The document defines and provides examples of the eight main parts of speech: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. It discusses the different types of each part of speech, including common nouns and proper nouns, transitive and intransitive verbs, comparative and superlative adjectives, and coordinating conjunctions. The document concludes with a reminder to review the key parts of speech.

1. PARTS OF
SPEECH

2. NOUNS
PRONOUNS
VERBS
ADJECTIVE
S
PARTS OF
SPEECH
ADVERBS
PREPOSITIONS
CONJUNCTION
S
INTERJECTION
S

3. Names of PERSONS, PLACES, or
THINGS
KINDS:
 1. COMMON- in general Ex. Teacher
 2. PROPER- Specific Ex. Mr. Clemente
 3. CONCRETE- Can be seen, touched, smelled, or
toasted
 4. ABSTRACT- Ideas, emotions, and qualities Ex. Love
 5. COLLECTIVE- Names of groups Ex. Audience
 6. COUNT- can be counted individually Ex. Pencil
NOUNS

4. PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
Adding ‘s’- regular
Formed in other ways- irregular

5. PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
 1. Add s to most nouns Ex. Tree-trees
 2. Add es to nouns ending in x, ch, sh, or ss. Ex.box-
boxes
 3. For ending in y preceded by a consonant Ex.
Fairy-fairies
 For ending in y preceded by a vowel Ex. Toy- toys
4. For nouns ending in f or fe, change f to v, add es Ex.
Wife-wives
5. For nouns ending in o preceded by consonant- add es
Ex. Potato-potatoes
For those nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel- add s
Ex. Zoo- zoos
6. Some nouns change in spelling Ex. Tooth-teeth
7. Some do not change Ex. Sheep

6. POSSESSIVE FORMS OF NOUNS
 - SHOW OWNERSHIP
 1. Add an apostrophe and the letter s Ex. Remegel’s
ball
 2. For plural nouns, add only s Ex. Children’s toys
 3. For singular nouns ending in s, add only an
apostrophe
Ex. Tess’ house
4. For plural nouns not ending in s, add ‘s- Ex.
women’s
5. To show separate ownership between nouns add s
or s to each
Ex. Manager’s and supervisor’s office
6. To show joint ownership

7. PRONOUNS
 - WORDS used in place of nouns.
 KINDS:
1. Personal – in place of a person or thing Ex. I, you,
they, she
Possessive- PERSONAL PRONOUNS used in place
of possessive nouns Ex. Mine, yours, theirs
2. Reflexive- to reflect action back to the noun or pronoun
named. Ex. Myself, yourselves, herself
3. Intensive- like reflexive but to add intensity Ex.
Ourselves
4. Relative- to introduce a group of words that act as an
adjective
Ex. Who, whom, whose, which, that

8. PRONOUNS
 KINDS:
6. Demonstrative – refer to specific person or thing.
Ex. This, that, these, those, such
7. Indefinite- refer to a noun but does not ALWAYS
indicate a definite person or thing.
SINGULAR: Someone, Everybody… PLURAL: Many,
several
8. Reciprocal- used to complete the interchange
action, preceded by verb. Ex. Each other and one
another

9. VERBS
Expresses action or condition.
Kinds: ACTION verbs and LINKING VERBS
1. ACTION VERBS- express action (Physical and
mental action) Ex. Went… Dreamed…
2. LINKING VERBS- express condition, or join the
subject with a word or words in the predicate.
Ex. Forms of be- is, am , are, was, were
• Some verbs may be used as either action or
linking verbs
- Ex. Appear, seem, look, sound, taste, smell, feel,

10. VERBS PHRASES
 Consist of one main verb and one or more
auxiliary verb.
 MAIN VERB- tells what is happening
 AUXILIARY- helps the main verb express its
meaning
 Ex. Am, is, are, was, were, be, been, has,
have, had, do, does, can, could, must, may,
might, shall, should, will, would
Ex. The tourists have arrived at the airport.

11. PRINCIPAL PARTS OF VERBS
Has three PRINCIPAL PARTS
- PRESENT
- PAST
- PAST PARTICIPLE
PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
BAKE BAKED BAKED
DREAM DREAMED DREAMT
EAT ATE EATEN

12. TENSE OF VERBS
Tells when the action takes place-
can be PRESENT, PAST, FUTURE
a. SIMPLE- actions that take place in the past, present or future
time.
Ex. John plays basketball.
John played basketball.
John will play basketball.
TENSE TIME VERB FORM
PRESENT Now Present
PAST In the past Past
FUTURE In the future Will or shall +
present

13. TENSE OF VERBS
b. PERFECT- actions that were completed or will be completed by a
certain time.
Ex. Trisha has graduated from college.
Before travelling abroad, Trisha had graduated from
college.
By next year, Trisha shall have graduated from next year.
TENSE TIME VERB FORM
PRESENT PERFECT Begun in the past,
completed now
Has or have + past
participle
PAST PERFECT Begun in the past,
completed in the past
Had + past participle
FUTURE PERFECT Begun in the past or
present, completed in
the future
Will or shall + have +
past participle

14. TENSE OF VERBS
c. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE – expresses continuing action
Ex. Daniel has been waiting for Emily for an hour.
Daniel had been waiting for Emily for an hour before she arrived
By four o’clock this afternoon, Daniel will have been waiting for
Emily for two hours.
TENSE TIME VERB FORM
PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
Begun in the past,
continuing until now
Has been or have been
+ ing form of verb
PAST PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
Begun in the past,
continued and
completed in the past
Had been + ing form of
verb
FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
Begun in the past or
present, continuing into
the future
Will have or shall have +
been + ing form of verb

15. TRANSITIVE VS. INTRANSITIVE VERB
a. TRANSITIVE VERBS (t.v.) need a DIRECT OBJECT (d.o.) to
complete their meaning.
DIRECT OBJECT receives the action expressed.
b. INTRANSITIVE VERBS (i.v.) does not NEED A DIRECT OBJECT
• Action verbs are transitive if there is a direct object, otherwise it
is intransitive.
• Linking verbs are ALWAYS intransitive
ACTION VERBS LINKING VERBS
Joey typed his report.
t.v. d.o.
He is a good doctor.
i.v.
Helen looked at her watch. She looked worried.

16. ADJECTIVES
- Words that modify or describe nouns or pronouns.
- Modify them by telling which one, what kind, or how many.
- Some suffixes are added
Word Suffix Adjective
Beauty ful Beautiful
Comfort able Comfortable
Worth less Worthless
child Ish Childish

17. Kinds of ADJECTIVES
1. Descriptive- describe quality.
PROPER DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVE (formed from a proper noun)
Ex. hot water sad song
Swiss knife German car
2. Limiting- denote quantity or number
a. NUMERICAL- fourth son twelve days
b. DEMONSTRATIVE- these pencils that woman
c. INTERROGATIVE- whose child what lesson
d. INDEFINITE- some sugar few animals
e. POSSESSIVE- my mother his breakfast
f. NOUN MODIFIERS- ballet dancer tennis court
g. DEFINITE and INDEFINITE ARTICLES- the actor an
egg
h. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
- Spicy chicken sandwich bright sunny day

18. COMPARATIVE FORM of
ADJECTIVES
- To compare people or things
- 1. POSITIVE DEGREE- simplest
- 2. COMPARATIVE- compare two
persons or things
- 3. SUPERLATIVE- compare
more than two persons or
things.

19. RULES of COMPARISON
1. To form the comparative degree, add –er to the positive degree.
To form the superlative degree, add –est
For words ending in y, change it to I and add er or est
2. For other adjectives, use more or less before the positive
degree to form the comparative and the words most or least to
form the superlative degree.
NOTE: Do not use more or less with the ending er, or most or
least with the ending est
Positive Comparative Superlative
loud louder Loudest
funny funnier Funniest
Positive Comparative Superlative
talented More talented Most talented
effective More effective Most effective

20. RULES of COMPARISON
3. The forms change in spelling- IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Positive Comparative Superlative
good better Best
bad worse worst

21. PATTERNS of COMPARISON
Using ADJECTIVES
1. If two persons or things are of the same quality-
use AS + POSITIVE DEGREE + AS
Ex. Leo is as tall as John.
2. If a person or thing is of greater quality than the other-
use COMPARATIVE DEGREE + THAN or MORE + POSITIVE DEGREE+
THAN
Ex. The book is more interesting than its movie version.
3. If a person or thing is of lesser quality than the other-
use NOT SO/ AS + POSITIVE DEGREE or LESS+ THAN
Ex. Bananas are not so expensive as grapes.

22. ADVERBS
- Modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
- Modify by telling HOW, WHEN, or WHERE the action takes
place.
- They emphasize or intensify the idea expressed by the adjective
or adverb.
- Some adverbs are formed by adding the suffix ly to an
adjective.
Adjective Suffix Adverb
quick ly quickly
happy ly happily
severe ly severely

23. KINDS OF ADVERBS
1. Adverb of Manner- tells how an action takes place.
Ex. Pau walked slowly.
2. Adverb of Time- tells when an action takes place.
Ex. The inspector will arrive later.
3. Adverb of place- where an action takes place.
Ex. Mrs. Lad works here.
4. Adverb of frequency- how often.
Ex. Kathleen seldom watches a movie.
5. Adverb of degree- extent or intensity (intensifier)
Ex. Too, so, nearly, very, slightly, really, somewhat, extremely, hardly,
almost, quite, rather
We traveled very far.

24. PREPOSITIONS
- WORDS THAT SHOW HOW NOUNS OR
PRONOUNS THAT FOLLOW THEM RELATE
TO ANOTHER WORD/S IN A SENTENCE.
- Used to form PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
- It begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun or pronoun
(OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION)
- Two or more objects (COMPOUND OBJECTS)

25. LIST OF COMMON
PREPOSITIONS
ABOARD AROUND BY INTO ABOUT
TOWARD NEAR EXCEPT DOWN AT
BEFORE UP OFF WITHIN BESIDE
AGAINST UNTIL ON WITH ALONG
FOR INTO IN OUT BEHIND
WHOM OVER ABOVE ONTO DURING

26. CONJUNCTIONS
- WORDS THAT LINK ONE PART OF A SENTENCE TO ANOTHER.
- CAN JOIN WORDS, PHRASES, OR ENTIRE SENTENCES
- KINDS:
- 1. Coordinating- join words of equal value in a sentence.
- and, but, or, yet, for, and nor
2. Correlative- used in pairs to join words or group of words.
both-, and, either-or, and neither-nor
Neither Mr. Rosario nor his son attended the meeting.

27. INTERJECTIONS
- Words or phrases used to express strong emotion.
- Exclamations of feeling.
- Stand alone or at the beginning of the sentence.
Ouch! I hurt my back!
Yipee! We won!
Oh no, I forgot my keys!
Bravo! That was terrific!

28. Let us REVIEW!
 NOUNS
 PRONOUNS
 VERBS
 ADJECTIVES
 ADVERBS
 PREPOSITIONS
 CONJUNCTIONS
 INTERJECTIONS