammar terminology including parts of speech, sentences, clauses, and phrases.
It explains that a sentence must contain a subject and a verb, and may also include an object, complement, or adverbial. Clauses are "mini sentences" within a larger sentence, joined by words like "while". Phrases are groups of words that act as a single part of speech but do not contain both a subject and verb. Being able to identify clauses and phrases is important for understanding sentence structure.
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
A guide to the 8 parts of speech in the English language, intended for use as ESL material. More English resources at http://www.davidteaching.blogspot.com
Prefixes and Suffixes
There are 3 processes of word formation in English: affixation- addition of prefixes and sufixes; conversion- use of the word in another class without any changes; and compounding- joining 2 words to form another.
Prefixes and suffixes are sets of letters that are added to the beginning or end of another word. They are not words in their own right and cannot stand on their own in a sentence: if they are printed on their own they have a hyphen before or after them.
Prefixes are added to the beginning of an existing word in order to create a new word with a different meaning.
The following is an list of medical prefixes along with their meanings, origin, and an English example.
Example of Prefixes
Prefix Origin Meaning example
Pre- Latin Before Pre-test
Inter- Latin Between Interface
Mono- Greek One,Single Monoplane
Un- Latin Not Unhappy
Re- Latin Back,again Repaint
Dis- Latin Apart, not Disconnect
The three celtic countries were under English control and the English kings wanted to continue with this control. But it was Scotland which looked for freedom from England.
To assure power William I decided to apply a new system. Feudalism was a chain to be in contact with all his vassals but it was also a mean to assure loyalty.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Basic Grammar Terminology
To get started, here is a basic review of grammar
terminology.
Part of Speech Function or "job" Example
Verb action or state Peter ate dinner.
Noun thing or person The dog watched the
squirrel.
Adjective describes a noun The hungry dog watched
the grey squirrel.
Adverb describes a verb,
adjective or adverb
The hungry dog intently
watched the grey squirrel.
3. Basic Grammar Terminology …
continued
Part of Speech Function or "job" Example
Pronoun replaces a noun He ate dinner.
Preposition links a noun to
another word
I gave a bone to the dog.
Conjunction joins clauses or
words
Peter read the paper and
listened to the radio while
he ate dinner.
4. What Makes a Sentence?
Peter ate dinner.
Subject =
noun or
pronoun
that does an
action or
experiences
a state of
being
Verb =
expresses
the action
or “state”of
the subject
Object =
noun or
pronoun
that
receives
the action
of the verb
Peter ate dinner.Peter ate dinner.Peter ate dinner.
5. This is also a sentence …
Peter is happy.
Subject Verb Complement
A complement is a great deal like an object, but it differs in
that is does not “receive” the action a verb. Instead it “is”
the subject.
Complements can be nouns or adjectives. The key to
understanding them is understanding the verbs that they
follow.
Peter is happy.Peter is happy.Peter is happy.
6. Verbs that take complements …
(thank you very much!)
Intensive Verbs such as be and feel do not have
action moving “out” of them to affect a noun.
Instead they hold action “within” them.
Peter threw the bone. Peter is happy.
The verb threw is NOT an intensive verb (the
action moves out of it to affect the object).
The verb is IS an intensive verb: Peter and happy
are the same thing, so the mathematical equal sign
better represents the “action” of this intensive verb.
Look at the images above the verbs in the following
sentences:
7. Common Intensive English Verbs
be
feel
seem
became
Remember that these verbs can be followed by nouns or
adjectives. Either way, the words that follow intensive
verbs “are” the subjects before the verb … that is how
you can identify a complement.
EXAMPLE:
Peter is a teacher.
Peter is happy.
Noun as a complement
Adjective as a complement
8. And this is also a sentence …
Peter was in the kitchen.
Subject =
noun or
pronoun
that does an
action or
experiences
a state of
being
Verb =
expresses
the action
or “state”of
the subject
Adverbial =
adverb or
group of
words that
tells
where,
when, why
or how the
verb
happened.
Peter was in the kitchen.Peter was in the kitchen.Peter was in the kitchen.
9. More Adverbial Examples
Peter was a student last year.
Peter drive quickly.
Peter went to New York to visit his aunt.
10. Sentence Components
S + V / O
So, we can symbolize the basic components of a
sentence in the following way:
Where:
S = subject (a noun or pronoun that does an action)
V = verb (the action itself)
/ = “optional” some verbs do not need an O, C or A
O = object (a noun or pronoun that receives an action)
C = complement (an adjective or noun that is the subject)
A = adverbial (an adverbial that tells more about the action)
or C
or A
11. But here’s a new question, is this a
sentence?
Peter ate dinner while he watched TV.
It is the sentence from an
earlier slide (Peter ate dinner) with additional
information added … now we know that Peter was
doing two things at once, eating dinner and
watching TV.
Let’s take a look at the components of this new
sentence.
Yes, this is a sentence.
12. Peter ate dinner while he watched TV.
Subject
Verb
Object
We have the original subject Peter with its verb ate
and its object dinner.
But the sentence continues with a second subject,
this time he, a second verb, watched, and a second
object, TV.
13. Clause
Peter ate dinner. He watched TV.
Our one sentence is basically two “mini” sentences
hooked together by the word while.
while he watched TV.
“Mini” sentences, units of SV/O,C or A, within a
sentence are called clauses.
14. Clause
continued
Peter ate dinner while he watched TV.
This sentence is composed of two clauses.
But we can still add more to this sentence.
1 2
1
15. After exercising, Peter ate dinner
while he watched TV.
A bigger sentence …
In addition to the two clauses we are familiar
with, this sentence has the added words after
exercising.
The words after exercising work together to
give extra information about the clauses, but
they do not form a clause. They form a
phrase.
16. Phrase
One way to define a phrase is to say it is a group of
words that “belong together” in terms of meaning but
do not have both a subject and a verb.
Phrase = a group of words that acts like one word
Phrase ≠ S + V
Another way to think of a phrase is to think of
how it works within a sentence. When you think
of a phrase this way, you can define it as:
17. Phrase
example
Here is a phrase:
1. the gym at the end of the street
It functions as the subject of the
sentence and subjects are nouns.
It acts like a noun The gym at the end of the street is new.
18. Phrase
a phrase within a phrase
Look carefully and you will find a phrase within the
phrase:
This phrase gives more information
about the noun, thus acting like an
adjective
This phrase within the first phrase acts
like an adjective The gym at the end of the street is new.
Phrases can have phrases “in” them.
the gym at the end of the streetthe gym at the end of the street
19. Phrase
continued – testing to see if you have a phrase
The second phrase, ,at the end of the street can be
replaced with a one word adjective such as large.
The large gym is new.
at the end of the street
large
This replacement of the group of words by one word
demonstrates the idea that a phrase is a group of words
acting as one word.
The gym at the end of the street is new.
20. It also serves as a way to classify phrases. This part of
the phrase that “holds” its function within the greater
sentence is called the head.
In English, the head is often the first word of the phrase.
Phrase
testing - continued
The one word that a phrase can be reduced to lets you
know its function within the sentence.
21. •Prepositional phrase with a preposition as head
(e.g. in love, over the rainbow)
•Noun phrase with a noun as head
(e.g. the black cat, a cat on the mat)
•Verb phrase with a verb as head
(e.g. eat cheese, jump up and down)
•Adjectival phrase with an adjective as head (e.g. full of toys)
•Adverbial phrase with adverb as head (e.g. very carefully)
Phrases are be classified by the type of head they take:
Examples from: http://www.webster-dictionary.org/definition/phrase
Phrase
naming phrases
22. Putting it all together
Sentences are composed of clauses and phrases.
Some sentences have only one clause and no
phrase:
Peter ate dinner.
Others have two or more clauses:
Because Peter ate dinner while he watched TV,
he got indigestion.
1 2
3
3
23. Putting it all together
continued
Other sentences have clauses and phrases.
After exercising at the gym across
the street, Peter ate dinner in the
kitchen while he watched TV.
24. Using Clauses and Phrases
Once identifying clauses and phrases becomes
easy for you, you will begin to notice how good
writers put their sentence together.
Additionally, once you become comfortable finding
clauses and phrases in writing, you can begin to
work with the punctuation rules for correctly and
effectively putting clauses and phrases together.
For now, simply test out your knowledge of
sentences, clauses and phrases.