Definition
Subtype of specific phobia
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
Definition
Subtype of specific phobia
Age of onset
Signs and Symptoms
DSM V Criteria
Comorbidity
Prevelance and Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, a phobia is an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of endangerment or a fear of harm. For example, those suffering from agoraphobia fear being trapped in an inescapable place or situation.
In order to prevent and reduce suffering knowledge of phobia and how can it be treated is essential
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
phobia.pptx total topic with description ofAltafBro
Phobia: persistent, irrational fear of specific objects, activities, or situations
Types of phobias
Specific: response to specific objects
Social: result of exposure to social situations or required performance
Agoraphobia: fear of being in places/situations from which escape is difficult or help unavailable
Panic attack
Sudden onset of extreme apprehension or fear of impending doom
Fear of losing one’s mind or having a heart attack
Panic disorder with agoraphobia
Panic attacks combined with agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is fear of being in places or situations from which escape is difficult or help unavailable
Feared places avoided, restricting one’s life
A phobia is an excessive and irrational fear reaction. If you have a phobia, you may experience a deep sense of dread or panic when you encounter the source of your fear. The fear can be of a certain place, situation, or object. Unlike general anxiety disorders, a phobia is usually connected to something specific
obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCD)mamtabisht10
Obsessive-Compulsive and related disorders include obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.
According to the American Psychiatric Association, a phobia is an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation. In most cases, the phobia involves a sense of endangerment or a fear of harm. For example, those suffering from agoraphobia fear being trapped in an inescapable place or situation.
In order to prevent and reduce suffering knowledge of phobia and how can it be treated is essential
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common, chronic, and long-lasting disorder in which a person has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions) and/or behaviors (compulsions) that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over.
Symptoms: Compulsive behavior
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterised by unreasonable thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead to compulsive behaviours.
OCD often centres on themes such as a fear of germs or the need to arrange objects in a specific manner. Symptoms usually begin gradually and vary throughout life.
Treatment includes talk therapy, medication or both.
Consult a doctor for medical advice.
phobia.pptx total topic with description ofAltafBro
Phobia: persistent, irrational fear of specific objects, activities, or situations
Types of phobias
Specific: response to specific objects
Social: result of exposure to social situations or required performance
Agoraphobia: fear of being in places/situations from which escape is difficult or help unavailable
Panic attack
Sudden onset of extreme apprehension or fear of impending doom
Fear of losing one’s mind or having a heart attack
Panic disorder with agoraphobia
Panic attacks combined with agoraphobia
Agoraphobia is fear of being in places or situations from which escape is difficult or help unavailable
Feared places avoided, restricting one’s life
Generalized and phobic anxiety disordernabina paneru
This slide contains information regarding Generalized and phobic anxiety disorder. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?Raj Mane
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental health condition that causes dread, worry, and overwhelm. Excessive, persistent, and unreasonable concern over everyday events characterizes it.
https://bit.ly/3Jmoj5R
ANXIETY DISORDER IS A FEELING OF FEAR,DREAD,AND UNEASINESSVandanaGaur15
Mental health is as crucial as physical health. However, mental health issues are often overlooked, and many individuals suffer silently. One such problem is anxiety disorder, which affects millions of people worldwide. In this blog post, we’ll delve into anxiety disorder, its symptoms, and the importance of seeking help.
The Invisible Battle: Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety disorder is a mental health condition that causes people to feel intense fear, worry, or anxiety. It’s a persistent condition that can interfere with daily activities and quality of life. Various factors, including stress, trauma, genetics, and brain chemistry can trigger the condition.
Individuals with anxiety disorder may experience intense, frequent, and persistent worry or fear about everyday situations. They may also experience physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, and digestive issues. Anxiety disorder can also manifest in specific phobias, social withdrawal, and panic attacks.
A mental health disorder characterized by feelings of worry, anxiety or fear that are strong enough to interfere with one's daily activities.
this is a detailed medical study mentioning all the aspects of anxiety disorder ,
please comment
thank you
Discuss characteristics of various psychological disorders includin.pdfRahul04August
Discuss characteristics of various psychological disorders including anxiety and mood disorders
as well as schizophrenia
Solution
Anxiety disorders are characterized by severe fear or anxiety associated with particular objects
and situations.Most people with anxiety disorders try to avoid exposure to the situation that
causes anxiety.
Specific Phobia-phobia means fear.A specific phobia is an irrational fear of some specific thing
or situation.The fear is irrational in the sense that it is all out of proportion to the actual danger
presented.
Panic Disorder-This is a disorder characterized by unforewarned attacks of extreme dread,as if
some terrible thing is about to befall the person,generally lasting only a couple of minutes and
leaving the person physically exhausted because of the extreme activation of the physiological
mechanisms aroused by terror.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder -this disorder arises when people are exposed to servely
stressful,life-threatening situations in which they perceive that they have no control over the
outcome.Those affected have flashbacks about the situation in which they were
helpless,nightmares,difficulty sleeping,and and find it impossible to put the situation behind
them and get on with their lives.Situations inducing the disorder include military combat,natural
disasters,accidents etc.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-Obsessions are thoughts,usually of a distressing nature,that
constantly intrude into awareness,over and over again.Compulsions are ritualistic behaviors the
person feels to perform over and over again,because not to perform them means experiencing
rapidly increasing levels of anxiety.Certain drugs and behavior modification techniques have
been used to treat the disorder.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder-The person suffering from this disorder experiences
continuous,high levels of free-floating anxiety that does not seem to have been triggered by any
specific thing or situation.The symptoms of anxiety are often treated by prescribing minor
tranquilizers as an initial step,this is followed by psychological therapy aimed and uncovering
and eliminating the source of the anxiety.
Mood disorders are also known as affective disorders or depressive disorders.These illnesses
share disturbances or changes in mood,usually involving either depression or mania.
Major depression –an extreme or prolonged episode of sadness in which a person loses interest
or pleasure in previously enjoyed activities.
Bipolar disorder – alternating episodes of mania and depression.
Dysthymia – continuous low-grade symptoms of major depression and anxiety.
Seasonal affective disorder– a form of major depression that occurs in the fall or winter and may
be related to shortened periods of daylight.
Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that affects the way a person behaves,thinks,and sees the
world.Many people with schizophrenia withdraw from the outside world, act out in confusion
and fear,and are at an increased risk of attempting suic.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Anxiety is a normal phenomenon,
which is characterized by a state of
apprehension or uneasiness arising
out of anticipation of danger.
Normal anxiety becomes
pathological when it causes
significant subject distress and
impairment of functioning of the
individual.
3. Anxiety disorders are abnormal
states in which the most striking
features are mental and physical
symptoms of anxiety, which are not
caused by organic brain disease or
any other psychiatric disorder.
4. A phobia is an unreasonable fear of a specific
object, activity or situation.
5. This irrational fear is characterized by the
following features:
It is disproportionate to the circumstances that
precipitate it.
It cannot be dealt with by reasoning or controlled
through will power.
The individual avoids the feared object or
situation. In phobic anxiety disorders, the
individual experiences intermittent anxiety which
arises in particular circumstances, i.e. in response
to the phobic object or situation.
7. Simple phobia is an
irrational fear of a specific
object or stimulus. Simple
phobias are common in
childhood. By early
teenage most of these fears
are lost, but a few persist
till adult life. Sometimes
they may reappear after a
symptom-free period.
Exposure to the phobic
object often results in
panic attacks.
8. Acrophobia-fear of heights
Hematophobia-fear of the sight of blood
Claustrophobia-fear of closed spaces
Gamophobia-fear of marriage
Insectophobia-fear of insects
AIDS phobia-fear of AIDS
9. Social phobia is an
irrational fear of performing
activities in the presence of
other people or interacting
with others. The patient is
afraid of his own actions
being viewed by others
critically, resulting in
embarrassment or
humiliation.
10. It is characterized by an irrational fear of being in
places away from the familiar setting of home, in
crowds, or in situations that the patient cannot
leave easily.
11. As the agoraphobia increases in severity, there
is a gradual restriction in normal day-to-day
activities. The activity may become so severely
restricted that the person becomes self-
imprisoned at home. In all the above
mentioned phobias, the individual experiences
the same core symptoms as in generalized
anxiety disorders.
12. Psychodynamic theory According to this
theory, anxiety is usually dealt with repression.
When repression fails to function adequately, other
secondary defense mechanisms of ego come into
action. In phobia, this secondary defence
mechanism is displacement. By displacement
anxiety is transferred from a really dangerous or
frightening object to a neutral object. These two
objects are connected by symbolic associations.
The neutral object chosen unconsciously is the one
that can be easily avoided in day-to-day activities,
in contrast to the frightening object.
13. According to classical conditioning a stressful
stimulus produces an unconditioned response -fear.
When the stressful stimulus is repeatedly paired
with a harmless object, eventually the harmless
object alone produces the fear, which is now a
conditioned response. If the person avoids the
harmless object to avoid fear, the fear becomes a
phobia.
14. Anxiety is the product of faulty cognitions or
anxiety-inducing self-instructions. Cognitive
theorists believe that some individuals engage
in negative and irrational thinking that produce
anxiety reactions. The individual begins to seek
out avoidance behaviors to prevent the anxiety
reactions and phobias result.
15. The phobias are more common in women with an
onset in late second decade or early third decade.
Onset is sudden without any cause. The course is
usually chronic. Sometimes phobias are
spontaneous remitting.
22. This therapy is used to break the
anxiety patterns in phobic disorders.
Psychotherapy Supportive
psychotherapy is a helpful adjunct to
behavior therapy and drug treatment.
23. Nursing Assessment
Assessment parameters
focus on physical
symptoms, precipitating
factors, avoidance
behavior associated with
phobia, impact of anxiety
on physical functioning,
normal coping ability,
thought content and social
support systems.
24. Fear related to a specific stimulus (simple
phobia), or causing embarrassment to self in
front of others, evidenced by behavior directed
towards avoidance of the feared object/ situation.
Objective: Patient will be able to function in the
presence of a phobic object or situation without
experiencing panic anxiety.
25. Social isolation related to fear of being in a place
from which one is unable to escape, evidenced by
staying alone, refusing to leave the room/home.
Objective: Patient will voluntarily participate in
group activities with peers.
26. Reassessment is conducted to determine if the
nursing interventions have been successful in
achieving the objectives of care.
27. Following questions are helpful in evaluation:
Does the patient face phobic object/ situation
without anxiety?
Does the patient voluntarily participate in
group activities?
Is the patient able to demonstrate techniques
that he may use to prevent anxiety from
escalating to the panic level?