based on class 10 chapter electricity.
consists of topic such as-
electric potential,electric current, resistors ,series and parallel connection, heating effect of electric current, electric power,etc.
- Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is studied in current electricity and owes its origin to Alessandro Volta's invention of the battery, which produced a steady flow of electric current.
- In conductors like metals, loosely bound electrons can move freely and produce electric current when a potential difference is applied across the conductor by a battery. These free electrons drift in the direction of the electric field.
- Current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes, which is the amount of charge (in coulombs) passing through an area in one second. Current is a scalar quantity while current density is a vector quantity.
The document discusses key concepts in electricity including electric current, electric circuits, potential difference, resistance, and Ohm's Law. It defines electric current as the flow of electrons through a conductor. An electric circuit is a continuous closed path for electric current to flow. Potential difference is the difference in electric potential needed to cause current flow. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to potential difference in a conductor. Resistance depends on the material and dimensions of the conductor.
1. This document discusses several topics related to electricity including Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, and potentiometer.
2. Kirchhoff's laws include the junction rule which states the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero, and the loop rule which states the algebraic sum of potential drops around any closed loop is zero.
3. The Wheatstone bridge and metre bridge are used to measure unknown resistances based on balancing a galvanometer using a sliding contact to adjust potential differences.
4. A potentiometer can be used to compare electromotive forces (EMFs) of cells by finding the balance point where the potential is equal and opposite to the cell's
Dual nature of radiation and matter class 12Lovedeep Singh
This document discusses the dual wave-particle nature of radiation and matter. It begins by explaining the historical debate between theories that light consists of waves versus particles. Through the work of Planck, Einstein, de Broglie, and others, it is now understood that both radiation and matter exhibit both wave and particle properties. The document then discusses various experiments and phenomena that demonstrate these dual natures, such as the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and Davisson-Germer experiment which verified de Broglie's hypothesis that matter has wave-like properties. It also explains Einstein's photoelectric equation and how this helped explain experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.
1. The document discusses electricity and various electrical concepts like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and circuits. It defines these terms and explains properties and relationships between concepts.
2. Key points covered include that electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit, current is the rate of flow of charge, and Ohm's Law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
3. The document also compares series and parallel circuits, explaining that series circuits have higher total resistance while parallel circuits have lower total resistance.
The study of magnetic effects of electric current is an essential part of physics, providing insights into the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In Class 10, students delve into this fascinating realm, understanding the principles behind electromagnetism, magnetic field lines, and applications of electromagnetic induction. Let's explore this topic in detail.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Electricity Class 10 Physics Chapter Complete with FormulaeShreyaans Nahata
Electricity is the flow of electrons through a closed circuit. It was discovered by William Gilbert and consists of electrons in motion. Conductors allow the flow of electricity through the presence of free electrons between atoms. Insulators do not allow electricity to flow as they lack free electrons. Electric charge, current, potential difference, and other concepts are explained along with circuits, Ohm's law, and electrical power calculations. Key formulas and relationships are defined for voltage, current, resistance, energy, and power.
Very important Chapter of physics because it contains all the important laws needed to understand concepts in physics.
And i hope it will be helpful to you
- Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is studied in current electricity and owes its origin to Alessandro Volta's invention of the battery, which produced a steady flow of electric current.
- In conductors like metals, loosely bound electrons can move freely and produce electric current when a potential difference is applied across the conductor by a battery. These free electrons drift in the direction of the electric field.
- Current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge. It is measured in amperes, which is the amount of charge (in coulombs) passing through an area in one second. Current is a scalar quantity while current density is a vector quantity.
The document discusses key concepts in electricity including electric current, electric circuits, potential difference, resistance, and Ohm's Law. It defines electric current as the flow of electrons through a conductor. An electric circuit is a continuous closed path for electric current to flow. Potential difference is the difference in electric potential needed to cause current flow. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to potential difference in a conductor. Resistance depends on the material and dimensions of the conductor.
1. This document discusses several topics related to electricity including Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, and potentiometer.
2. Kirchhoff's laws include the junction rule which states the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero, and the loop rule which states the algebraic sum of potential drops around any closed loop is zero.
3. The Wheatstone bridge and metre bridge are used to measure unknown resistances based on balancing a galvanometer using a sliding contact to adjust potential differences.
4. A potentiometer can be used to compare electromotive forces (EMFs) of cells by finding the balance point where the potential is equal and opposite to the cell's
Dual nature of radiation and matter class 12Lovedeep Singh
This document discusses the dual wave-particle nature of radiation and matter. It begins by explaining the historical debate between theories that light consists of waves versus particles. Through the work of Planck, Einstein, de Broglie, and others, it is now understood that both radiation and matter exhibit both wave and particle properties. The document then discusses various experiments and phenomena that demonstrate these dual natures, such as the photoelectric effect, Compton effect, and Davisson-Germer experiment which verified de Broglie's hypothesis that matter has wave-like properties. It also explains Einstein's photoelectric equation and how this helped explain experimental observations of the photoelectric effect.
1. The document discusses electricity and various electrical concepts like charge, current, voltage, resistance, and circuits. It defines these terms and explains properties and relationships between concepts.
2. Key points covered include that electricity is the flow of electrons in a circuit, current is the rate of flow of charge, and Ohm's Law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
3. The document also compares series and parallel circuits, explaining that series circuits have higher total resistance while parallel circuits have lower total resistance.
The study of magnetic effects of electric current is an essential part of physics, providing insights into the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In Class 10, students delve into this fascinating realm, understanding the principles behind electromagnetism, magnetic field lines, and applications of electromagnetic induction. Let's explore this topic in detail.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Electricity Class 10 Physics Chapter Complete with FormulaeShreyaans Nahata
Electricity is the flow of electrons through a closed circuit. It was discovered by William Gilbert and consists of electrons in motion. Conductors allow the flow of electricity through the presence of free electrons between atoms. Insulators do not allow electricity to flow as they lack free electrons. Electric charge, current, potential difference, and other concepts are explained along with circuits, Ohm's law, and electrical power calculations. Key formulas and relationships are defined for voltage, current, resistance, energy, and power.
Very important Chapter of physics because it contains all the important laws needed to understand concepts in physics.
And i hope it will be helpful to you
Class 12th physics current electricity ppt Arpit Meena
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The document provides formulas and explanations for many important electrical concepts in a comprehensive yet concise manner.
Electrostatic potential and capacitanceEdigniteNGO
Hello everyone, we are from Edignite NGO and we have come up with chapters of class 11 and 12 (CBSE).
For any queries, please contact
Lekha Periwal : +916290889619
Heer Mehta : +917984844099
1. Electromagnetic induction occurs when a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a circuit. This was discovered by Faraday through his experiments.
2. Faraday's laws of induction state that an emf is induced in a circuit when the magnetic flux through the circuit changes, and that the magnitude of this induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
3. Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced current: the current will flow in a direction that creates its own magnetic field to oppose the original change in magnetic flux that caused it. This ensures the conservation of energy.
Electrostatic potential is a scalar quantity measured in joules (J) or electron volts (eV). Equipotential surfaces represent regions in space where the electric potential is constant around a charged body. They are always perpendicular to electric field lines and can be represented by concentric spheres or lines. The relationship between electric field and potential is such that the electric field is defined as the negative gradient of the potential.
1) The document is a PowerPoint presentation about electricity created by Dheeraj Kumar Meena for class 10.
2) It covers topics like electric current and circuits, electrical potential and potential difference, Ohm's law, and types of electric circuits.
3) Ohm's law explains the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance and states that at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 10th PhysicsSHIVAM RANJAN
1. A magnet is a substance that produces a magnetic field and attracts other ferromagnetic materials like iron.
2. There are natural magnets found in nature, like lodestone, and artificial magnets can be created by rubbing an iron bar with a natural magnet.
3. A magnet has two poles - a north pole and a south pole. Opposite poles attract while like poles repel. Magnetic fields emerge from the north pole and enter through the south pole.
Magnetic Effects Of Current Class 12 Part-2Self-employed
The document discusses various topics related to the magnetic effects of electric current:
1. It defines Lorentz force and Fleming's left hand rule for determining the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
2. It describes the forces experienced by moving charges and current-carrying conductors in both uniform electric and magnetic fields.
3. It provides the definition of the ampere based on the forces experienced between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are found everywhere and play important roles in food production, industrial processes, and environmental management. Many microbes are useful as they help in processes like fermentation of foods and production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other bioactive molecules. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down organic matter in sewage, and in soil enrichment by fixing nitrogen and making phosphorus available to plants.
This document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
1. The properties of bar magnets such as aligning along north-south, opposite poles attracting and like poles repelling.
2. Magnetic dipoles including current loops and solenoids behaving similarly to bar magnets with north and south poles.
3. Earth's magnetic field having a magnetic axis inclined to its geographic axis, with declination and dip angles defining their relationship.
The document discusses different types of electricity including static electricity, where charges move randomly for a short time, and current electricity, where there is a steady flow of electric charge through a conductor. It also discusses the key components that allow electricity to flow, such as batteries, which provide a source of electrical energy through chemical reactions in electrochemical cells. The document also covers concepts like potential energy, voltage, current, resistance, and the factors that affect resistance.
Electricity is a form of energy that can be changed into other forms. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor due to a voltage difference provided by a power source like a battery. An electric circuit is a continuous loop or path that allows electric current to flow from the positive terminal of a battery or other power source through components like wires, light bulbs, and back to the negative terminal. Circuits can be arranged in series or parallel configurations, which determine how components are connected and how current and resistance are calculated. Heat is generated by the resistance of components in a circuit as electric current passes through due to the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy.
Electric current and its effect CLASS-8Ravi Prakash
Electric current
HEATING EFFECT OF CURRENT
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
ELECTROMAGNET
ELECTRIC BELL
ADVANTAGE OF HEATING EFFECT
DISADVANTAGE OF HEATING EFFECT
SYMBOLS OF ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)
ELECTRIC FUSE
based on class 10 chapter electricity.
consists of topic such as-
electric potential,electric current, resistors ,series and parallel connection, heating effect of electric current, electric power,etc.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current for Grade 10th StudentsMurari Parashar
In this chapter, we will study the effects of electric current : Moving charges or electric current generates a magnetic field. This is useful to CBSE Students.
This document provides an overview of reflection and refraction of light by Vivek Sawhney, a physics teacher. It covers the basic laws and concepts related to reflection by plane and spherical mirrors, including image formation. It also discusses refraction through spherical lenses and glass slabs. Key terms like focal length, radius of curvature, and refractive index are defined. Ray diagrams demonstrate how light bends when reflecting or refracting. Real-world applications of mirrors and lenses are also mentioned.
The document discusses the differences between a potentiometer and a voltmeter. A potentiometer can measure the electromotive force (emf) of a cell very accurately in a null deflection method without drawing any current from the cell. A voltmeter can only measure emf approximately and does draw current, meaning it has a lower sensitivity. The document also provides details on the construction, working principle, and applications of a potentiometer.
1. Ohm's law defines the linear relationship between voltage and current in a circuit, where the resistor's resistance and voltage drop determine the current flow through the resistor.
2. The resistor's current is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance according to the equation I=V/R, where I is current, V is voltage, and R is resistance.
3. Ohm's law can also be used to calculate voltage or resistance when two variables are known, as shown in the equations V=IR and R=V/I.
This document discusses magnetic fields produced by solenoids. It defines a solenoid as a coil of wire that produces a strong magnetic field inside its core. The magnetic field strength inside a solenoid, B, is directly proportional to the number of turns N, and the current I, as described by the equation B=μNI. It also provides an example of writing a MATLAB program to plot the magnetic field in the x-z plane for a given solenoid geometry and current.
This document provides an overview of basic electric circuit concepts including:
1) Electric circuits require a closed loop path containing a power source, and a device to use the energy. Voltage is defined as potential difference and current as the rate of charge flow.
2) Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations which impacts how voltage and current are distributed.
3) Complex circuits may contain both series and parallel components. To analyze these, each series and parallel section must be solved individually before combining the results.
cloud computing is a growing field in computer science. This ppt can help the beginners understand it. contains information about PaaS, Iaas, SaaS and other concepts of Cloud Computing.It also contains a video on cloud computing.
This document provides an outline and overview for a course on fundamentals of electricity and electronics. The course covers topics such as basic electrical terms, circuits, instruments, materials, and safety. It includes sections on topics like fundamentals, basic circuits, motors/generators, advanced circuits, electronic communication systems, and labs/projects. Safety is emphasized throughout, including proper use of tools and protective equipment when working with electrical systems.
Class 12th physics current electricity ppt Arpit Meena
1. The document discusses key concepts related to electric current including definitions of current and conventional current, drift velocity, current density, Ohm's law, resistance, resistivity, conductance, conductivity, and temperature dependence of resistance.
2. It also covers color codes for carbon resistors, series and parallel combinations of resistors, definitions of emf and internal resistance of cells, and series and parallel combinations of cells.
3. The document provides formulas and explanations for many important electrical concepts in a comprehensive yet concise manner.
Electrostatic potential and capacitanceEdigniteNGO
Hello everyone, we are from Edignite NGO and we have come up with chapters of class 11 and 12 (CBSE).
For any queries, please contact
Lekha Periwal : +916290889619
Heer Mehta : +917984844099
1. Electromagnetic induction occurs when a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a circuit. This was discovered by Faraday through his experiments.
2. Faraday's laws of induction state that an emf is induced in a circuit when the magnetic flux through the circuit changes, and that the magnitude of this induced emf is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
3. Lenz's law describes the direction of the induced current: the current will flow in a direction that creates its own magnetic field to oppose the original change in magnetic flux that caused it. This ensures the conservation of energy.
Electrostatic potential is a scalar quantity measured in joules (J) or electron volts (eV). Equipotential surfaces represent regions in space where the electric potential is constant around a charged body. They are always perpendicular to electric field lines and can be represented by concentric spheres or lines. The relationship between electric field and potential is such that the electric field is defined as the negative gradient of the potential.
1) The document is a PowerPoint presentation about electricity created by Dheeraj Kumar Meena for class 10.
2) It covers topics like electric current and circuits, electrical potential and potential difference, Ohm's law, and types of electric circuits.
3) Ohm's law explains the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance and states that at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to potential difference.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current 10th PhysicsSHIVAM RANJAN
1. A magnet is a substance that produces a magnetic field and attracts other ferromagnetic materials like iron.
2. There are natural magnets found in nature, like lodestone, and artificial magnets can be created by rubbing an iron bar with a natural magnet.
3. A magnet has two poles - a north pole and a south pole. Opposite poles attract while like poles repel. Magnetic fields emerge from the north pole and enter through the south pole.
Magnetic Effects Of Current Class 12 Part-2Self-employed
The document discusses various topics related to the magnetic effects of electric current:
1. It defines Lorentz force and Fleming's left hand rule for determining the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.
2. It describes the forces experienced by moving charges and current-carrying conductors in both uniform electric and magnetic fields.
3. It provides the definition of the ampere based on the forces experienced between two parallel current-carrying conductors.
Microbes are microscopic organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are found everywhere and play important roles in food production, industrial processes, and environmental management. Many microbes are useful as they help in processes like fermentation of foods and production of antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, and other bioactive molecules. Microbes are also essential in waste treatment by breaking down organic matter in sewage, and in soil enrichment by fixing nitrogen and making phosphorus available to plants.
This document discusses various topics related to magnetism including:
1. The properties of bar magnets such as aligning along north-south, opposite poles attracting and like poles repelling.
2. Magnetic dipoles including current loops and solenoids behaving similarly to bar magnets with north and south poles.
3. Earth's magnetic field having a magnetic axis inclined to its geographic axis, with declination and dip angles defining their relationship.
The document discusses different types of electricity including static electricity, where charges move randomly for a short time, and current electricity, where there is a steady flow of electric charge through a conductor. It also discusses the key components that allow electricity to flow, such as batteries, which provide a source of electrical energy through chemical reactions in electrochemical cells. The document also covers concepts like potential energy, voltage, current, resistance, and the factors that affect resistance.
Electricity is a form of energy that can be changed into other forms. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor due to a voltage difference provided by a power source like a battery. An electric circuit is a continuous loop or path that allows electric current to flow from the positive terminal of a battery or other power source through components like wires, light bulbs, and back to the negative terminal. Circuits can be arranged in series or parallel configurations, which determine how components are connected and how current and resistance are calculated. Heat is generated by the resistance of components in a circuit as electric current passes through due to the conversion of electrical energy into thermal energy.
Electric current and its effect CLASS-8Ravi Prakash
Electric current
HEATING EFFECT OF CURRENT
MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
ELECTROMAGNET
ELECTRIC BELL
ADVANTAGE OF HEATING EFFECT
DISADVANTAGE OF HEATING EFFECT
SYMBOLS OF ELECTRIC COMPONENTS
MINIATURE CIRCUIT BREAKER (MCB)
ELECTRIC FUSE
based on class 10 chapter electricity.
consists of topic such as-
electric potential,electric current, resistors ,series and parallel connection, heating effect of electric current, electric power,etc.
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current for Grade 10th StudentsMurari Parashar
In this chapter, we will study the effects of electric current : Moving charges or electric current generates a magnetic field. This is useful to CBSE Students.
This document provides an overview of reflection and refraction of light by Vivek Sawhney, a physics teacher. It covers the basic laws and concepts related to reflection by plane and spherical mirrors, including image formation. It also discusses refraction through spherical lenses and glass slabs. Key terms like focal length, radius of curvature, and refractive index are defined. Ray diagrams demonstrate how light bends when reflecting or refracting. Real-world applications of mirrors and lenses are also mentioned.
The document discusses the differences between a potentiometer and a voltmeter. A potentiometer can measure the electromotive force (emf) of a cell very accurately in a null deflection method without drawing any current from the cell. A voltmeter can only measure emf approximately and does draw current, meaning it has a lower sensitivity. The document also provides details on the construction, working principle, and applications of a potentiometer.
1. Ohm's law defines the linear relationship between voltage and current in a circuit, where the resistor's resistance and voltage drop determine the current flow through the resistor.
2. The resistor's current is equal to the voltage divided by the resistance according to the equation I=V/R, where I is current, V is voltage, and R is resistance.
3. Ohm's law can also be used to calculate voltage or resistance when two variables are known, as shown in the equations V=IR and R=V/I.
This document discusses magnetic fields produced by solenoids. It defines a solenoid as a coil of wire that produces a strong magnetic field inside its core. The magnetic field strength inside a solenoid, B, is directly proportional to the number of turns N, and the current I, as described by the equation B=μNI. It also provides an example of writing a MATLAB program to plot the magnetic field in the x-z plane for a given solenoid geometry and current.
This document provides an overview of basic electric circuit concepts including:
1) Electric circuits require a closed loop path containing a power source, and a device to use the energy. Voltage is defined as potential difference and current as the rate of charge flow.
2) Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel configurations which impacts how voltage and current are distributed.
3) Complex circuits may contain both series and parallel components. To analyze these, each series and parallel section must be solved individually before combining the results.
cloud computing is a growing field in computer science. This ppt can help the beginners understand it. contains information about PaaS, Iaas, SaaS and other concepts of Cloud Computing.It also contains a video on cloud computing.
This document provides an outline and overview for a course on fundamentals of electricity and electronics. The course covers topics such as basic electrical terms, circuits, instruments, materials, and safety. It includes sections on topics like fundamentals, basic circuits, motors/generators, advanced circuits, electronic communication systems, and labs/projects. Safety is emphasized throughout, including proper use of tools and protective equipment when working with electrical systems.
Electricity Fundamentals,Kirchhoff’s Current Law,Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,Measuring Current,Measuring Voltage,SW+40 Block Diagram,SW+ Voltage Regulation,78L08 Specifications,Diode Basics,Diode Characteristics
Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 through experiments with magnets and coils. His law of electromagnetic induction explains that an electromotive force (emf) is induced in a conductor when the magnetic flux through the conductor changes, either through motion of the conductor or the magnetic field. Fleming's right and left hand rules can be used to determine the direction of induced current or force. Lenz's law states that induced current will flow in a direction that opposes the change producing it.
Some Great Piece Of Art By Mashima
ABOUT THE BOOK
It written and illustrated by Hiro Mashima, Fairy Tail has been serialized in the manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Magazine beginning on August 2, 2006.
In Japan, the fifth volume of Fairy Tail was ranked seventh in a list of the top ten manga.
Fairy Tail was in 2011 the 4th best selling manga in Japan.
It also won the 2009 Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen manga. It has also won the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation's Industry Award in 2009 for best comedy manga.
This book is set in a fictional kingdom of Fiore, where magic is a part of life. Magic is bought and sold their everyday and is an integral part of people’s life and there are those who use magic as occupation. They are referred to as wizards or mages.
The wizards belong to various guilds and perform jobs on commission. There are large number of guilds within the country.
In a certain city there lies a certain guild. From which various legends were once born…. Or rather, will continue to be born long into the future….
And its name is…
Fairy tail
“ Do fairies really have tails? Do they even exist... Like them, this place as an eternal mystery... A never ending adventure!”
- true meaning of fairy tail
by fairy tail master Master Makarov
Hiro Mashima
Hiro Mashima(真島 ヒロ,
born May 3, 1977) is a Japanese
manga artist. He gained success
with his first serial Rave, published
in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen
Manga from 1999 to 2005. His
currently ongoing Fairy Tail,
published in the same manga
since 2006, is experiencing even
greater popularity.
Guilds
There are 3 types of guilds –
Legal guilds
Dark guilds
Independent guilds
The main power in the Kingdom of Fiore is the King and his Government.
Under his order is the Magic Council. When Guilds cause destruction or other disturbances to the peace, it’s the responsibility of the Magic Council. The Council is made up of very powerful Mages, some of whom have the power to legalize or disband Guilds.
Legal and Dark guilds
A Legal Guild is one that has been approved and registered by the Magic Council while a Dark Guild is one that has not been approved by the Magic Council and is treated as a criminal organization.
In general, guilds are formed for individuals to take Jobs and earn Jewels, and also for them to train and grow stronger. Legal Guilds also work to defend against Dark Mages and other criminals.
Guild ranks
Guild master :- A Guild Master is a Mage who is the head of the guild that he or she is affiliated with. Typically, Guild Masters are very powerful, often being the strongest Mage in their guilds.
1. This document provides an overview of fundamental electrical engineering principles including: atom structure, charge, current, electromotive force, potential difference, resistance, Ohm's law, power, and series and parallel circuits.
2. Key concepts covered include that electrons carry charge and enable electrical current, while protons have a positive charge. Resistance opposes current flow. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current and resistance.
3. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating current, voltage drops, power, and total resistance in series and parallel circuits using Ohm's law.
Electricity is the flow of electric charge, which is generated from converting primary energy sources like coal into a secondary energy source. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter and contain protons with a positive charge, neutrons with no charge, and electrons with a negative charge that orbit the nucleus. Electricity occurs when electrons are pushed out of their normal orbits in atoms and move from one atom to another. Electricity powers devices through either series or parallel circuits and is integral to many aspects of modern daily life.
The document discusses electricity and electrical circuits. It introduces Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Edison as important figures in the history of electricity. It defines electricity as the flow of electrons along a wire, which is called a current. It explains the components of electrical circuits including cells/batteries, switches, bulbs, wires, voltmeters, ammeters, resistors, motors, and more. It discusses the differences between series and parallel circuits and how current and voltage are measured in circuits.
This document provides an overview of electricity and electric circuits. It defines key concepts such as current, voltage, resistance, and different circuit arrangements. Some main points:
- Electricity is a form of energy that flows through circuits due to electric charges and potential differences. Current is the flow of electric charges.
- Circuits must be closed loops for current to flow. Components include batteries, wires, switches, and devices. Their symbols are used in circuit diagrams.
- Circuits can be arranged in series or parallel. Series increases overall resistance while parallel decreases it.
- Resistance opposes current flow
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It defines types of charges as positive or negative, with protons carrying positive charge and electrons carrying negative charge. It explains concepts such as conductors, insulators, electric potential, potential difference, and Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance. Measurement devices like voltmeters and ammeters are described. Factors affecting resistance and heating effects of electric current are also summarized. Important scientists like Georg Ohm and James Joule and their contributions are highlighted.
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It begins by defining electric charge and its properties. It then discusses methods of charging objects and defines electricity as the flow of electrons in a circuit. It explains electric current, electric field, electric potential and potential difference. It introduces Ohm's law and discusses resistance, resistivity, and factors that affect resistance. It describes electric circuits and components for measuring current and voltage. It explains how resistances can be combined in series or parallel and compares the key differences between series and parallel circuits.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. Current is measured in amperes and flows from positive to negative terminals.
2. An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows current to flow. A circuit includes a power source, conducting wires, and components like light bulbs.
3. Resistance is a material's opposition to current flow. It is measured in ohms and depends on a material's length, cross-sectional area, and resistivity.
Electricity, types of charges, current, circuitsDaksh Tomar
There are two types of electric charges: positive charges consist of protons and negative charges consist of electrons. The standard unit of charge is the coulomb. Conductors are substances that allow electric current to flow through them because they contain free or loosely bound electrons. Insulators do not allow electric current because they lack free electrons. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Power in a circuit is calculated as the product of current and voltage or the product of voltage squared and resistance.
Electricity involves the flow of electric charge through conductors. Some key concepts covered in the document include:
1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in amperes.
2. An electric circuit is a closed loop through which electric current can flow. Resistance opposes the flow of current.
3. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor. Power is equal to voltage times current.
4. Resistors dissipate electrical energy as heat due to resistance. The amount of heat generated depends on factors like current, resistance, and time based on
This document provides an overview of electricity concepts for 10th grade students. It defines electric current and circuits, potential difference, Ohm's law, factors that affect resistance, and series and parallel resistors. It explains heating effects of electric current and its applications. It also defines electric power, the watt unit of power, and units of electric energy like watt-hours and kilowatt-hours. Key concepts are explained through examples and diagrams. The document aims to comprehensively cover core topics in electricity for 10th grade based on information from textbooks, YouTube, Wikipedia and other sources.
Electricity and its uses were presented. Electricity flows as an electric current from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of a circuit. Current is measured in Amperes and is proportional to the amount of charge flowing across a conductor per unit time. There are two types of electric charge: positive and negative. Opposite charges attract while like charges repel. Electric circuits use symbols to represent components and diagrams to show how components are connected. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. Resistance opposes the flow of current and can be measured in Ohms.
This document discusses key concepts related to electricity including current, potential, electromotive force, internal resistance of cells, resistance of conductors, Ohm's law, resistivity, conductivity, and combinations of resistors. It defines current as the rate of flow of charge and describes how current, potential, resistance, and resistivity are calculated. It also explains how resistance and resistivity change with temperature and the formulas for calculating equivalent resistance when resistors are combined in series or parallel.
- The document provides an overview of key concepts related to electric current and circuits, including Ohm's law, resistance, current, voltage, power, and Kirchhoff's laws.
- It defines key terms, formulas, and units such as amps, volts, ohms, watts, and explains relationships like current being directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance.
- Examples are given of circuit calculations and different ways circuits can be connected, such as series and parallel, and how this affects equivalent resistance.
This document discusses key concepts in medical physics related to electric current and circuits. It begins by defining electric current as the flow of charge and discusses its units. It then explains how potential difference and a conduction pathway are needed to produce current. Electromotive force is introduced as the maximum potential difference provided by a battery due to chemical reactions. Ohm's law relates current, voltage, and resistance. Resistors in series and parallel are examined. Alternating current is also covered.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electric circuits including:
- Defining voltage, current, resistance, power and energy.
- Describing DC circuits and stating Ohm's law.
- Explaining series, parallel and combination connections of resistors.
- Describing Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction and Fleming's right hand rule.
- Explaining the working of single loop AC generators and terms related to AC circuits.
- Briefly explaining AC through resistance, inductance and capacitance.
Ohm's law states that the voltage across a conductor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it, provided all physical conditions and temperatures remain constant. Resistance is a measure of opposition to current flow and depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area of the conductor. The heating effect of electric current is used in various appliances like electric bulbs, heaters, and irons where a conductor is heated by the passage of current. Electric power is defined as the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by a circuit and is measured in watts.
1. Electric current is the flow of electric charge, usually carried by moving electrons through a conductor. The direction of conventional current is opposite to the direction of electron flow.
2. An electric circuit is a closed path formed by conductors through which electric current can flow.
3. Resistance is a property of conductors that opposes the flow of electric current. The resistance of a conductor depends on its material, length, and cross-sectional area.
Current Electricity and Effects of CurrentOleepari
Electric current, potential difference and electric current. Ohm’s law; Resistance, Resistivity,
Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends. Series combination of resistors,
parallel combination of resistors and its applications in daily life. Heating effect of electric
current and its applications in daily life. Electric power, Interrelation between P, V, I and R
This is a ppt which is based on electricity chapter of class 10 in science ncert cbse book . it will definitely enhance your knowledge and clear all concepts about this chapter .
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electricity including:
1. Electric charge can be positive (protons) or negative (electrons) and is quantized. The elementary charge is the charge of a single electron or proton.
2. Current is the flow of electric charge in a conductor over time. It is measured in amperes. Ohm's law defines the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
3. Resistance depends on factors like material and dimensions. Resistors can be connected in series or parallel configurations.
4. Electric potential difference is the work required to move a charge between two points. It is measured in volts.
5. Electric circuits require
Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is measured in Amperes and can be measured using an ammeter. The rate of electric current is equal to the total charge passed divided by the time taken. There are two types of electric current: direct current which flows in one direction and alternating current which periodically changes direction. Electromotive force is the energy converted when a coulomb of charge passes through a source and is measured in Volts. Potential difference is the energy lost when a coulomb passes between two points in a circuit and is also measured in Volts. Components connected in series have their emfs add up while those in parallel do not. Resistance depends on the material and dimensions of a conductor. It is
1. Electric current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. It is measured in amperes (A) and is caused by a potential difference provided by a cell or battery.
2. Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided the temperature remains constant. It can be expressed as V=IR, where V is the potential difference, I is the current, and R is the resistance of the conductor.
3. The resistance of a conductor depends on its length, cross-sectional area, and material. Resistance increases with length and decreases with cross-sectional area. Materials like metals have low resistivity while insulators have high resistivity.
This document discusses Ohm's Law, which states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied. It defines key terms like voltage, current, and resistance. Voltage is defined as the energy required to move a charge, measured in Volts. Current is the flow of electrons through a circuit, measured in Amperes. Resistance is a material's opposition to current flow, measured in Ohms. Ohm's Law establishes the formula V=IR, where voltage equals current times resistance. Resistors that obey Ohm's Law linearly are called ohmic resistors. The document provides an example circuit calculation to demonstrate the relationships between voltage and current in linear resistors.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
2. Types of charges
• There are two types of charges :-
• Positive charge :- These are made of sub atomic particle
proton.
• Negative charge :- These are made of negative sub atomic
particle electron.
3. S.I. unit of charge
• The S.I. unit of charge is coulomb.
• An electron posses a negative charge of 1.5 x 10-19.
• The S.I. unit of one coulomb is equivalent to the charge
containing 6.25 x 10-18.
4. Conductors and Insulators
Conductors
• These substance have the
property to conduct electricity
through them.
• These have free or loosely held
electrons which helps in
conducting electricity.
• Example – copper.
Insulators
• These substance have the property
to obstruct the flow of electricity.
• These do not have free electrons
present in them.
• Example – Rubber Insulation.
5. Electric potential
• When a small electric charge is placed in the electric field
due to another charge, it experiences a force. So, work has
to be done on the positive charge to move it against this
force of repulsion.
• The electric potential is defined as the work done in
moving a unit positive charge fro infinity to that point.
6. Potential Difference
• The concept of electric potential is closely linked to that of the
electric field. A small charge placed within an electric field
experiences a force, and to have brought that charge to that
point against the force requires work. The electric potential at
any point is defined as the energy required to bring a unit test
charge from an infinite distance slowly to that point.
• It is usually measured in volts, and one volt is the potential
for which one joule of work must be expended to bring a
charge of one coulomb from infinity.
7. Potential difference =
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
.
or, V =
𝑊
𝑄
.
where W = work done.
and Q = quantity of charge moved.
S.I. unit of potential difference is volt.
thus 1 volt =
1 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
1 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
.
8. Voltmeter
• A voltmeter is an instrument
used for measuring electrical
potential difference between
two points in an electric
circuit.
• Voltmeter has a high
resistance so that it takes
negligible current.
9. Electric Current
• The movement of electric charge is known as an electric
current, the intensity of which is usually measured
in amperes. Current can consist of any moving charged
particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any
charge in motion constitutes a current.
• 1 ampere =
1 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏
1 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑
.
10. Ammeter
• An ammeter is a measuring
instrument used to measure
the electric current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured
in amperes (A), hence the name.
• An ammeter should have a very
low resistance so that it may not
change the value of current
flowing in the circuit.
11. Circuit Diagram
• We know that an electric circuit, as shown in Fig. 12.1,
comprises a cell(or a battery), a plug key, electrical
component(s), and connecting wires. It is often convenient to
draw a schematic diagram, in which different components of
the circuit are represented by the symbols conveniently used.
Conventional symbols used to represent some of the most
commonly used electrical components.
12.
13. Georg Ohm
• Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 – 6
July 1854) was a German physicist and
mathematician. As a school teacher, Ohm
began his research with the
new electrochemical cell, invented by
Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using
equipment of his own creation, Ohm
found that there is a direct proportionality
between the potential difference (voltage)
applied across a conductor and the
resultant electric current. This
relationship is known as Ohm's law.
14. Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s Law explains the relationship between voltage (V
or E), current (I) and resistance (R)
• Used by electricians, automotive technicians, stereo
installers.
• According to Ohm’s law : At constant temperature, the
current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across its end.
15. • According to Ohm’s law:
V ∝ I
or, V= R x I.
where R is constant “resistance” of the conductor.
This can also be written as –
or, I =
𝑉
𝑅
.
So, Current, I =
𝑉
𝑅
.
Therefore,
i. The current is directly proportional to potential difference.
ii. The current is inversely proportional to resistance.
16. Resistance
• An electron traveling through the wires and loads of the
external circuit encounters resistance. Resistance is the
hindrance to the flow of charge. For an electron, the journey
from terminal to terminal is not a direct route. Rather, it is a
zigzag path that results from countless collisions with fixed
atoms within the conducting material. The electrons encounter
resistance - a hindrance to their movement.
• The S.I. unit of resistance is ohm’s (Ω).
17. Factors affecting Resistance
i. Length of conductor.
ii. Area of cross section of the conductor (or thickness of
the conductor).
iii. Nature of the material of the conductor, and
iv. Temperature of conductor.
18. Resistivity
• It has been found by experiments that :
• The resistivity of a given of a given conductor is directly proportional
to its length.
R ∝ l ……………..(1)
• The resistivity of a given conductor is inversely proportional to its
area of cross section.
R ∝ 1/A …………… (2)
Combining (1) and (2), we get :
R ∝ l/A
R =𝑝 ×
𝑙
𝐴
………………….(3)
19. • Where p(rho) is a constant known as resistivity of the material.
• The resistivity of a substance is numerically equal to the resistance of
a rod of that substance which is 1 meter long and 1 square meter in
cross section.
• Resistivity, p =
𝑅 𝑥 𝐴
𝑙
.
• The unit of resistance R is ohm.
• The unit of area of cross-section A is (meter)2.
• The unit of length l is meter.
putting these unit in the above equation –
p =
𝑜ℎ𝑚 × 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
.
p = ohm-meter.
The S.I. unit of resistivity is ohm-meter (Ωm)
21. • The resistivity of alloys are much more than those of pure
metals (from which they are made).
• For example the resistivity of maganine (which is an
alloy of copper, manganese and nickel)is about 25 times
more than that of copper.
• Alloys are used in making heating a materials as –
i. Alloys have very high resistivity (due to which heating
elements produce a lot of heat on passing current).
ii. Alloys do not undergo oxidation easily even at high
temprature.
23. Resistors in Series
• When two (or more) resistors are connected end to end
consecutively, they are said to be connected in series.
• According to the law of combination of resistance in
series: The combined resistance of any number of
resistances connected in series is equal to the sum of
the individual resistances.
R= R1 +R2 +R3+………..
24. I. When a number of resistors connected in series are
joined to the terminal of a battery, then each resistance
has a different potential difference across its ends
(which depends on the value of resistance). But the total
potential difference across all the ends of all the resistors
in series is equal.
II. When a number of resistors are connected in series, then
the same current flows through each resistance.
25. Resultant of Resistances connected in
Series
• The figure shows three resistances R1,R2,R3 connected in series. Now suppose
potential difference across resistance R1 is V1 , R2 is V2 and R3 is V3. Let
potential difference across battery be V, then :
V = V1+V2+V3.
Applying Ohm’s law to the whole circuit : V = IR. ………..(1)
Applying Ohm’s law to the three resistors separately, we get:
V1 = I x R1. ………………….. (2)
V2 = I x R2. ………………….. (3)
V3 = I x R3. ………………….. (4)
Substituting (2), (3), (4) in (1)
IR = IR1 + IR2+ IR3
OR, IR= I (R1+R2+R3)
Or, R = R1+R2+R3 .
Therefore we conclude that the sum total resistance in a series resistance
connection is equal to the sum of all the resistances.
26. Resistors in Parallel
• When two (or more) resistors are connected between the same
points, they are said to be connected in parallel.
• According to the law of combination of resistance in parallel:
The reciprocal of the combined resistance of any number
of resistances connected in parallel is equal to the sum of
the reciprocals of the individual resistances.
1/R= 1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3+………..
• When a number of resistances are connected in parallel then
their combined resistance is less than the smallest individual
resistance.
27. • When a number of resistance are connected in parallel, then the
potential difference across each resistance is same which is equal
to the voltage of battery applied.
• When a number of resistances connected in parallel are joined to
the two terminals of a battery, then different amounts of current
flow through each resistance (which depend on the value of
resistance). But the current flowing through each parallel
resistance, taken together, is equal to the current flowing in the
circuit as a whole. Thus, when a number of resistance are
connected in parallel, then the sum of current flowing through all
the resistances is equal to the total current flowing in the circuit.
28. Resultant of Resistances connected in
Parallel
• The figure shows three resistances R1,R2,R3 connected in series. Now suppose
currant across resistance R1 is I1 , R2 is I2 and R3 is I3. Let total current in the
circuit be I, then:
I = I1+I2+I3.
Applying Ohm’s law to the whole circuit : I = V/R. ………..(1)
Applying Ohm’s law to the three resistors separately, we get:
I1 = V / R1. ………………….. (2)
I2 = V / R2. ………………….. (3)
I3 = V / R3. ………………….. (4)
Substituting (2), (3), (4) in (1)
V/R = V/R1 + V/R2+ V/R3
OR, V/R= I (1/R1 +1/R2 + 1/R3)
Or, 1/R = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 .
Therefore we conclude that the sum total resistance in a parallel resistance
connection is equal to the sum of reciprocal of all the resistances.
29. Parallel and Series connection
Parallel connection
• If one electric appliance stops working due
to some defect, then all other appliances
keep working normally.
• In parallel circuits, each electric appliance
has its own switch due to which it can be
turned on or off independently.
• Each appliance gets same voltage as that
of power source.
• Overall resistance of household circuit is
reduced due to which the current from
power supply is high.
Series connection
• If one electric appliance stop working due
to some defect, then all other appliances
stop working.
• All the electric appliances have only one
switch due to which they cannot be turned
on or off separately.
• In series circuit, the appliances do not get
same voltage (220 V) as that of the power
supply line.
• In series circuit the overall resistance of
the circuit increases due to which the
current from the power source is low.
30. Heating effect of electric current
• When electricity passes through a high resistance wire like
a nichrome wire, the resistance wire becomes very hot and
produces heat. This is called the heating effect of current.
31. James Prescott Joule
James Prescott Joule (24 December 1818 – 11 October
1889) was an English physicist and brewer, born in Salford,
Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered
its relationship to mechanical work. This led to the law of
conservation of energy, and this led to the development of
the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of
energy, the joule, is named for James Joule. He worked
with Lord Kelvin to develop the absolute scale
of temperature. Joule also made observations of
magnetostriction, and he found the relationship between
the current through a resistor and the heat dissipated, which
is now called Joule's first law.
32. Joule’s law of heating
Let
An electric current I is flowing through a resistor having resistance equal to R.
The potential difference through the resistor is equal to V.
The charge Q flows through the circuit for the time t.
Thus, work done in moving of charge Q of potential difference V = VQ
Since, this charge Q flows through the circuit for time t,
33. • The heat produced in wire is directly proportional to
i. Square of current.
ii. Resistance of wire.
iii. Time for which current is passed.
34. Applications of heating effect of electric
current
There are many practical uses of heating effect of current. Some of the most common are as follows.
• An incandescent light bulb glows when the filament is heated by heating effect of current, so hot
that it glows white with thermal radiation (also called blackbody radiation).
• Electric stoves and other electric heaters usually work by heating effect of current.
• Soldering irons and cartridge heaters are very often heated by heating effect of current.
• Electric fuses rely on the fact that if enough current flows, enough heat will be generated to melt
the fuse wire.
• Electronic cigarettes usually work by heating effect of current, vaporizing propylene glycol and
vegetable glycerin.
• Thermistors and resistance thermometers are resistors whose resistance changes when the
temperature changes. These are sometimes used in conjunction with heating effect of current(also
called self-heating in this context): If a large current is running through the nonlinear resistor, the
resistor's temperature rises and therefore its resistance changes. Therefore, these components can be
used in a circuit-protection role similar to fuses, or for feedback in circuits, or for many other
purposes. In general, self-heating can turn a resistor into a nonlinear and hysteretic circuit element.
35. Electric Energy
• H = I2 Rt gives the rate at which electric energy is dissipated or consumed in an electric
circuit. This is also termed as electric power. The power P is given by
P = VI
Or P = I2R = V2/R
• The SI unit of electric power is watt (W). It is the power consumedby a device that carries 1
A of current when operated at a potential difference of 1 V. Thus,
1 W = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1 V A
• The unit ‘watt’ is very small. Therefore, in actual practice we use a much larger unit called
‘kilowatt’. It is equal to 1000 watts. Since electrical energy is the product of power and time,
the unit of electric energy is, therefore, watt hour (W h). One watt hour is the energy
consumed when 1 watt of power is used for 1 hour. The commercial unit of electric energy is
kilowatt hour (kW h), commonly known as ‘unit’.
1 kW h = 1000 watt × 3600 second
= 3.6 × 106 watt second
= 3.6 × 106 joule (J)