Active and passive voice
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The document discusses active and passive voice in verbs. There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice. Active voice shows that the subject performs the action, while passive voice shows that the subject receives the action. Active voice is more direct and concise, while passive voice is often wordier because it requires a helping verb and prepositional phrase. Passive voice can be identified by a helping verb and past participle, and may include a prepositional phrase beginning with "by" to indicate who performed the action. Passive voice is sometimes used to hide the subject or emphasize a different part of the message.
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The document discusses the passive voice and its uses. It defines the passive voice as having a form of "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb. It lists the different tenses that can be used in the passive voice and provides examples. It contrasts the structures of passive and active sentences. Finally, it outlines common uses of the passive voice, such as when the agent is unknown or not important to emphasize.
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The document discusses the use of passive voice in writing. Passive voice is used when the focus is on the recipient of the action rather than the doer, when the doer is unknown or unimportant, in formal or scientific writing, and to vary sentence structure by placing new information at the end. To form the passive voice, the object of an active sentence becomes the subject and is followed by a form of "be" and the past participle of the verb. The doer can be included using "by". Examples are provided to illustrate forming the passive voice for different tenses.
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The document discusses best practices for writing headlines for newspapers, websites, and blog posts. It provides tips for keeping headlines simple using active voice and avoiding forms of "to be," capitalizing only the first word, using numbers instead of spelling them out, fitting headlines within the space, and avoiding split verbs or subjects across lines. The document also notes that while website headlines aim to grab attention like newspapers, they are often "click bait" designed to entice clicks through misleading or sensational language.
Quotes, italics, capital letters
Quotation marks are used to identify quoted material and titles of short works. Quotations must include a signal phrase to introduce who is speaking and end punctuation goes inside the closing quotation mark. Italics identify long works like books, magazines, and movies. Capital letters are used to identify specific people, places, or things rather than general terms.
Mostlycommas
This document provides an overview of 7 comma rules and 2 tips for using semicolons and colons. It explains that commas should be used to separate elements in a series, set off introductory phrases, and join two independent clauses with a FANBOYS conjunction. Commas also set off non-restrictive clauses and separate coordinate adjectives. Semicolons can join two independent clauses that are causally related or act as a "super comma" in lists containing internal commas. Colons can introduce a list.
Pronoun agreement
The document discusses pronoun-antecedent agreement, explaining that pronouns must agree in number with their antecedents. It also covers collective nouns, indefinite pronouns, pronouns joined by "either/or" and "neither/nor", gender-inclusive language, pronoun case, and comparisons using pronouns after "than" or "as". Examples are provided to illustrate correct and incorrect pronoun usage according to these rules.
Verbals and misplaced modifiers
This document discusses three types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. Participles end in "-ing", "-ed", "-en", or "-t" and act as adjectives. Gerunds end in "-ing" and act as nouns. Infinitives begin with "to" and can act as nouns, adverbs, or adjectives. The document also discusses misplaced modifiers and provides examples of how to properly place modifying phrases next to the words they modify.
Subject verb agreement rules
Subject-verb agreement refers to the rule that the subject and verb of a clause must match or agree with each other in number. A singular subject requires a singular verb, while a plural subject requires a plural verb. There are several rules that govern subject-verb agreement, including exceptions for certain pronouns like "everybody" and collective nouns.
Wordchoiceconfusion
This document discusses common word choice errors and provides tips to avoid them. It identifies 3 main categories of errors: homonyms, words that differ by one letter, and possessive/contraction confusion. For homonyms, knowing the part of speech helps determine the correct word. For words differing by one letter, creating a memory cue can help, like associating "coarse" with its definition of "harsh." Possessive/contraction errors are most common with words like your/you're and their/they're; writing out the full contraction avoids this confusion.
Discussionforumrubric
The document outlines the expectations for discussion forum posts in an online class. Students are expected to write posts with at least 100 words that thoughtfully apply concepts from lessons using examples and details. Posts should be well organized with a clear structure. Minimal criteria for passing include meeting standards for content, organization, mechanics, and responding to other students' posts. A grading rubric is provided in the syllabus to assess posts on a scale from excellent to unacceptable.
Identifying subjects
The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing or idea that the sentence is about. Grammatically, it is the one word that represents what the sentence is about and usually comes before the verb. The subject can be a noun, pronoun, verb or noun phrase. In sentences that begin with "here" or "there", the subject comes after the verb and is the first noun. A sentence can have more than one subject, called a compound subject.
Prepositional phrases
Prepositional phrases are groups of words beginning with a preposition like "of", "as", or "like" followed by a noun, and they provide more information about a preceding noun. Most prepositional phrases follow verbs to indicate place or time of an action, and phrases using time and place prepositions like "around" or "in" can begin sentences followed by a comma. When checking for prepositional phrases, the preposition must be followed by a noun, not a verb.
Fixingrun ons
The document provides instructions on how to fix run-on sentences in 4 different ways: 1) Separating sentences with a period, 2) Separating sentences with a semicolon if they have a direct connection, 3) Separating sentences with a comma and a coordinating conjunction, 4) Turning one sentence into a dependent clause by adding a subordinate conjunction. Examples are given for each way to fix run-on sentences. The document also provides a graded assignment asking the reader to rewrite a paragraph without any run-on sentences using each of the 4 fixing methods at least once.
Fixingfragments
The document discusses fragments, which are incomplete sentences lacking essential elements like a subject or verb. There are four types of fragments: those missing a subject, those missing a verb, those with an incomplete verb, and those beginning with a conjunction but lacking a complete thought. The document provides examples of each type of fragment and how to identify them. It then gives practice examples of fixing fragments by adding the missing elements to make complete sentences.
Understanding clauses
There are two types of clauses: independent clauses and dependent clauses. Independent clauses can stand alone as they are complete statements containing a subject and a verb. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as they are incomplete statements, often using subordinate conjunctions. Dependent clauses are usually preceded by a comma when placed before an independent clause in a sentence. The word "that" can function as a pronoun, adjective, or introduce a dependent clause.
Parts of speech
This document provides an overview of the main parts of speech used in writing, including nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions. It defines each part of speech and provides examples. Key points covered include the four types of nouns, how nouns can be created from other parts of speech, how adjectives describe nouns, how pronouns replace nouns, the difference between action and linking verbs, how adverbs provide more information about verbs or other parts of speech, the two types of conjunctions and their uses, and how prepositions indicate position in space or time. The document concludes by directing the reader to an online tool for practicing identifying parts
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Active and passive voice
- 1. Using Active and Passive Voice
- 2. Verbs and Voice Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb performs or receives the action. There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.
- 3. Active Voice Active voice shows that the subject of the sentence is “the doer” of the action. My dog dug a big hole in the backyard. dog is the doer, dug is the action.
- 4. Passive Voice Passive voice is the form of the verb that is used when the subject of the sentence is the receiver of the action. The hole in the backyard was dug by the dog. hole is the receiver of the action was dug is the action
- 5. Why choose active voice? Active voice is more direct and concise. Passive voice is often wordier because of the need to use a helping verb and a prepositional phrase.
- 6. How to recognize passive verbs 1. Look for the helping verb and the past participle form of the verb. Breakfast was eaten in the kitchen. 2. Look for a prepositional phrase beginning with the word “by.” (This contains the doer of the action). The holes in the backyard were dug by the dog.
- 7. When to use Passive Voice 1. When intentionally trying to hide the subject of the sentence. “Mistakes were made.” avoids the need to place the blame on someone specific. 2. When passive voice better emphasizes the main point of the message, such as “The fire was caused by a careless smoker.