The document discusses definitions and classifications of mental health disorders. It describes how the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health and mental health. Mental illness can occur when the brain is not functioning well, disrupting thinking, perception, emotion, behavior, physical functioning or signaling. The document also discusses the differences between neurosis (minor mental disorders) and psychosis (major personality disorders), and how psychiatric disorders are classified based on symptoms and etiology. It provides a brief history of classification systems and describes the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) published by WHO and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) published by the American Psychiatric Association.

3. WHO, “Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well being, and not merely
the absence of any disease or infirmity in an
individual”

5.  WHO, “The capacity of an individual to form
harmonious relationship with others and to
participate in and contribute constructively
to changes in the social environment”.
 Meninger defines, “The adjustment of human
beings to the world and to each other with
the maximum of effectiveness and
happiness”.

6.  Mental illness can occur when the brain is
not working well.
 One or more of its 6 main functions will be
disrupted.
 Thinking
 Perception
 Emotion
 Behavior
 Physical
 Signaling

7.  Find out the difference between mental
illness and mental retardation.

9.  Neurosis also known as Psychoneurosis
 It refers to minor mental disorders
 They are characterized by inner struggles
and certain mental and physical disturbances
 Clinically, Psychoneurosis implies a bodily
disturbance without ant structural or organic
defect.
 The patient is unable to understand but
nevertheless, he realizes that something is
wrong with him/her.
 Ex: Phobia, Stress related disorders

10.  Psychosis refer to insanity or madness.
 Psychosis are major personality disorders
marked by gross emotional and mental
disruptions.
 These diseases make the individual incapable
of adequate self management and
adjustment to society.
 Ex: Personality disorders, mood disorders,
and so on.

11.  Prepare a chart on the differences between
Neurosis and Psychosis and bring it to next
class.

12.  Psychiatric disorders are classified mostly on
the basis of symptoms. Sometimes on the
basis of etiology.

13.  To make generally acceptable diagnosis
 To facilitate communication between
psychiatrists, other doctors and other
professionals
 Leading to better treatment planning
 To make framework for research in
psychiatry.

14.  CLASSIFICATION – placing a clinical condition
into a category based on shared
characteristics.
 MULTIAXIAL SYSTEM – A classification system
that has multiple dimensions.
 DIAGNOSIS – the conclusion reached
concerning the nature of a patient’s problem,
based on clinical observations.
 ETIOLOGY – the cause(s) or Origin(s) of a
condition.

15.  SYNDROME – a group of signs and symptoms
that together indicate or describe a disorder.
 DISEASE –A definite pathological process
having a characteristic set of signs and
symptoms.
 DISORDER – a derangement or abnormality of
function; a morbid physical or mental state.
 ILLNESS –refers to the feelings that might
come with having a disease.
 SYMPTOMS – refers to an observable behavior
or state.

16.  1796 – Edinburgh physician William Cullen attempts to
classify mental disorders using an approach based on
biologists’ systems for classifying plants and animals.
 1879 – English psychiatrist William Maudsley suggests
classifying mental disorders in terms of identifiable
symptoms.
 1883- German psychiatrist Emil Kreapelin published the
first edition of an influential textbook that describes and
classifies several mental disorders.
 6th edition of the International Classification of Diseases,
injuries and causes of death is published and includes for
the first time a section devoted to mental disorders.
 1980 – the 3rd edition of the APA’s Diagnostic and Statiscal
Manual is published.

17.  International Statiscal Classification of
Disease and Related health problems – 1992
 Developed by the World Health Organization
 Mostly used in Europe, Africa and Asia
 The chapter ‘F’ classifies psychiatric disorder
as a mental and behavioral disorders and
codes them on an alphanumeric system from
F00 to F99.

18. Code
number
Mental disorders
F00-F09 Organic, including symptomatic mental disorders
F10-F19 Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use
F20-F29 Schizophrenia, schizotypal & Delusional disorders
F30-F39 Mood (Affective) disorders
F40-F49 Neurotic, stress - rapid & somato-form disorders
F50-F59 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances &
physical factors
F60-F69 Disorders of adult personality & behavior
F70-F79 Mental Retardation
F80-F89 Disorders of physiological development
F90-F98 Behavioral & emotional disorders with onset usually occuring in
childhood and adolescence
F99 Unspecified mental disorders

19.  Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) – two symptom
patterns that seemed to hang together and
recur.
 Ex: Dementia praecox (Schizophrenia) and
manic depressive insanity (Bipolar)
 The APA’s multiaxial classification system
(DSM) is currently so widely accepted .

20.  Published in 2000 by American Psychiatric
Association, US
 5 axes
 Provide information about the biological,
psychological and social aspects of a person’s
condition.
 It is used worldwide and mostly used for
research purposes.

21.  Axis I – Clinical Psychiatric Diagnosis
 Axis II – Personality disorders and MR
 Axis III – General medical conditions relevant to
a case
 Axis IV – Psycho-social and environmental
problems
 Axis V – Global assessment of functioning (GAF)
rating scale from 1 to 100.
 100 – no symptoms – superior functioning
 60 – moderate symptoms or moderate difficulty in
social, occupational or social functioning.
 10 – persistent danger of severely hurting self or
others

22.  Find out the differences between ICD and
DSM