Classification of bacteria based on their shape
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Bacteria can be classified based on their shape into three main categories: Cocci which are spherical and can be arranged singly, in pairs, chains, clusters or cubes; Bacillus which are straight rods that can occur singly or in chains or parallel groups; and Spirillum which are helically curved rods that can have less than one full turn (vibroid shape) or one or more full turns (helical shape).
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Structure of bacteria
E. coli is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the large intestine. It has several protective outer layers including a capsule, cell wall, and outer plasma membrane. The capsule and slime layer help protect the bacterium from drying out and prevent phagocytosis. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity while the plasma membranes serve as selective barriers. Inside, the cytoplasm contains ribosomes and other structures for carrying out metabolic functions. E. coli can also contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements like plasmids that allow for antibiotic resistance or virulence factor encoding. It uses flagella and pili for motility and adhesion.
Structure of bacterial cell
This document summarizes the structure of bacterial cells. It describes the key components including the cell wall, plasma membrane, and intracellular and extracellular structures. The cell wall differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive walls are thicker and contain higher amounts of peptidoglycan while gram-negative walls are thinner and contain an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. Intracellular structures discussed include the nucleoid, ribosomes, plasmids, and mesosomes. Extracellular structures include flagella, pili, and capsules. Bacteria range in size from 0.4 to 1.5 micrometers and have characteristic shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla and spirochetes.
Bacteria
This document provides an overview of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria and discussing their discovery. It then covers the characteristics of bacteria, including their size, shape, reproduction methods, and habitats. The document also summarizes methods of classifying bacteria based on morphology, oxygen needs, staining properties, heat tolerance, and pathogenicity. Finally, it outlines the structure of bacteria and discusses both the beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.
Staphylococci
This document discusses Staphylococcus, including S. aureus. It describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of S. aureus, noting it is a gram-positive coccus that grows in clusters and produces golden yellow pigment on blood agar. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through production of enzymes and toxins. Laboratory diagnosis involves gram staining, culturing, and coagulase testing of samples. Treatment often involves cephalosporins due to high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin.
Flagella
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts - the filament, basal body, and hook. The filament is the longest, rigid structure made of the protein flagellin. The basal body is embedded in the cell and contains protein rings. The hook connects the filament to the basal body. The basal body contains protein rings and a central rod that span the cell membranes. Rotation of the flagellum is driven by a motor composed of a rotor and stator. Proton motive force powers the motor and causes clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation for movement or tumbling.
Bacteriophages
Viruses are small, acellular particles that can replicate only in a host cell. They are obligatory intracellular parasites.They
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Bacteria structure and function
This document provides information on the structure of bacterial cells. It discusses the key components of bacterial cells including the cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. It notes that bacteria can be either gram-positive or gram-negative and describes the differences in their cell wall structures. The document also discusses cellular structures like endospores, cysts, and vacuoles that allow bacteria to survive in harsh environmental conditions.
Morphology of fungi
Fungi have several distinguishing morphological features:
1. They have cell walls containing chitin and lack peptidoglycan.
2. They can exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, dividing asexually or sexually.
3. They are classified based on their structures - yeasts are unicellular, molds form branching hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi switch between yeast and mold forms based on temperature.
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Structure of bacteria
E. coli is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium commonly found in the large intestine. It has several protective outer layers including a capsule, cell wall, and outer plasma membrane. The capsule and slime layer help protect the bacterium from drying out and prevent phagocytosis. The cell wall provides shape and rigidity while the plasma membranes serve as selective barriers. Inside, the cytoplasm contains ribosomes and other structures for carrying out metabolic functions. E. coli can also contain extra-chromosomal DNA elements like plasmids that allow for antibiotic resistance or virulence factor encoding. It uses flagella and pili for motility and adhesion.
Structure of bacterial cell
This document summarizes the structure of bacterial cells. It describes the key components including the cell wall, plasma membrane, and intracellular and extracellular structures. The cell wall differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive walls are thicker and contain higher amounts of peptidoglycan while gram-negative walls are thinner and contain an outer lipopolysaccharide membrane. Intracellular structures discussed include the nucleoid, ribosomes, plasmids, and mesosomes. Extracellular structures include flagella, pili, and capsules. Bacteria range in size from 0.4 to 1.5 micrometers and have characteristic shapes including cocci, bacilli, spirilla and spirochetes.
Bacteria
This document provides an overview of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria and discussing their discovery. It then covers the characteristics of bacteria, including their size, shape, reproduction methods, and habitats. The document also summarizes methods of classifying bacteria based on morphology, oxygen needs, staining properties, heat tolerance, and pathogenicity. Finally, it outlines the structure of bacteria and discusses both the beneficial and harmful effects of bacteria.
Staphylococci
This document discusses Staphylococcus, including S. aureus. It describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of S. aureus, noting it is a gram-positive coccus that grows in clusters and produces golden yellow pigment on blood agar. S. aureus can cause a variety of infections through production of enzymes and toxins. Laboratory diagnosis involves gram staining, culturing, and coagulase testing of samples. Treatment often involves cephalosporins due to high resistance of S. aureus to penicillin.
Flagella
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts - the filament, basal body, and hook. The filament is the longest, rigid structure made of the protein flagellin. The basal body is embedded in the cell and contains protein rings. The hook connects the filament to the basal body. The basal body contains protein rings and a central rod that span the cell membranes. Rotation of the flagellum is driven by a motor composed of a rotor and stator. Proton motive force powers the motor and causes clockwise or counter-clockwise rotation for movement or tumbling.
Bacteriophages
Viruses are small, acellular particles that can replicate only in a host cell. They are obligatory intracellular parasites.They
consist of a nucleic acid genome enclosed in a protective protein shell or capsidBacteriophage is the virus that infect bacteria.Bacteriophages were discovered by Frederick Twort(1915)and Felix d'Herelle(1917).
Bacteria structure and function
This document provides information on the structure of bacterial cells. It discusses the key components of bacterial cells including the cell wall, plasma membrane, flagella, pili, nucleoid region, ribosomes, and inclusion bodies. It notes that bacteria can be either gram-positive or gram-negative and describes the differences in their cell wall structures. The document also discusses cellular structures like endospores, cysts, and vacuoles that allow bacteria to survive in harsh environmental conditions.
Morphology of fungi
Fungi have several distinguishing morphological features:
1. They have cell walls containing chitin and lack peptidoglycan.
2. They can exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, dividing asexually or sexually.
3. They are classified based on their structures - yeasts are unicellular, molds form branching hyphae and mycelium, and dimorphic fungi switch between yeast and mold forms based on temperature.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma are a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall. Without a cell wall, they are unaffected by common antibiotics like penicillin that target cell wall synthesis. Several Mycoplasma species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae which causes atypical pneumonia and respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium and M. hominis which are associated with pelvic inflammatory disease. Mycoplasma are also the smallest bacterial cells discovered and can survive without oxygen.
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sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
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Ascomycota
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Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
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culture media
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Classification of fungi
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
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Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
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culture media
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SIZE OF BACTERIA
SHAPE OF BACTERIA
ARRANGEMENTS OF BACTERIAL CELLS
STRUCTURE OF BACTERIAL CELL
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This document describes the structure and classification of bacteria. It begins by defining bacteria and describing their size, shape, and where they can be found. It then classifies bacteria based on their shape into cocci, bacilli, vibrios, spirilla, spirochetes, actinomycetes, and mycoplasmas. The document further discusses bacterial cell structures like flagella, pili, capsules, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, and endospores. It compares the cell wall structures of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and describes the arrangement and components of bacterial cells.
Bacteria morphology and Classification
This document provides information on the morphology and classification of bacteria. It discusses that bacteria come in a variety of shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla, spirochetes) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci). It also describes their cell structure, including the cell wall composition of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Some bacteria have atypical cell walls like acid-fast bacteria or lack a cell wall entirely, like mycoplasmas. Other structures include flagella, endoflagella, and endospores. Endospores allow some bacteria to survive extreme environmental conditions and can remain dormant for long periods.
Classification of microrganisms
This document discusses the classification of microorganisms. It describes the three domain system proposed by Carl Woese which divides organisms into Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. It then provides details on the characteristics of fungi, algae, protozoa, viruses and bacteria; and discusses methods used to identify bacteria including biochemical tests and serological tests.
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Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can exist in three basic shapes - rods (called bacilli), spheres (called cocci), or spirals. They reproduce through binary fission and consume nutrients in various ways. Bacteria are classified based on several factors including their shape, staining properties, oxygen requirements, environment, and cell wall composition. Some key groups of bacteria include phototrophic bacteria, gliding bacteria, sheathed bacteria, and spirochetes.
Fungi
Microorganism : Fungi, Classification, structure , general characteristics and morphology related to food
Morphology of Fungi
Fungi range from unicellular yeasts to multicellular molds. Their cells contain filaments called hyphae that may be septate or aseptate, with septa that often have pores allowing cytoplasm to flow between cells. Hyphae aggregate to form a mycelium, which can be either vegetative hyphae that absorb nutrients or aerial hyphae that produce reproductive spores. Fungi reproduce asexually through budding or formation of spores and exist in forms from yeasts and yeast-like cells to filamentous mycelium or changing between yeast and mycelium depending on temperature.
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This document summarizes the classification of protozoa. It defines protozoa as microscopic, eukaryotic, unicellular organisms. Protozoa are classified into 7 phyla, with the most common human pathogens belonging to the phyla Sarcomastigophora and Apicomplexa. The document provides examples of genera and species within these phyla, including Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Plasmodium falciparum. It describes key characteristics of protozoa such as locomotion, digestion, and reproduction.
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- Pathogenic species include Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), and Leptospira interrogans (leptospirosis).
- Laboratory diagnosis involves darkfield microscopy, culture, serology, and
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Bacterial capsule
Bacterial capsules are gelatinous envelopes that surround bacterial cells and are usually polysaccharide or polypeptide in nature. Capsules contribute to virulence in pathogenic bacteria by making the cells more resistant to phagocytosis. Capsulated bacteria form distinct colony morphologies compared to unencapsulated bacteria. Examples of bacteria that produce capsules include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Capsules protect bacteria by attaching to surfaces, protecting from phagocytosis, and providing resistance to environmental stresses.
Endospore
Bacterial spores are dormant, resistant structures formed by certain bacteria under stressful conditions. They have a thick coat that allows them to survive extreme heat, lack of water, toxins, and radiation. There are two types of spore formation: endospores form inside the parent cell while exospores bud off externally. Endospores contain dipicolinic acid which makes them highly resistant. Germination occurs in three stages - activation by damage to the coat, initiation by effectors in a rich environment, and outgrowth involving degradation of spore layers and emergence of a new vegetative cell.
Viruses structure and classification
Viruses consist of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. They can have DNA or RNA as their genetic material and come in various shapes. The document discusses the structure and classification of viruses. It describes their components, sizes, morphologies like helical and icosahedral shapes. It provides examples of plant, animal, and bacterial viruses. It specifically examines the structure and replication of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus, a plant virus with circular double-stranded DNA genome.
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Morphology of bacteria
Bacteria are unicellular, prokaryotic microorganisms that reproduce through binary fission. Most plant pathogenic bacteria are rod-shaped, between 0.5-5.0 μm in size, and gram-negative. Bacteria shapes include: cocci (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral or curved rods). The main shapes of cocci are mono coccus, diplo coccus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, and sarcina. Bacillus can be straight rods occurring singly, in pairs, chains, or parallel arrangements. Spirillum include vibrio (curved rods), spirillum (rigid spirals), and spiroche
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Shape-size-and-arrangement-of-bacteria
This document discusses the shapes, sizes, and arrangements of bacteria. It states that there are three basic shapes of bacteria - coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral-shaped). It provides examples of different bacterial arrangements and describes unusual shapes such as mycoplasmas, which lack cell walls, and rickettsia and chlamydia, which are obligate intracellular parasites. The document also comments on the small size of bacteria and their high surface area to volume ratio.
Shape-size-and-arrangment-of-bacteria.pptx
1. Bacteria come in three basic shapes: coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), and spirillum (spiral-shaped). They vary in size from 0.5-5 μm.
2. Cocci can be arranged as diplococci, streptococci, staphylococci, sarcinae, or tetracocci depending on how their cells divide and group together. Bacilli similarly arrange as single cells, diplobacilli, streptobacilli, or palisades.
3. Bacterial structures include the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosome, plasmids, capsule/slime layer, endospore, pilus
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Bacteria are microscopic, prokaryotic organisms that lack nuclei in their cells. They vary in size from 0.2-2 micrometers in diameter and 0.5-5 micrometers in length, though some large bacteria can be seen with the naked eye. Bacteria come in four basic shapes - bacillus (rod-like), coccus (spherical or ovoid), vibrio (comma-shaped), and spirilla (spiral or helical). They can exist as single cells or in various arrangements like chains or clusters depending on how they divide and remain attached after division. Their small size gives bacteria a large surface area to volume ratio, allowing for rapid nutrient absorption and waste removal.
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This document discusses the key characteristics of bacteria. It notes that bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack internal membranous structures. The document outlines bacteria's cell structure, including the cell wall containing peptidoglycan, and external components like flagella and pili. It also describes different bacterial shapes (cocci, bacilli, spirilla) and arrangements (diplococci, streptococci). The functional anatomy of bacteria is examined, highlighting the cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and internal components.
Cell Arrangement of Bacteria
This document describes different shapes that bacteria can take based on how they divide and group together after cell division. It discusses several types of cocci (spherical bacteria) that can remain in pairs, chains, tetrads, cube-like groups, or grape-like clusters after dividing. It also mentions bacilli (rod-shaped bacteria) that typically remain as single rods or pairs, and describes some spiral-shaped bacteria like vibrios, spirilla, and spirochetes. It notes that some bacteria have unusual shapes like star-shaped or rectangular.
The bases for classifying bacteria
This document discusses the classification of bacteria based on their cellular characteristics and structures. It focuses on cell shape, arrangement, and external structures. The three main shapes are cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirals. Arrangements include pairs, chains, and clusters. External structures can include capsules, flagella, fimbriae, pili, and cell walls that vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cell shape, structures, and wall composition are important factors in bacterial identification and differentiation.
what is the basic shape of individual cyanobacterial cells Contrast.pdf
what is the basic shape of individual cyanobacterial cells? Contrast the arrangement of these cells
in the two different types of cyanobacteria you observed (anabaena, oscillatoria, gleocapsa are
the ones we observed)
Solution
Cyanobacteria exist in a wide varety of sizes and shapes. The most common among them are
spherical, rod and spiral. The shapes of differenent cyanobacteria are dicated by their cell
wall.Based on their shape, known more formally as their “morphology,” cyanobacteria have
been classified into five groups: chroococcales, pleurocapsales, oscillatoriales, nostocales and
stigonematales. However, the common lineage of only the last two groups has been established.
Individiual cells vary in size and shape.Most of them are slender and tubular, but some have a
more flat oval shape.
Anabaena is a filamentous cyanobacteria. However, it can be easily distinguished by the
presence of string-beaded appearance taken up by cells associated with each other. Several
intercalary heterocysts are present in the trichome.
Oscillatoria belongs to filamentous form of cyanobacteria, with more than 100 sub-species.Its
body is composed of single row of cells, with unbranched trichomes and single layer of
mucilage.
Gleocapsa forms spherical colonies, enclosed in a thick layer of mucilage..
Shapes of bacteria
This presentation is all about the different shapes in bacteria. This can help you in determining shapes that you do in your experiments in Microbiology. Hope this can help. :-)
Cell membrane and cell morphology
The document discusses the structure and morphology of bacterial cells. It states that bacterial cells have a plasma membrane that is required for living organisms. The plasma membrane follows the fluid mosaic model and contains proteins and lipids. The morphology of bacterial cells is mainly defined by their size, shape, and arrangement, which can be bacilli, cocci, or spirals. Different bacterial cells vary in these characteristics.
Demospongiae (Demosponges)
Demosponges are the most diverse group of sponges, comprising over 90% of known sponge species. They have skeletons made of silica spicules and/or fibers and come in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and habitats. Demosponge systematics is still being researched, but they can be divided into the subclasses Homoscleromorpha, Tetractinomorpha, and Ceractinomorpha based on characteristics like larval type, skeleton composition, and spicule structure. Demosponges originated in the Cambrian period and are found worldwide, though some orders have more limited distributions.
Ascomycota
This document provides an overview of key features of the ascomycota phylum. It describes their cell walls, hyphae, ability to fuse, and occurrence of dikaryotic cells. It then discusses important aspects of their life cycle including the meiosporangia or ascus, teleomorph and anamorph stages, and types of ascomata. It also details the different types of asci and ascospores as well as methods of asexual reproduction.
Size, Shape and Arrangement of bacteria
this ppt describes about the various size ,shape and arrangement of bacteria with examples and pictures.
Morphological classification of bacteria
This document discusses the morphological classification of bacteria based on their size, shape, and arrangement. It notes that bacteria sizes range from 0.2 to 2.0 micrometers on average. Their shapes include cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), vibrio (comma-shaped), and spirilla (spiral-shaped). Cocci can be arranged as monococcus, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphylococcus, or sarcina. Some bacteria also take branching, filamentous forms like actinomycetes or lack a cell wall like mycoplasmas. Bacteria can also be classified based on their ability to form endospores or exospores during unfavorable conditions
CYCAS-1.pdf
Cycas is a genus of cycads distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It has unbranched woody stems topped with a crown of large pinnately compound leaves. Species such as C. revoluta are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants. The document describes the anatomy of Cycas roots, stems, and leaves. Roots have a taproot system and some develop coralloid roots through symbiosis with algae and fungi. The stem has a eustele vascular cylinder and undergoes both primary and secondary growth. Leaves are pinnately compound.
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what is the basic shape of individual cyanobacterial cells Contrast.pdf
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Classification of bacteria based on their shape
- 1. CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA N. H. SHANAR REDDY II nd M.Sc.(Plant Pathology) Annamalai University
- 2. • BASED ON SHAPE COCCI BACILLUS SPIRILLUM
- 4. COCCUS These are spherical in shape, may be arranged singly (micrococcus),in pairs (diplococcus),chains (streptococcus),irregular grape like clusters (staphylococcus),in box like cubical pockets (sarcinae),pair of four cells in same plane(tetrads).
- 5. DIFFERENT SHAPES OF COCCI
- 6. BACILLUS • These are straight rod or cylindrical or ellipsoidal in shape, occurs mostly singly,sometimes (microbacilli) in pairs (diplobacilli) in chains (streptobacilli) or in parallel palisade like arrangements.
- 7. DIFFERENT SHAPES OF BACILLUS
- 8. SPIRILLUM • These are cork screw shaped i.e the rods that are hellically curved with a twist. Rod shape bacteria with less than one complete turn or twist have vibroid shape where as those with one or more complete turns have helical shapes.
- 9. DIFFERENT SHAPES OF SPIRILLUM