Classification of veterinary protozoans
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This document classifies and describes various veterinary protozoans. It divides protozoans into four phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Ciliophora, Sporozoa, and Microspora. Sarcomastigophora includes amoeboid protozoans like Entamoeba histolytica and flagellated protozoans like Trypanosoma. Ciliophora contains protozoans like Balantidium coli that use cilia for movement. Sporozoa, also called Apicomplexa, are obligate intracellular parasites with complex life cycles, including genera that cause diseases in animals. Microspora are small parasites of fish and some mammals like Encephal
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Schistosoma haematobium
This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
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Eimeria
Eimeria is a genus of parasites that causes coccidiosis, a disease that infects poultry. It has over 1,700 species, making it the most diverse genus in its phylum. Eimeria have a complex life cycle within the host's gut, multiplying through merozoite stages that damage intestinal cells. This can cause bloody diarrhea and death of the intestinal lining and cecum. Diagnosis involves examining intestinal autopsy and PCR assays. Preventative measures include dry litter and anticoccidial drugs in feed or water like amprolium.
Trypanosoma
This document discusses Trypanosoma, a genus of parasitic protozoa. It notes that Trypanosoma have a corkscrew-like motion and require more than one host to complete their lifecycle. The document outlines that Trypanosoma bruci causes sleeping sickness, while Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease. It also summarizes the lifecycles of Trypanosoma bruci and Trypanosoma cruzi, including their transmission between hosts by vectors like tsetse flies and their pathogenesis in humans.
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Trichomonas
Trichomonas is a protozoan parasite that infects the reproductive tract of cattle. It is transmitted during mating and causes early abortion in cows within 16 weeks of fertilization. Bulls serve as carriers and can transmit the parasite via semen even when frozen. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of vaginal or preputial samples to identify the pear-shaped trophozoite stage that has 3 anterior flagella and 1 trailing flagellum. Treatment involves removing infected bulls from the herd and using artificial insemination to control spread.
Sarcocystis
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect the muscles of intermediate hosts such as mammals and birds. It was first discovered in 1843. The parasites have an indirect life cycle involving a transport host and a definitive carnivore host. In the carnivore, the parasites mature and release oocysts that infect transport hosts when consumed. In muscles of transport hosts, sarcocysts form that can infect carnivores, completing the cycle. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some species can cause illness in horses and humans who act as accidental intermediate hosts. No effective treatments exist beyond preventative hygiene measures.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides is a large roundworm that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common parasitic worms worldwide, affecting around 1 billion people, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The worm evades the human immune system through the use of protease inhibitors that block digestive enzymes of the host. It has a complex life cycle involving maturation of eggs in soil followed by ingestion and migration through various organs before reaching maturity in the small intestine where it can grow over 30 cm long and reproduce, perpetuating the cycle.
Taenia solium pork tapeworm
This document discusses the Taenia solium parasite, also known as the pork tapeworm. It has an adult stage that lives in the human intestine and a larval stage (cysticercus cellulose) that lives in pigs. The life cycle involves humans ingesting pork contaminated with the larval cysts, which develop into the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. Common symptoms in humans include abdominal pain, diarrhea and nausea. The larval cysts can also spread to other tissues like brain, eyes and muscles, causing neurocysticercosis with symptoms depending on the location of cysts. Diagnosis involves examination of stool samples or imaging tests, while treatment involves antiparasitic medications like albendazole
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This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
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Eimeria
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Trichomonas
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Sarcocystis
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect the muscles of intermediate hosts such as mammals and birds. It was first discovered in 1843. The parasites have an indirect life cycle involving a transport host and a definitive carnivore host. In the carnivore, the parasites mature and release oocysts that infect transport hosts when consumed. In muscles of transport hosts, sarcocysts form that can infect carnivores, completing the cycle. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some species can cause illness in horses and humans who act as accidental intermediate hosts. No effective treatments exist beyond preventative hygiene measures.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides is a large roundworm that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common parasitic worms worldwide, affecting around 1 billion people, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. The worm evades the human immune system through the use of protease inhibitors that block digestive enzymes of the host. It has a complex life cycle involving maturation of eggs in soil followed by ingestion and migration through various organs before reaching maturity in the small intestine where it can grow over 30 cm long and reproduce, perpetuating the cycle.
Taenia solium pork tapeworm
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Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
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Isospora
This document discusses coccidian protozoa, an obligate intestinal parasite found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions. It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to ingestion of contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene practices.
Ascaris lumbricoides
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Trypanosoma
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Fasciola hepatica
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Trypanosoma [1]
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Heartworm is a parasitic roundworm spread through mosquito bites between hosts. It infects dogs, cats, wolves and other animals. Early infection may show no symptoms, but later symptoms can include coughing, fatigue after exercise, weight loss, and fainting as the worms accumulate in the heart and lungs, eventually causing heart failure if left untreated. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect microfilariae or antigens or chest x-rays to assess lung damage. Treatment requires a drug to kill adult worms along with restricted exercise for several weeks to prevent further damage. Monthly preventative medications including ivermectin, milbemycin or selamectin can reduce the risk of infection.
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1. Strongyloidea are parasitic nematodes that infect the trachea of birds. Their life cycle involves eggs passed in feces that are ingested by intermediate hosts like earthworms and then by birds.
2. Ancylostoma caninum is a hookworm of dogs. Its direct life cycle involves eggs passed in feces and ingested by the same or another dog. Larvae migrate through lungs before reaching the small intestine.
3. Bunostomum spp. are hookworms of ruminants with a direct life cycle involving skin penetration by larvae and migration through lungs before reaching the small intestine.
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Taenitaenia solium
This document describes the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). It notes that the adult worm lives in the small intestine of humans and passes eggs in feces. Pigs become intermediate hosts by ingesting eggs, where the larvae (cysticerci) form cysts mainly in muscle. Humans are infected by eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci. Symptomatic cysticercosis can occur if eggs are ingested, causing lesions in brain, eyes or other tissues. Diagnosis involves serology, imaging and stool examination. Treatment includes praziquantel or albendazole to kill adult worms and cysticerci.
Trypanosoma [1]
Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in humans. It is transmitted through bites from infected tsetse flies. In the first stage, symptoms may include fever and swollen lymph nodes. Later stages can affect the central nervous system, with symptoms like severe headaches, poor coordination, and changes in sleep patterns or behavior. Diagnosis involves examining blood, lymph node fluid, or spinal fluid under a microscope for the parasites. Treatment depends on the stage of disease and may include drugs like suramin, pentamidine, or eflornithine. Control efforts focus on reducing tsetse fly habitats and quickly treating infected people.
Fleas.pptx
Fleas undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. Common flea species include cat fleas, dog fleas, human fleas, chigoe fleas, sticktight fleas, oriental rat fleas, and rabbit fleas. Fleas can cause harm through flea allergy dermatitis, tungiasis, and by transmitting diseases as plague vectors. Controlling fleas involves treating pets with soaps, combs, and flea control products from veterinarians as well as limiting outdoor time and contact with wild animals.
Ancylostoma duodenale (hookwormi)2015
- Ancylostoma duodenale, commonly known as the old world hookworm, infects humans in tropical and subtropical regions. It lives in the small intestine and feeds on host blood, causing iron-deficiency anemia.
- The adult worm lays eggs that pass in feces and hatch as larvae in soil. These larvae penetrate the skin, migrate through lungs, are swallowed and mature in the small intestine.
- Infection causes ground itch, creeping eruption, and iron-deficiency anemia marked by pallor and weakness. Diagnosis involves finding eggs in feces or larvae in sputum. Treatment includes albendazole and iron supplements.
Heartworm
Heartworm is a parasitic roundworm spread through mosquito bites between hosts. It infects dogs, cats, wolves and other animals. Early infection may show no symptoms, but later symptoms can include coughing, fatigue after exercise, weight loss, and fainting as the worms accumulate in the heart and lungs, eventually causing heart failure if left untreated. Diagnosis involves blood tests to detect microfilariae or antigens or chest x-rays to assess lung damage. Treatment requires a drug to kill adult worms along with restricted exercise for several weeks to prevent further damage. Monthly preventative medications including ivermectin, milbemycin or selamectin can reduce the risk of infection.
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Order Mucorales
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Order Zoopagales
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Classification of veterinary protozoans
- 2. Protozoa Sarcomastigophor a Sporozoa*Microspora Cilliophora Sarcodina Mastigophora Coccidia HaemosporidiaPiroplasmida Class Subphylum Phylum Entamoeba Trypanosoma Leishmaina Trichomnas Histomonas Hexamita Gardia Emeria Isospora Toxoplasma Sarcocystis Cryptosporidium Besnoitia Hammondia Hepatozoon Neospora Babesia Theileria Cytauxzoon Plasmodium Haemoproteus Leucocytozoon Genus Balantidium Encephalitozoon *also called Apicomplexa
- 3. Sarcomastigophora Locomotion by Pseudopodia and flagellates When amoeboid movement by pseudopodia, such protozoan are placed in Class Sarcodina (Genus: Entamoeba) They Entamoeba has specie Entamoeba histolytica When the protozoan have one or more flagella, they are placed in Class Mastigophora (Genus: Trypanosoma, Leishmaina, Trichomnas, Histomonas, Hexamita, Gardia) The flagellates reproduce by binary fission Flagellates are found in variety of host such as mammals including humans, pigeons, cattle, chicken, gallinaceous birds etc.
- 4. Cilliophora Possesses cilia for locomotion in the tropozoite stage Possess two types of nuclei i.e. Macronuclei and Micronuclei They form cyst that are resistant to external environmental condition They include Balantidium (Balantidium coli) Balantidium coli is found in pigs, rats, dogs and primates
- 5. Sporozoa Also called Apicomplexa Locomotion is by gliding Obligatory intracellular parasite Multiply through strict sequence of asexual and sexual reproduction May have direct and indirect lifecycle They include protozoan of class Coccidia, Piroplasmida and Haemosporidia They have a wide host range including animal like ruminants, horses, dogs, Cattle, cats, sheep, goat, mammals including humans, opossums
- 6. Microspora Little veterinary significance All are intracellular parasites with a schizogonous and sporogonous stage Multiplies asexually Most are parasite of fish but also disease are reported in man, dog, blue fox, rodents an other mammals Example is Encephalitozoon cuniculi
- 7. Ingestion of infective spores Schizoganysporogany Infective spores passed in urine Engulfed by peritoneal macrophage also in the kidney and brain(in chronic form) Inside macrophage LIFE CYCLE OFMICROSPORA
- 8. Protozoan of Undetermined classification It includes Pneumocystis carinii This organism is often regarded as sporozoan of the toxoplasmid type Responsible for pneumonia in man who are very young, old debilitated or immunosuppressed
- 9. Reference VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY, Second edition by G.M.URQUHART, J.ARMOUR, J.L.DUNCAN, A.M.DUNN, F.W.JENNINGS
- 10. Presented by: Dr. Ihtisham ul haq ihtishamulhaq114@gmail.com