The document discusses the components and purpose of a mental status examination (MSE). A MSE is used to assess a patient's mental state and behavior through objective observations and subjective reports. It provides information for diagnosis, treatment assessment, and comparison over time. The key components of a MSE include appearance, behavior, speech, mood, thought processes, thought content, cognition, insight, and judgment. A MSE allows clinicians to evaluate changes in a patient's condition.
This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Types include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and schizoaffective. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy with the goal of controlling symptoms.
This document discusses mental disorders and the stigma associated with them. It notes that approximately 57.7 million Americans are affected by mental disorders each year, but many do not seek treatment due to stigma. Stigma refers to a mark of shame that results in rejection. While views of mental illness have changed from seeing it as possession to a medical condition, some views of those with mental disorders as weak or dangerous remain. The document lists several common mental disorders and provides more depth on hypochondria, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, panic disorder, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It stresses that mental disorders are treatable, but treatment requires time, persistence and
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. It provides information on the prevalence, clinical features, course, differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment options for each disorder. The treatment options discussed include pharmacological interventions like antidepressants and anxiolytics as well as psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
The document discusses psychopathology, the scientific study of mental disorders and distressing behaviors. It lists common symptoms such as headaches, shivering, anxiety and depression. Potential effects mentioned include addiction from drug abuse and families sending loved ones to mental health facilities for treatment.
Christina, a 44-year-old woman, was arrested for harassing a local television newscaster, asserting he had fathered and taken her child. However, there was no evidence of a relationship and the newscaster denied it. Christina maintained her delusional belief with extraordinary conviction despite no signs of hallucinations, mood disorder, or organic illness. Her delusional beliefs had existed for years and involved fantasizing about a relationship with the newscaster that did not exist in reality. This case demonstrates a primary delusion arising de novo that is held with unusual conviction and not amenable to logic despite the absurdity being apparent to others.
A DSM 5 Update: Substance - Related And Addictive DisordersChat 2 Recovery
Within the next year, most insurance providers will be expecting all claims to include the new DSM-5 nomenclature. It is imperative for all mental health professionals to be comfortable with the new diagnostic criteria and recording procedures. This presentation provides participants with a clear understanding of the revisions made in the category of Substance - Related and Addictive Disorders from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5.
Topics presented by Nick Lessa, CEO of Inter-Care: an addiction treatment program in New York City.
Includes:
Changes in the diagnostic criteria from the DSM–IV to the DSM-5
The distinction between Substance Use Disorders and the Substance - Induced Disorders
Recording procedures for Substance Related Disorders
Presentation delivered at Women in Transition: a weekly support group offered at Kaiser Permanente Adult Psychiatry. Cupertino, California. Presented by Lucia Merino, LCSW.
Pyschotherapist.
The document discusses the components and purpose of a mental status examination (MSE). A MSE is used to assess a patient's mental state and behavior through objective observations and subjective reports. It provides information for diagnosis, treatment assessment, and comparison over time. The key components of a MSE include appearance, behavior, speech, mood, thought processes, thought content, cognition, insight, and judgment. A MSE allows clinicians to evaluate changes in a patient's condition.
This document provides information about schizophrenia, including:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic severe brain disorder often characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Symptoms include disorganized thinking and behavior.
- It is currently diagnosed based on clinical symptoms rather than tests. Misdiagnosis is common as it shares symptoms with other disorders.
- There are positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, negative symptoms involving loss of functions, and cognitive symptoms involving difficulties with memory and concentration.
- Types include paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and schizoaffective. Treatment involves medications and psychotherapy with the goal of controlling symptoms.
This document discusses mental disorders and the stigma associated with them. It notes that approximately 57.7 million Americans are affected by mental disorders each year, but many do not seek treatment due to stigma. Stigma refers to a mark of shame that results in rejection. While views of mental illness have changed from seeing it as possession to a medical condition, some views of those with mental disorders as weak or dangerous remain. The document lists several common mental disorders and provides more depth on hypochondria, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression, panic disorder, phobias, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It stresses that mental disorders are treatable, but treatment requires time, persistence and
This document discusses various anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, social phobia, agoraphobia, and panic disorder. It provides information on the prevalence, clinical features, course, differential diagnosis, etiology and treatment options for each disorder. The treatment options discussed include pharmacological interventions like antidepressants and anxiolytics as well as psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy.
The document discusses psychopathology, the scientific study of mental disorders and distressing behaviors. It lists common symptoms such as headaches, shivering, anxiety and depression. Potential effects mentioned include addiction from drug abuse and families sending loved ones to mental health facilities for treatment.
Christina, a 44-year-old woman, was arrested for harassing a local television newscaster, asserting he had fathered and taken her child. However, there was no evidence of a relationship and the newscaster denied it. Christina maintained her delusional belief with extraordinary conviction despite no signs of hallucinations, mood disorder, or organic illness. Her delusional beliefs had existed for years and involved fantasizing about a relationship with the newscaster that did not exist in reality. This case demonstrates a primary delusion arising de novo that is held with unusual conviction and not amenable to logic despite the absurdity being apparent to others.
A DSM 5 Update: Substance - Related And Addictive DisordersChat 2 Recovery
Within the next year, most insurance providers will be expecting all claims to include the new DSM-5 nomenclature. It is imperative for all mental health professionals to be comfortable with the new diagnostic criteria and recording procedures. This presentation provides participants with a clear understanding of the revisions made in the category of Substance - Related and Addictive Disorders from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5.
Topics presented by Nick Lessa, CEO of Inter-Care: an addiction treatment program in New York City.
Includes:
Changes in the diagnostic criteria from the DSM–IV to the DSM-5
The distinction between Substance Use Disorders and the Substance - Induced Disorders
Recording procedures for Substance Related Disorders
Presentation delivered at Women in Transition: a weekly support group offered at Kaiser Permanente Adult Psychiatry. Cupertino, California. Presented by Lucia Merino, LCSW.
Pyschotherapist.
The document discusses definitions and classifications of mental health disorders. It describes how the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health and mental health. Mental illness can occur when the brain is not functioning well, disrupting thinking, perception, emotion, behavior, physical functioning or signaling. The document also discusses the differences between neurosis (minor mental disorders) and psychosis (major personality disorders), and how psychiatric disorders are classified based on symptoms and etiology. It provides a brief history of classification systems and describes the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) published by WHO and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities for an extended period of time. MDD affects approximately 3% of the global population. Symptoms include low mood, lack of pleasure, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death. MDD has several subtypes and is caused by biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.
This document discusses obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It defines OCD as a common, chronic disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that cause significant distress. Key points include:
- OCD prevalence is 2-3% and it affects men and women equally. Onset is typically during adolescence or early adulthood.
- Common comorbidities include depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
- OCD involves recurrent intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety.
- Both biological and psychological factors contribute to OCD's etiology and maintenance. Effective treatments include pharmacotherapy like SSRIs and behavioral therapies like exposure and response prevention.
This document provides an overview of the phenomenology of schizophrenia, including a historical perspective on how it has been conceptualized over time. It describes the clinical manifestations and thought disorders commonly seen in schizophrenia, such as formal thought disorders involving disorganized thinking, disorders of thought flow/tempo, disorders of thought possession, and disorders involving delusional thinking. It also briefly discusses misidentification syndromes that can occur.
The document discusses delusions from a psychiatric perspective. It provides background on how delusions were historically defined and categorized. It describes the key characteristics of delusions as being firmly held false beliefs that are resistant to evidence. It discusses different types of delusional content and potential neurological underpinnings. The document also examines theories about how delusions may develop from abnormal perceptions, emotions, memories or thought processes and considers case examples.
Somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant distress. Somatic symptom disorder involves preoccupation with fears of illness for 6+ months. Illness anxiety disorder is a preoccupation with being sick without actual symptoms. Conversion disorder involves psychological stress converting to motor or sensory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reassurance, psychotherapy, and addressing underlying psychiatric conditions.
This document discusses several types of psychopathology including schizophrenia, mood disorders like depression, and anxiety disorders. It provides information on the symptoms, potential causes like genetic and environmental factors, and treatments for each type of disorder. For schizophrenia, it discusses brain changes and the dopamine hypothesis as well as historical and modern drug treatments. For depression, it covers brain changes, therapies like ECT and TMS, and theories about serotonin. Anxiety disorders covered include phobias, panic disorder, PTSD, OCD, and Tourette's syndrome.
This document discusses the recognition and treatment of depression. Major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and is estimated to become the second largest contributor to disability-adjusted life years lost globally by 2020. Depression is underdiagnosed and undertreated. It is a chronic illness with a high risk of recurrence. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes, with careful monitoring of patients over time.
There are two main types of thought disorders - delusions and overvalued ideas. Delusions are defined as false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary. Three main criteria define delusions: certainty, incorrigibility, and impossibility of content. Primary delusions cannot be explained by other symptoms, whereas secondary delusions are derived from other abnormalities like hallucinations. Grandiose, paranoid, and delusions of guilt are some common types of delusional content. Disorders of the prefrontal and temporal lobes may underlie generation of delusions.
The document outlines the 9 anxiety disorders classified in the DSM-5: separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition. Each disorder is defined based on DSM-5 criteria, including common causes, symptoms, and treatments. The document aims to guide mental health practitioners in properly diagnosing anxiety disorders using the standardized DSM-5 definitions and classifications.
Mood disorders include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and cyclothymia. They are characterized by changes in mood that last for an extended period of time and impair functioning. The document discusses the history, definitions, types, epidemiology, and etiology of mood disorders. It covers biological factors like neurotransmitter disturbances, hormonal regulation, sleep, immunology, and brain imaging findings. Psychosocial factors like life events, personality, and psychodynamic theories are also reviewed.
Perception disorders psychopathology dr prashant mishraPrashant Mishra
1. The document discusses perception disorders and psychopathology, defining sensory distortions as changes in perception due to intensity, quality or spatial changes, while sensory deceptions include illusions and hallucinations.
2. It describes different types of sensory distortions including changes in intensity, quality and spatial form, as well as distortions of time perception.
3. Hallucinations are defined as perceptions without an external stimulus, and can be caused by emotions, suggestion, psychiatric disorders, sensory organ disorders, sensory deprivation or central nervous system disorders. Different senses can experience hallucinations.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
The document provides an overview of psychiatry and mental health topics. It defines mental health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being. More than two-fifths of total disabilities worldwide are due to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, and substance abuse disorders. It discusses classification systems for psychiatric disorders, biological, psychological and social factors in mental illnesses, and specific conditions such as mood disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, and more.
1. Anxiety disorders are abnormal states characterized by mental and physical symptoms of anxiety that are not caused by organic disease or other psychiatric disorders.
2. Phobias are irrational fears that are disproportionate to the feared object/situation and cannot be overcome through reasoning or willpower, causing the individual to avoid the stimulus.
3. Treatment for phobias includes benzodiazepines, antidepressants, behavior therapy using gradual exposure to the feared stimulus, and supportive psychotherapy.
Somatization disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, and are thought to be related to psychological factors. They include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. The symptoms are real but are caused or exacerbated by stress and psychological issues rather than physical pathology. Treatment involves psychotherapy and helping the patient manage stress and recognize psychological contributors to their symptoms.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its history, symptoms, causes, types, and treatment. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia was first identified in 1887 but can be traced back thousands of years. It is characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotion, and perception.
- Symptoms usually begin between ages 15-25 for males and later for females. Genetics and viral infections during pregnancy can play a role in causes.
- There are five types of schizophrenia with different symptom presentations. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, therapy, social support, and lifestyle management. With proper treatment and management, many people diagnosed with schizophrenia can live normal, happy lives.
Mood disorders are a category of mental illnesses that involve serious changes in mood. There are several types of mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. Mood disorders are among the most common mental illnesses and have a lifetime prevalence of 5-20%. Females are twice as likely as males to experience a mood disorder. The highest incidence rates occur between the ages of 20-40 years old. Mood disorders are a major cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Biological, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development of mood disorders.
lecture 12 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes DSM-IV TR psychiatric disorders including Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, anterior cingulate
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms. The disorder has been recognized since the late 19th century and was termed "dementia praecox" and later "schizophrenia". It affects about 1% of the population and has varying levels of severity and outcomes depending on factors like symptom type, treatment adherence and social support. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
The document discusses definitions and classifications of mental health disorders. It describes how the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health and mental health. Mental illness can occur when the brain is not functioning well, disrupting thinking, perception, emotion, behavior, physical functioning or signaling. The document also discusses the differences between neurosis (minor mental disorders) and psychosis (major personality disorders), and how psychiatric disorders are classified based on symptoms and etiology. It provides a brief history of classification systems and describes the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) published by WHO and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is characterized by continuous feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities for an extended period of time. MDD affects approximately 3% of the global population. Symptoms include low mood, lack of pleasure, changes in appetite or sleep, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death. MDD has several subtypes and is caused by biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.
This document discusses obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It defines OCD as a common, chronic disorder characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that cause significant distress. Key points include:
- OCD prevalence is 2-3% and it affects men and women equally. Onset is typically during adolescence or early adulthood.
- Common comorbidities include depression, anxiety disorders, and personality disorders.
- OCD involves recurrent intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors performed to reduce anxiety.
- Both biological and psychological factors contribute to OCD's etiology and maintenance. Effective treatments include pharmacotherapy like SSRIs and behavioral therapies like exposure and response prevention.
This document provides an overview of the phenomenology of schizophrenia, including a historical perspective on how it has been conceptualized over time. It describes the clinical manifestations and thought disorders commonly seen in schizophrenia, such as formal thought disorders involving disorganized thinking, disorders of thought flow/tempo, disorders of thought possession, and disorders involving delusional thinking. It also briefly discusses misidentification syndromes that can occur.
The document discusses delusions from a psychiatric perspective. It provides background on how delusions were historically defined and categorized. It describes the key characteristics of delusions as being firmly held false beliefs that are resistant to evidence. It discusses different types of delusional content and potential neurological underpinnings. The document also examines theories about how delusions may develop from abnormal perceptions, emotions, memories or thought processes and considers case examples.
Somatoform disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical factors and cause significant distress. Somatic symptom disorder involves preoccupation with fears of illness for 6+ months. Illness anxiety disorder is a preoccupation with being sick without actual symptoms. Conversion disorder involves psychological stress converting to motor or sensory symptoms. Treatment focuses on reassurance, psychotherapy, and addressing underlying psychiatric conditions.
This document discusses several types of psychopathology including schizophrenia, mood disorders like depression, and anxiety disorders. It provides information on the symptoms, potential causes like genetic and environmental factors, and treatments for each type of disorder. For schizophrenia, it discusses brain changes and the dopamine hypothesis as well as historical and modern drug treatments. For depression, it covers brain changes, therapies like ECT and TMS, and theories about serotonin. Anxiety disorders covered include phobias, panic disorder, PTSD, OCD, and Tourette's syndrome.
This document discusses the recognition and treatment of depression. Major depression is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide and is estimated to become the second largest contributor to disability-adjusted life years lost globally by 2020. Depression is underdiagnosed and undertreated. It is a chronic illness with a high risk of recurrence. Treatment involves medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes, with careful monitoring of patients over time.
There are two main types of thought disorders - delusions and overvalued ideas. Delusions are defined as false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary. Three main criteria define delusions: certainty, incorrigibility, and impossibility of content. Primary delusions cannot be explained by other symptoms, whereas secondary delusions are derived from other abnormalities like hallucinations. Grandiose, paranoid, and delusions of guilt are some common types of delusional content. Disorders of the prefrontal and temporal lobes may underlie generation of delusions.
The document outlines the 9 anxiety disorders classified in the DSM-5: separation anxiety disorder, selective mutism, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder, and anxiety disorder due to another medical condition. Each disorder is defined based on DSM-5 criteria, including common causes, symptoms, and treatments. The document aims to guide mental health practitioners in properly diagnosing anxiety disorders using the standardized DSM-5 definitions and classifications.
Mood disorders include major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, dysthymia, and cyclothymia. They are characterized by changes in mood that last for an extended period of time and impair functioning. The document discusses the history, definitions, types, epidemiology, and etiology of mood disorders. It covers biological factors like neurotransmitter disturbances, hormonal regulation, sleep, immunology, and brain imaging findings. Psychosocial factors like life events, personality, and psychodynamic theories are also reviewed.
Perception disorders psychopathology dr prashant mishraPrashant Mishra
1. The document discusses perception disorders and psychopathology, defining sensory distortions as changes in perception due to intensity, quality or spatial changes, while sensory deceptions include illusions and hallucinations.
2. It describes different types of sensory distortions including changes in intensity, quality and spatial form, as well as distortions of time perception.
3. Hallucinations are defined as perceptions without an external stimulus, and can be caused by emotions, suggestion, psychiatric disorders, sensory organ disorders, sensory deprivation or central nervous system disorders. Different senses can experience hallucinations.
Module: Pharmacotherapy III
Module Coordinator: Dr. Arwa M. Amin Mostafa
Academic Level: Postgraduate, Master of Pharmacy in Clinical Pharmacy
School: Dubai Pharmacy College
Year of first presented in Class: 2018
This presentation is for Educational purpose. It has no commercial value associated with it.
mood disorders presentation is focused on mania, its definition, ICD -10 classification, stages of mania, its clinical features, etiology, medical management and nursing management.
The document provides an overview of psychiatry and mental health topics. It defines mental health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being. More than two-fifths of total disabilities worldwide are due to mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, and substance abuse disorders. It discusses classification systems for psychiatric disorders, biological, psychological and social factors in mental illnesses, and specific conditions such as mood disorders, psychotic disorders, personality disorders, and more.
1. Anxiety disorders are abnormal states characterized by mental and physical symptoms of anxiety that are not caused by organic disease or other psychiatric disorders.
2. Phobias are irrational fears that are disproportionate to the feared object/situation and cannot be overcome through reasoning or willpower, causing the individual to avoid the stimulus.
3. Treatment for phobias includes benzodiazepines, antidepressants, behavior therapy using gradual exposure to the feared stimulus, and supportive psychotherapy.
Somatization disorders involve physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, and are thought to be related to psychological factors. They include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, pain disorder, hypochondriasis, and body dysmorphic disorder. The symptoms are real but are caused or exacerbated by stress and psychological issues rather than physical pathology. Treatment involves psychotherapy and helping the patient manage stress and recognize psychological contributors to their symptoms.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its history, symptoms, causes, types, and treatment. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia was first identified in 1887 but can be traced back thousands of years. It is characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotion, and perception.
- Symptoms usually begin between ages 15-25 for males and later for females. Genetics and viral infections during pregnancy can play a role in causes.
- There are five types of schizophrenia with different symptom presentations. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication, therapy, social support, and lifestyle management. With proper treatment and management, many people diagnosed with schizophrenia can live normal, happy lives.
Mood disorders are a category of mental illnesses that involve serious changes in mood. There are several types of mood disorders including major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. Mood disorders are among the most common mental illnesses and have a lifetime prevalence of 5-20%. Females are twice as likely as males to experience a mood disorder. The highest incidence rates occur between the ages of 20-40 years old. Mood disorders are a major cause of disability and suicide worldwide. Biological, psychological, and environmental factors all contribute to the development of mood disorders.
lecture 12 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes DSM-IV TR psychiatric disorders including Post-traumatic stress disorder, phobias, Generalized Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, anterior cingulate
Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is defined by symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms. The disorder has been recognized since the late 19th century and was termed "dementia praecox" and later "schizophrenia". It affects about 1% of the population and has varying levels of severity and outcomes depending on factors like symptom type, treatment adherence and social support. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies.
The document discusses schizophrenia, a type of psychosis characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It defines schizophrenia and describes its subtypes according to the ICD-10 classification system. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Signs and symptoms include positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms such as reduced emotional expression. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, and treatment includes antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy and social/vocational support.
The document discusses schizophrenia, defining it as a mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, and emotional expression. It outlines the key symptoms of schizophrenia, including positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, and negative symptoms like reduced speech and emotional expression. The document also covers the history of schizophrenia, diagnostic criteria, course of illness, subtypes, and diagnostic classifications.
Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders involve distortions in perception of reality and impairments in thinking, behavior, and emotion. The term schizophrenia was coined in 1908 and refers to a "split mind." Common types include paranoid schizophrenia, characterized by delusions and auditory hallucinations, and disorganized schizophrenia with loose and disordered thinking. Positive symptoms add characteristics like delusions and hallucinations, while negative symptoms remove characteristics and result in flattened affect and lack of motivation. Biological and environmental factors may contribute to the development of psychotic disorders.
Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that causes abnormalities in thought, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behavior. It is a chronic condition that begins early in life. Symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms. It is diagnosed based on signs and symptoms, and is treated through a combination of antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies like family therapy and social skills training. The causes are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors like prenatal infections, drug use, and brain abnormalities.
Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances in thinking, emotions, perceptions and behavior. It is a chronic condition with possible remissions and exacerbations. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, negative symptoms like flat affect, alogia and avolition. It is classified based on symptom presentation into subtypes like paranoid, disorganized, catatonic and undifferentiated schizophrenia. Treatment involves antipsychotic medications and psychosocial interventions with the goal of managing symptoms and improving functioning. Prognosis depends on factors like age of onset, symptom profile, course of illness and adherence to treatment.
1) Psychosis refers to impaired reality testing, such as believing events that are not real occurred. Psychotic disorders include schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and delusional disorder.
2) Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the population and is characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. It has both positive symptoms like hallucinations and negative symptoms like lack of emotion.
3) Schizoaffective disorder involves symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder at the same time. Delusional disorder involves nonbizarre delusions not caused by other conditions.
Psychological disorders can be understood from biological, psychological, and socio-cultural perspectives. They are classified in the DSM and include anxiety disorders like generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and PTSD. Mood disorders involve disturbances in mood like depression and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia impacts thinking, perception, communication and behavior with symptoms like delusions and hallucinations. Personality disorders are chronic maladaptive patterns grouped into odd/eccentric, dramatic/emotionally problematic, and chronic fearfulness clusters which include paranoid, antisocial, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive types.
Schizophrenia and other Psychotic disorders.pptxGokulnathMbbs
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness that causes disturbances in thinking, feelings and behavior. It affects how a person perceives or expresses reality. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and thinking. It has no known single cause but is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors. Types include paranoid, disorganized and catatonic schizophrenia. Complications can include depression, anxiety, suicide and substance abuse.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder defined as a "split from reality" and is characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. It has several subtypes including paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and undifferentiated. Symptoms include positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations as well as negative symptoms involving social withdrawal and lack of emotion. While the exact causes are unclear, potential contributing factors include genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, infections, and immune disorders. Treatment involves both medication and psychosocial therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy and family support.
The document provides a historical overview of schizophrenia, from its early descriptions by various scientists to its modern conceptualization and diagnosis. It notes that Emil Kraepelin initiated the scientific study of schizophrenia by describing dementia praecox. Eugen Bleuler renamed it schizophrenia and described its fundamental symptoms. Kurt Schneider later described first-rank symptoms that are important for diagnosis. The text then covers epidemiology, etiology, phases, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of schizophrenia.
The document provides information about schizophrenia, including its definition, symptoms, diagnosis, course, treatment, and etiology. Some key points:
- Schizophrenia is defined by positive and negative symptoms that last at least 6 months and cause deterioration in functioning.
- It affects about 1% of the population and typically emerges in late adolescence/early adulthood.
- Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and behavior, emotional blunting, and lack of motivation.
- Treatment involves antipsychotic medication and psychosocial support like therapy. The exact causes are unknown but are thought to involve genetic and environmental factors impacting brain development.
The document discusses various psychological disorders and perspectives on abnormal psychology. It covers topics like the definition and diagnosis of mental illness, theoretical models including biological, psychodynamic, behavioral and cognitive perspectives. Specific disorders mentioned include mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, and personality disorders. Treatment approaches discussed include psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, client-centered therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its definition, types, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, prognosis, treatments, and epidemiology. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and deficits in emotional responses. It is diagnosed based on criteria from the ICD-10 and DSM-IV and involves positive symptoms like hallucinations and delusions as well as negative symptoms. Treatments include pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, and psychosocial therapies to improve social and vocational skills. The prognosis varies, with about 1/4 of patients having a good outcome.
Epidemiology and mental disorder and classificationBurhan Hadi
The document discusses epidemiology and classification of mental disorders. It provides information on:
1. Epidemiology studies of mental disorders such as the National Comorbidity Survey and National Survey on Drug Use and Health.
2. Prevalence rates of common mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, alcohol dependence, and Alzheimer's disease.
3. Two major classification systems for mental disorders - ICD-10 published by the WHO and DSM-IV published by the American Psychiatric Association. Both systems categorize and define mental disorders.
This document provides an outline on schizophrenia, covering its definition, etiology, epidemiology, clinical features, subtypes, course and prognosis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points include:
- Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder affecting thought, perception, mood and behavior. Its cause is unknown but may involve genetic, environmental, neurobiological and neurodevelopmental factors.
- Clinical features include positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms like affective flattening, and disorganized speech or behavior.
- It has a varied course and around 40-60% of people experience long-term functional impairment. Treatment involves pharmacotherapy with antipsychotic medications.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. It describes key symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior. It discusses diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and related disorders like brief psychotic disorder and schizophreniform disorder. It also covers prevalence, development and course, risk factors, cultural considerations, gender differences, and high suicide risk associated with these conditions.
This document provides an overview of psychiatric nursing and mental health topics. It defines mental health and discusses factors that influence it such as family, development, and culture. It then describes signs and symptoms of mental illness, theories of mental illness including psychobiological and psychological perspectives, and approaches to treatment like therapy and medication. Assessment in psychiatric nursing including tools like the DSM-IV are discussed. The role of the nurse in caring for patients with mental illness by addressing factors like anxiety, reality, and self-esteem to improve functioning is also summarized.
Conceptual understanding of bio-psycho-social presentation in psychiatric disorders and role of pharmacological and psycho-therapeutic interventions in management of the same. Pointers to identifying when to refer a patient/ client for Psychiatric (medical) evaluation.
Conceptual understanding and outline for basic history taking in Psychiatric disorders, formulating a diagnosis based on the information and planning appropriate management for the same.
This document discusses various non-pharmacological management techniques in psychiatry, including brain stimulation methods, neurosurgery, and psychotherapy. It provides details on electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and different neurosurgical procedures. ECT involves inducing seizures through electrical stimulation and is an effective treatment for severe psychiatric disorders. RtMS, tDCS, and VNS are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques being studied for various conditions. DBS and neurosurgery target specific brain regions through implanted electrodes or lesions to treat treatment-resistant disorders. Psychotherapies
Detailed understanding of Motivational Enhancement Therapy for management of Substance Use Disorders with contextual inputs for Indian population and sub-culture.
This document provides an outline and overview of various psychiatric conditions that can affect children, including anxiety disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other conditions. It discusses the prevalence, symptoms, risk factors, comorbidities, and treatment approaches for each. Rating scales are also mentioned as a tool used in evaluating children. The document focuses in more depth on anxiety disorders, separation anxiety disorder, attachment disorders, school refusal, selective mutism, childhood depression, childhood bipolar disorder/mania, and early-onset schizophrenia.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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3. Like any growing branch of medicine, psychiatry has been
changing.Therefore the rapid changes in classification to
keep up growing research data dealing with epidemiology,
symptomatology, prognostic factors, treatment methods &
new theories for causation of psychiatric disorder.
At present there are two major classification in psychiatry,
namely ICD 10 (1992) & DSMV (2013).
4. This isWHO’s classification for all diseases & related health
problems.
The chapter ‘F’ classifies psychiatric disorder as mental &
behavioral disorders & codes them on an alphanumeric
system from F00 to F99.
The Main Categories in ICD 10:
5. F00 – Dementia in Alzheimer’s disease
F01 – Vascular dementia
F04 – Organic amnestic syndrome
F05 – Delirium
F06 – Other mental disorders due to brain damage & dysfunction &
to physical disease
F07 – Personality & behavioral disorders due to brain disease,
damage & dysfunction
6. F10 – Mental & behavioral disorders due to use of alcohol
F11 - Mental & behavioral disorders due to use of opioids
F12 – Mental & behavioral disorders due to use of cannabinoids
F13 – Mental & behavioral disorders due to use of sedatives &
hypnotics
F14 – Mental & behavioral disorders due to use of cocaine
F16 – Mental & behavioral disorders due to use of hallucinogens
13. F80 – Specific developmental disorders of speech & language
F81 – Specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills
F82 – Specific developmental disorders of motor function
F83 – Mixed specific developmental disorders
F84 – Pervasive developmental disorders
14. F90 – Hyperkinetic disorders
F91 – Conduct disorders
F93 – Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood
F94 – Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to
childhood & adolescence
F95 –Tic Disorders
F98 – Other behavioral & emotional disorders with onset
usually occurring in childhood & adolescence
17. MOST IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTICTOOL
TO OBTAIN INFORMATIONTO MAKE ACCURATE
DIAGNOSIS
IT ISTHE RECORD OF PATIENTS LIFE
18. Chief complaints
History of Present Illness
Past History
Personal History
Medication History
Family History
Social History
Pre-morbid personality
19. The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is the psychological
equivalent of a physical exam that describes the mental
state and behaviors of the person being seen.
It includes both objective observations of the clinician and
subjective descriptions given by the patient.
20. The MSE provides information for diagnosis and assessment
of disorder and response to treatment.
It provides a snap shot at a point in time
If another provider sees your patient it allows them to
determine if the patients status has changed without
previously seeing the patient
21. General Appearance
Behavior
Speech
Mood
Affect
Thought process
Thought content
Cognition
Insight/Judgment
25. The prevalent emotional state the patient tells you they feel
Often placed in quotes since it is what the patient tells you
Examples “Fantastic, elated, depressed, anxious, sad, angry,
irritable, good”
26. The emotional state we observe
Type: euthymic (normal mood), dysphoric (depressed,
irritable, angry), euphoric (elevated, elated) anxious
Range: full (normal) vs. restricted, blunted or flat, labile
Congruency: does it match the mood-(mood congruent vs.
mood incongruent)
Stability: stable vs. labile
27. Describes the rate of thoughts, how they flow and are
connected.
Normal: tight, logical and linear, coherent and goal directed
Abnormal: associations are not clear, organized, coherent.
Examples include circumstantial, tangential, loose, flight of
ideas, word salad, clanging, thought blocking.
28. Circumstantial: provide unnecessary detail but eventually
get to the point
Tangential: Move from thought to thought that relate in
some way but never get to the point
Loose: Illogical shifting between unrelated topics
29. Flight of ideas: Quickly moving from one idea to another- see
with mania
Thought blocking: thoughts are interrupted
Perseveration: Repetition of words, phrases or ideas
Word Salad: Randomly spoken words
30. Refers to the themes that occupy the patients thoughts and
perceptual disturbances
Examples include preoccupations, illusions, ideas of
reference, hallucinations, derealization, depersonalization,
delusions
31. Preoccupations: Suicidal or homicidal ideation (SI or HI),
perseverations, obsessions or compulsions
Illusions: Misinterpretations of environment
Ideas of Reference (IOR): Misinterpretation of incidents and
events in the outside world having direct personal reference
to the patient
32. Hallucinations: False sensory perceptions. Can be auditory
(AH), visual (VH), tactile or olfactory
Derealization: Feelings the outer environment feels unreal
Depersonalization: Sensation of unreality concerning oneself
or parts of oneself
33. Delusions: Fixed, false beliefs firmly held in spite of
contradictory evidence
Control: outside forces are controlling actions
Erotomanic: a person, usually of higher status, is in love with the
patient
Grandiose: inflated sense of self-worth, power or wealth
Somatic: patient has a physical defect
Reference: unrelated events apply to them
Persecutory: others are trying to cause harm
34. Level of consciousness
Attention and concentration: the ability to focus, sustain and
appropriately shift mental attention
Memory: immediate, short and long term
Abstraction: proverb interpretation
Mini-Mental State Exam
35. Insight: awareness of one’s own illness and/or situation
Judgment: the ability to anticipate the consequences of
one’s behavior and make decisions to safeguard your well
being and that of others
36.
37. The term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler.
Splitting of mind.
Characterized by fundamental distortions of thinking and
perception, and affect that is inappropriate or blunted.
Clear consciousness and intellectual capacity are usually
maintained
Certain cognitive deficits may evolve in the course of time.
38. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of Schizophrenia is not
known.
It is accepted that schizophrenia is multifactorial in origin.
Internal factors - genetic, inborn, biochemical
External factors - trauma, infection of CNS, stress
Dopamine hypothesis - Psychotic symptoms are related to
dopaminergic hyperactivity in the brain.
39. Lifetime prevalence: 0.5 – 1.0%
DSM-5: 0.3 - 0.7%
Average age of onset:
Males: teens to mid-20’s
Females: early to late 20’s
Range: Early childhood to 50’s/60’s
Male slightly > female
41. A. Two (or more) of the following, each present for a significant portion of
time during a 1-month period (or less if successfully treated). At least
one of these must be 1, 2, or 3.
1) Delusions
2) Hallucinations
3) Disorganized speech (freq. derailment or incoherence)
4) Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
5) Negative symptoms (i.e., diminished emotional expression or
avolition
42. A.
B. Social/occupational dysfunction
C. Duration: Continuous signs for at least 6 months (psychosis +
prodrome + residual sx)
D. Schizoaffective and psychotic mood disorder have been
excluded
E. Not attributable to substance or general medical condition
F. Not a manifestation of a pervasive developmental disorder
47. The acute psychotic schizophrenic patients will respond usually to
antipsychotic medication.
According to current consensus we use in the first line therapy the newer
atypical antipsychotics
conventional
antipsychotics
(classical
neuroleptics)
chlorpromazine, chlorprotixene, clopenthixole,
levopromazine, periciazine, thioridazine
droperidole, flupentixol, fluphenazine, haloperidol,
penfluridol, perphenazine, pimozide,
prochlorperazine, trifluoperazine
atypical
antipsychotics
amisulpiride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine,
risperidone
48. Psychotherapy is not the treatment of choice for someone
with schizophrenia
Used as an adjunct to a good medication plan, however ,
psychotherapy can help maintain the individual on their
medication, learn needed social skills, and support the
person’s weekly goals and activities in their community.
49. This may include:
Advice, reassurance
Education
Modeling
Limit setting
Reality testing with the therapist
Encouragement in setting small goals and reaching them can
often be helpful
50. Group therapy: can be especially helpful in decreasing social
isolation and increasing reality testing.
It focuses on real – life plans, problems , and relationship; on
social and work roles and interaction
Family therapy: encourages the family to convene a family
meeting whenever an issue arises.
51. A 21 year engineering student is brought to the emergency room by his
room mate for not leaving his dormitory room for 2 weeks.
The roommate reports that the patient has not left his dormitory room
for 2 weeks and his room is in disarray. He describes the patient as being
“normal” until about 3-4 months ago.
He states that he noticed that the patient stopped going to social
activities and spent most of his time in his room.
He also states that the patient sometimes makes odd comments.
52. He has stopped going to his classes and his grades have been declining.
He also states that for about a week the patient has stopped eating and
drinks only canned beverages and insists on keeping the shades down on
the windows and has said that he is worried that someone is watching him.
The patient denies using alcohol or any illicit drugs. His temp is 37° F, pulse
is 92/min, and blood pressure is 140/80 mm Hg.
On mental status exam he appears distracted and repeated stops
answering your question in mid sentence. He describes hearing two voices
that are telling him to stop eating. He is oriented to place, person and time.
53.
54. Characterized by disturbances in feelings, thinking, and behaviour that
tend to occur on a continuum, ranging from severe depression to severe
mania (hyperactivity).
Is the most common psychiatric diagnoses associated with suicide.
Two Categories:
a. Major Depressive Disorder
b. Bipolar Disorder (Manic-Depressive Illness)
56. Twice as common in women than men.
Has 1.5 to 3 times greater incidence in first-degree relatives
than in the general population.
Its incidence decreases with age in women and increases
with age in men; single and divorced people have the highest
incidence.
57. Characterized by at least two weeks of a depressed mood or loss of interest
in pleasure and activities
Also includes at least 4 of the following symptoms of depression:
a. Increase or decrease in appetite
b. Increase or decrease in sleep
c. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
d. Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
e. Fatigue and loss of energy
f. Decreased ability to think and concentrate
g. Recurrent thoughts of suicide
These symptoms must be present everyday for 2 weeks and result in
significant distress or impair important areas of functioning.
Referred to as PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION if combined with delusions and
hallucinations.
58. Diagnosed when a person’s mood cycles between extremes of mania and
depression.
Mania – an emotional state characterized by elation, high optimism, increased
energy, and an exaggerated sense of importance and invincibility.
May last for about 1 week but may be longer for some individuals.
At least 3 of the following symptoms accompany the manic episode:
a. Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
b. Decreased need for sleep
c. Pressured speech
d. Flight of ideas
e. Distractibility
f. Increased involvement in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
g. Excessive involvement in pleasure-seeking activities with a high-potential for painful
consequences
59. HYPOMANIA – a period of abnormally and persistently elevated,
expansive, or irritable mood lasting for days and including 3 or 4 of the
additional symptoms described earlier.
MIXED EPISODE
BIPOLAR I DISORDER – one or more manic or mixed episodes usually
accompanied by major depressive episodes.
BIPOLAR II DISORDER – one or more major depressive episodes
accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode.
60. Onset and Clinical Course
An untreated episode of depression can last 6 to 24 months before
remitting.
50% to 60% of people who have one episode of depression will have
another.
After a second episode, there is 70% chance of recurrence.
Treatment and Prognosis
Psychopharmacology (TCAs, MAOIs, SSRIs,Atypical Antidepressants)
61. Psychotherapy
- InterpersonalTherapy: focuses on difficulties in relationships, such as
grief reactions, role disputes, and role transitions.
- BehaviorTherapy: seeks to increase the frequency of the client’s
positively reinforcing interactions with the environment and to decrease
negative interactions.
- CognitiveTherapy: focuses on how the person thinks.
62. Onset and Clinical Course
- Occurs in the early twenties or in adolescence; or in ages older than 50.
- Manic episodes typically begin suddenly, with rapid escalation of
symptoms over a few days, and last from a few weeks to several
months.
- They tend to be briefer and to end more suddenly than depressive
episodes.
64. Treatment: Psychotherapy
Useful in the mildly depressive or normal portion of the bipolar cycle. It is
not useful during acute manic stages because the person’s attention span
is brief and he or she can gain little insight during times of accelerated
psychomotor activity.
65. A 34 years married housewife studied up to B.A. Having 2 children came
with her husband with
c/o low mood since 6 months
loss of interest in daily work since 3 months
Low energy since 3 months
Decreased sleep since 2 months
On MSE her PMA was decreased and her Affect was sad, restricted
Her thoughts revealed hopelessness and ideas of self harm and guilt
66. A 24 years old unmarried man, studying B.Com.Was brought to the OPD
by his parents with
c/o increased talking and big talk since 1 month
Loss of sleep since 1 month
Increased religiosity since 2 weeks
Over-familiarity since 2 weeks
On MSE his PMA was increased andAffect was elated
Speech was spontaneous, pressured and loud
His thoughts revealed flight of ideas and delusion of grandiosity
69. EPIDEMIOLOGY : -
1)Widely prevalent in Indian society.
2) One of the M/C PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS observed in India & Western
world.
3) AUDs in US contributes to 20 lac injuries / year including 22,000 deaths /
year.
4) About 2 lac deaths / year are directly related to alcohol abuse.
5) Alcohol abuse can produce serious mental psychological symptoms
including - DEPRESSION ,ANXIETY & PSYCHOSIS.
70. Social factors
Religious and cultural factors
Psychological factors
Genetic factors - More that 50% of today’s alcoholics are the
children of alcoholics.
Childhood history – ADHD , CONDUCT DISORDER.
71. A need for daily use of a large amounts of alcohol for adequate
functioning , regular pattern of heavy drinking limited to weekends and
long periods of sobriety interspersed with binges of heavy alcohol intake
lasting for weeks or months strongly suggest Alcohol dependence.
TREATMENT OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE -
1. Disulfiram – inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase.
2. Naltrexone – pure opioid antagonist.
3. Acamprosate – affects GLUTAMATE & GABA NT systems.
72. MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS
SOCIAL COMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE
1) Accidents
2) Marital conflicts and divorce
3) Occupational problems , with loss productive man-hours
4) Increased incidence of drug dependence
5) Criminality
6) Financial difficulties
73. DSM 5 Diagnostic Criteria –
A) Cessation or reduced use of alcohol that has been heavy and prolonged.
B) 2 or more of the following , developing within several hours to a few
days after cessation of or reduction in alcohol use –
Autonomic hyperactivity (Ex. Sweating , tachycardia).
Increased hand tremors.
Insomnia
Nausea and vomiting
Transient visual, tactile or auditory hallucinations or illusions.
Psychomotor agitation.
Anxiety.
GTCS.
74. CLASSIC SIGNS OF ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL :
1)Tremors (commonly called shakes or jitters) develops 6 – 8 hours after
cessation of drinking.
2) Psychotic and perceptual symptoms begin in 8 - 12 hours after cessation
of alcohol.
3) Seizures develop in 12 – 24 hours after cessation of alcohol.
4) DT ( delirium tremens) occur anytime during first 72 hours after cessation
of alcohol , although physicians should watch for development of DTs for
1st week of withdrawal.
76. 1) Counseling of patient
2) Counseling of family.
3) MEDICATIONS – Disulfiram , Naltrexone and Acamprosate.
4) AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) .
77. Self help groups.
Members of AA have help available 24 hours a day , a/w sober peer
group, learnt that it is possible to participate in social functions
without drinking & are given a model of “RECOVERY” by observing
accomplishments of sober members of the group.
Includes inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation.
Patients with coexisting Psychiatric disorders may need some
additional education about AA.
Most studies indicate that participation in AA is a/w improved
outcomes , and incorporation into treatment programs saves the
money.
79. Organic mental disorders
Neurotic/ stress related and somatoform disorders
Disorders of eating/ sleep/ sexual function
Disorders of Adult Personality and behaviour
Child psychiatric disorders
81. Specific and significant impairment in development of reading skills, not solely
accounted for by mental age, visual acuity problems, or inadequate schooling.
Reading comprehension skill, reading word recognition, oral reading skill, and
performance of tasks requiring reading may all be affected.
Unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective
classroom instruction.
Lifetime prevalence of LD is 9.7%
Affecting at least 90% of all individuals identified as having LD
Affects more boys than girls (3-4 males to every female)
82. Early onset disorders
Delay and deviance in the development of social and communicative skills.
Unusual sensitivity to the inanimate environment is typical.
Qualitative abnormalities in reciprocal social interactions and patterns of
communication, and by restricted, stereotyped, repetitive repertoire of
interests and activities.
Pervasive feature of the individual‘s functioning in all situations
It includes autistic disorder, Rett's syndrome, childhood disintegrative
disorder, Asperger's syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder NOS
(atypical autism)
83. Childhood autism :
Abnormal functioning in areas of social interaction, communication and
restricted, repetitive behaviour, manifest before the age of 3 years
Occurs in boys 3-4 times more often than in girls
It is reasonable to say that approximately 1 in every 800 to 1,000 children
may have autism, with a larger number (1 in 150) exhibiting some
features of the condition
Studies conducted over the years have found a prevalence rate
progressing with time from 4.5 to 16.8%
84. Asperger’s Syndrome :
Is a disorder of qualitative abnormalities of reciprocal social interaction
that typify autism, together with a restricted, stereotyped, repetitive
repertoire of interests and activities
The disorder differs from autism primarily in that there is no general
delay or retardation in language or in cognitive development
A recent review suggested a prevalence rate of 1 to 2 in 10,000
There is little doubt that the condition is more prevalent in males than in
females, with a reported ratio of 9 to 1
85. Most common childhood behavioral disorder in OPD settings
Developmentally inappropriate and impairing levels of gross motor
overactivity, inattention and impulsivity.
Onset before age 7 years
18-item symptom list of which 6 of 9 inattention or 6 of 9
hyperactive/impulsive symptoms have persisted for at least 6 months to a
degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level
Impairment in two or more settings
It has a pooled estimate of worldwide prevalence is 5.29%
86. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder are grouped as the
disruptive behavior disorders
Recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior
toward authority figures that is clearly more frequent, more intense and
more persistent across the child's development than is typically observed in
individuals of similar age and developmental level and in the absence of more
severe dissocial or aggressive acts that violate the law or the rights of others.
Characteristically seen in children below the age of 9 or 10 years
Requires symptoms to be present for at least 6 months and cause impairment
in the child's social, academic or occupational functioning
Prevalence varies between 4.5 to 15.4% in males and 1.5 to 15.6% in females
87. Conduct disorder comprises of a repetitive and persistent pattern of
behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate
societal norms or rules are repeatedly violated beginning in childhood or
adolescence and is more severe than ordinary childish mischief or
adolescent rebelliousness
Four main groupings:Aggressive behaviors that cause harm to or
threaten harm to others, nonaggressive property destruction, covert
aggressive behaviors of deceitfulness or theft and rule violations
Prevalence between 2 and 16% for boys and 1.5 and 15.8% for girls
For adults older than 18 years the estimated lifetime prevalence of
conduct disorder is 9.5%, including 12% for males and 7.1% for females
89. - How you think, feel, and act in order to face life’s
situations…
- For example, how you handle stress.
- How you look at yourself, your life and the people in your
life…
- For example, how you relate to others.
- How you evaluate your options and make choices…
- For example, how you make decisions.
90. Thinking is the cognitive component of mental health.
It’s important to recognize your thoughts.
It’s important how you respond to your thoughts.
Thoughts produce feelings in us.
91. Feeling is the emotional / sensory component of mental
health.
Thoughts produce feelings.
It’s important to recognize your feelings.
For example, “I am angry and upset!”
It’s important to understand where these feelings are
coming from.
ie: your thought processes and how you interpret what’s happened.
It’s important how you respond to your feelings.
“I feel this way so it’s right to feel this way.”
Ask yourself questions such as: “Is this a legitimate feeling that is
appropriate for the situation?”
92. Action is the behavioral component of mental health.
Thoughts and feelings result in actions.
Actions can be unhealthy.
– For example, you could pick up the phone and yell at your friend and
damage the relationship.
– For example, you could go out for a smoke or take a drink and hide
away in your room.
Actions can be healthy.
– For example, you could talk over your thoughts and feelings with your
friend or with someone else who could help.
93. Since you were a young child, you realized that your
behavior had consequences.
You touched a hot stove and were burned.
You disobeyed a rule and were disciplined.
It’s important to also realize that there are
consequences to the way we think and feel.
95. It affects your relationships with others:
– Mental health problems lead to new problems with friends, family, law
enforcement or school officials
It affects how you learn:
– Your attentiveness,
– Your concentration,
– Your classroom conduct,
– Your ability to organize,
– Your ability to communicate.
96. ▪ Mental health problems can lead to other problems such
as:
– Experimenting with drugs or alcohol,
– Being sexually promiscuous,
– Being hostile and aggressive,
– Taking risks in behavior.
97. – Eat healthily.
– Exercise adequately.
– Care for your health daily.
– Take time for yourself regularly.
– Sleep bountifully.
– Manage stress diligently.
98. Play
▪ Learn to do something new and fun
Know yourself
▪ Be attuned to your thoughts and feelings.
▪ Keep a journal.
▪ Recognize when “this just doesn’t seem like I usually think or act”.
Say “no” sometimes. Don’t overbook your schedule or
your life.
▪ Make time for quiet
▪ Turn off the cell phone,TV…
99. – Recognize warning signs in
▪ How you think,
▪ How you feel,
▪ How you act.
– Practice stress management and self care
– Know when and where to get help.
▪ Get help as soon as you suspect you need it.
▪ Get help from a trained counselor or through a medical referral.