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This document provides an overview of civil technology foundations. It defines what a foundation is and discusses its main purposes, which include distributing load to the earth, providing stability, minimizing settlement, and leveling the surface. It also outlines different types of foundations like pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations; factors that affect foundation design; and common foundation materials like concrete, metal, aggregate, and wood.
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Foundation
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BUBBLE DECK SLAB
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner slabs are also used for exterior paving. Sometimes these thinner slabs, ranging from 2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs, particularly when used under the main floor slabs[1] or in crawl spaces.[2]
In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be "ground-bearing" or "suspended" slabs. The slab is "ground-bearing" if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is "suspended".[3] For double-storey or multi-storey buildings, the use of a few common types of concrete suspended slabs are used (for more types refer to the Concrete Slab#Design section below):
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A Hollow core slab which are precast and installed on site with a crane.
In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level. Cast in-situ slabs are used in high rise buildings and huge shopping complexes as well as houses. These in-situ slabs are cast on site using shutters and reinforced steel.
Bricks
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Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Near Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
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This document discusses different types of blocks used in construction, including their manufacture, sizes, uses, and advantages/disadvantages. It describes load-bearing blocks, non-load bearing blocks, lightweight blocks, foundation blocks, and more. Guidelines are provided for safely handling, storing, and preparing blocks for construction work, as well as considerations for cold weather.
Foundation
Foundations can be broadly classified as shallow or deep. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations transfer load to deeper soils and include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caissons/well foundations. Under-reamed pile foundations are recommended for expansive soils like black cotton soil as they anchor the structure below the moisture fluctuation zone. The piles are bored, under-reamed at the base, reinforced, and poured with concrete to provide a stable foundation.
Flooring and types of flooring
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
Brick as building materials
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
Foundations grp 1
Raft foundations are large concrete slabs laid on the ground to support buildings. They spread the building load over a wide area, lowering pressure on the soil. This makes raft foundations suitable for unstable soils, areas with soil movement, and buildings with high loads or closely spaced supports. Raft foundations can serve as both the foundation and floor slab. They are used for heavy commercial buildings, in low bearing soils, and where footing overlap would otherwise occur. Advantages include reduced excavation needs and differential settlement.
Foundation_(Anshumi Tanna BCT-II).pptx
The document discusses foundations for buildings. It begins by defining what a foundation is and its purposes, which include distributing the load of the structure, preventing differential settlement, and providing stability. It then covers factors that affect foundation design like soil conditions, structural requirements, and cost. The main types of foundations discussed are shallow foundations, which transfer load directly to the soil, and deep foundations, which transfer load deeper using techniques like piles. Construction of foundations involves site preparation, excavation, forming and pouring footings and walls. The document also discusses underpinning existing foundations and protecting foundations from moisture using waterproofing and drainage.
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Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and shaped. It must be strong enough to support the weight of wet concrete and construction loads. Common materials for formwork include timber, steel, plastic, and aluminum. Proper construction and removal of formwork is important for quality, safety, and economy of concrete structures. Failure to properly brace, support, or remove formwork can lead to collapse during construction.
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Masonry refers to construction materials formed by combining masonry units like stone and brick with mortar. Masonry walls can be load-bearing exterior walls or non-load bearing interior partition walls. Masonry walls are categorized based on their structure, location, and construction method. Common masonry units include clay bricks, structural clay tiles, and concrete masonry units which vary in properties based on their composition, manufacturing process, and intended use.
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In many domestic and industrial buildings a thick concrete slab, supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor of a building. These can either be "ground-bearing" or "suspended" slabs. The slab is "ground-bearing" if it rests directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is "suspended".[3] For double-storey or multi-storey buildings, the use of a few common types of concrete suspended slabs are used (for more types refer to the Concrete Slab#Design section below):
Beam and block also referred to as Rib and Block, are mostly used in residential and industrial applications. This slab type is made up of pre-stressed beams and hollow blocks and are temporarily propped until set, typically after 21 days.
A Hollow core slab which are precast and installed on site with a crane.
In high rise buildings and skyscrapers, thinner, pre-cast concrete slabs are slung between the steel frames to form the floors and ceilings on each level. Cast in-situ slabs are used in high rise buildings and huge shopping complexes as well as houses. These in-situ slabs are cast on site using shutters and reinforced steel.
Bricks
Brick masonry has a long history, dating back to at least 4000 BC when the earliest civilizations used sun-dried bricks. Over time, innovations like kilns for firing bricks and lime mortar improved the strength and durability of brick buildings. Major historical civilizations and periods contributed advances, like the Romans developing masonry arches and vaults, and medieval Europeans building fortresses and cathedrals with pointed vaults. Modern developments include Portland cement, cavity walls, and reinforced concrete, allowing masonry construction of even taller buildings. Today, masonry is commonly used for foundations, low-rise structural walls, and facing materials like brick and stone veneers.
Scaffoldings
aluminum scaffolding
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Drywall is a gypsum plaster board used in walls and ceilings that requires experienced professionals to install. The process involves multiple steps and roles, beginning with an estimator inspecting the site and calculating materials needed. Then, installers measure and cut drywall boards to cover walls and ceilings. Any damage is repaired by repairers, while tapers cover joints and screws with compound. Finally, finishers apply additional compound and prepare the surface for painting. The document outlines the different jobs in the drywall installation process.
Defects in construction
The document discusses various types of construction defects such as cracks within structures and dampness defects. It provides 11 examples of cracking problems within structures like diagonal cracks in brick walls, horizontal cracks in mortar joints, random cracks in flooring, and cracks at joints between concrete and masonry. Each problem is described in terms of its causes and recommended remedies. It also discusses one example of a dampness problem involving dampness in ceilings below roof slabs, terraces or balconies and lists 6 potential causes such as improper roof slopes, choked rainwater pipes, lack of waterproofing of overhead tanks, and improper waterproofing treatment.
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CLC blocks are pretty popular in market leading builders and architects. All firms that have well learned and technically updated team of planning engineers and execution engineers are using the modern blocks wherever possible. The long term benefit of using CLC blocks one obtains is by virtue of its being very good thermal insulator.
See more
https://goo.gl/GVZ2X3
https://goo.gl/bfgggU
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Near Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website: http://www.niir.org , http://www.entrepreneurindia.co
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Introduction to Blockwork
This document discusses different types of blocks used in construction, including their manufacture, sizes, uses, and advantages/disadvantages. It describes load-bearing blocks, non-load bearing blocks, lightweight blocks, foundation blocks, and more. Guidelines are provided for safely handling, storing, and preparing blocks for construction work, as well as considerations for cold weather.
Foundation
Foundations can be broadly classified as shallow or deep. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations transfer load to deeper soils and include pile foundations, pier foundations, and caissons/well foundations. Under-reamed pile foundations are recommended for expansive soils like black cotton soil as they anchor the structure below the moisture fluctuation zone. The piles are bored, under-reamed at the base, reinforced, and poured with concrete to provide a stable foundation.
Flooring and types of flooring
Floors serve to divide buildings into levels and support occupants, furniture, and equipment. There are different types of floors including basement, ground, and upper floors. Floors must provide adequate strength, fire resistance, sound insulation, damp resistance, and thermal insulation. Common flooring materials include ceramic tiles, concrete, wood, and stone. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, cleanliness, durability, insulation, and maintenance requirements. Mud, brick, flagstone and concrete are some traditional flooring types described in the document.
Brick as building materials
This document provides information on bricks as a building material. It discusses the history of bricks, which date back 7,000 years, and describes how they have evolved from being hand-molded mud bricks to modern mechanized clay bricks. It also outlines various types of modern bricks including clay, concrete, fly ash, and aerated concrete bricks. Additionally, it covers raw materials, sizes, orientations, properties, uses, advantages and disadvantages of brick as a construction material. Finally, the document classifies bricks based on their manufacturing method, shape, and quality.
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Raft foundations are large concrete slabs laid on the ground to support buildings. They spread the building load over a wide area, lowering pressure on the soil. This makes raft foundations suitable for unstable soils, areas with soil movement, and buildings with high loads or closely spaced supports. Raft foundations can serve as both the foundation and floor slab. They are used for heavy commercial buildings, in low bearing soils, and where footing overlap would otherwise occur. Advantages include reduced excavation needs and differential settlement.
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The document discusses foundations for buildings. It begins by defining what a foundation is and its purposes, which include distributing the load of the structure, preventing differential settlement, and providing stability. It then covers factors that affect foundation design like soil conditions, structural requirements, and cost. The main types of foundations discussed are shallow foundations, which transfer load directly to the soil, and deep foundations, which transfer load deeper using techniques like piles. Construction of foundations involves site preparation, excavation, forming and pouring footings and walls. The document also discusses underpinning existing foundations and protecting foundations from moisture using waterproofing and drainage.
Soils properties and foundations
This document discusses different types of soils found in India and their characteristics that affect soil behavior. It also discusses different types of foundations used depending on the soil type, including pile foundations and raft foundations. The main types of soils described are alluvial, black, red, laterite, mountain, and desert soils. Key soil characteristics discussed are cohesion, internal friction, and permeability. The document also examines different pile foundation types based on function (bearing, friction, screw, etc.) and material (timber, concrete, steel). Raft foundation types including flat plate, thickened, beam-slab, and cellular foundations are also summarized.
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The document summarizes key building components and structures used in civil engineering. It discusses different types of foundations including shallow and deep foundations. It also describes different building materials like brick masonry, stone masonry, beams, columns, and their classifications. Requirements of good foundations and concepts of bearing capacity and settlement of foundations are explained.
Foundation
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
Foundation selection
1) The document discusses types of foundations including shallow foundations like spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, mat foundations, and grillage foundations. It also discusses deep foundations like pile foundations, pier foundations, and caisson or well foundations.
2) Functions of foundations include reducing and distributing load intensity, providing an even and level surface, imparting stability, and protecting against soil movements.
3) Essential requirements for good foundations are withstanding loads without excessive settlement, having sufficient rigidity and depth, and being located to avoid future influences.
Introduction to Types of Foundation
This document discusses foundations for structures. It defines a foundation as the low artificially built part of a structure that transmits loads to the ground. Foundations come in two main types: shallow foundations, which are used when soil can support loads within 1.5m of the surface, and deep foundations, which are required when soil cannot support loads near the surface. Shallow foundations include isolated footings, combined footings, raft foundations, and strip footings. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which use long structural members driven or bored into the ground to transfer loads to stronger deeper soils. The document discusses classifications and functions of different foundation types.
7 building construction part 3 foundation - edit
Foundations are an essential part of building construction that distribute the weight of the structure to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations, which transfer loads directly to soil near the surface, and deep foundations, which transfer loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. Shallow foundations include spread footings, mat slabs, raft slabs, and grillages. Deep foundations include driven piles, drilled shafts, and caissons. The type of foundation used depends on factors like the building design, soil conditions, and cost. Foundation construction involves site preparation, layout, excavation, forming, reinforcement, and concrete placement.
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This document discusses different types of foundations and their uses. It begins by outlining the objectives and functions of foundations, which include distributing structural loads safely to the subsoil, providing stability, and minimizing settlement. It then describes common foundation types like pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil, while strip foundations are used for light structures. Raft foundations spread loads over a large base. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper subsoil. The document concludes by covering materials used for foundations, primarily concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
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This document provides an overview of building substructures and foundations. It discusses the main types of shallow foundations, which are suitable for smaller buildings, including pad footings, strip footings, and raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations, which are required for larger buildings or where soil conditions require foundations to be placed deeper, such as pile foundations. The key functions of foundations are to distribute structural loads over a large soil area, transmit loads uniformly, and provide a stable base for the building. Foundation type selection depends on factors like building loads, soil type, and cost.
TYPES OF FOUNDATION(PPT)
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
Chapter 3
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes foundations as the base that supports a building and transfers loads to the soil. It outlines different soil types and factors considered in determining suitable foundation systems. Various foundation types are defined, including strip, trench, pad, raft and pile foundations. Pile foundations transmit loads through weak soils and include different piling materials. The document provides details on load transfer methods and usage of different foundation types.
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The document discusses various aspects of substructure construction technology. It begins by outlining the typical construction stages and then defines a substructure as the man-made structure needed to hold the superstructure in place and transmit forces to the supporting material. The main elements of a substructure are then identified as foundations, underground floors, and ground beams. Foundations are described as the base that transfers building loads to the subsoil. Different types of shallow and deep foundations are then summarized, including pad, raft, strip, and pile foundations. The factors affecting foundation design and various terminology are also defined.
Foundation
This document discusses different types of shallow foundations that can be used to transfer structural loads from buildings to the soil or earth very near the surface. It describes spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, and rubble trench foundations. Spread footing foundations consist of strips or pads of concrete that transfer loads from walls and columns to the soil. Mat-slab foundations distribute loads across the entire building area to lower pressure on the soil. Slab-on-grade foundations are commonly used in areas with expansive clay soils. Rubble trench foundations use loose stone to minimize concrete and improve drainage in an environmentally friendly way.
Shallow foundation tos
Shallow foundations are suitable for structures with light to moderate loads built on soil with good bearing capacity. They transfer structural loads to the soil near the surface through footings. The main types are isolated footings under individual columns/walls, combined footings where footings overlap, and raft/mat foundations which use a continuous slab to support the whole structure. Shallow foundations are commonly used for residential and light commercial buildings due to their low cost and ease of construction compared to deep foundations.
Foundation
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations, which include wall, column, combined, and mat/raft foundations. It also describes deep foundations, including pile, under-reamed pile, and well foundations. It provides details on different types of piles and factors to consider when choosing a foundation type, and outlines the basic process for constructing foundations, including site preparation, layout, excavation, and pouring concrete.
Raft
This document discusses raft foundations, which are thick reinforced concrete slabs that distribute structural loads across the entire foundation area. Raft foundations are used when column loads are large, soil bearing capacity is low, or individual footings would overlap. The load is distributed over a larger area, reducing stress on the soil. Different types of raft foundations are described, including flat plate, thickened under columns, two-way beam and slab, and piled raft. Advantages include economy, reduced excavation needs, and lower differential settlement. Disadvantages include large reinforcement requirements and risk of edge erosion if not properly treated.
Types of deep foundation
There are several types of deep foundations that can be used depending on the soil conditions and load requirements. These include basement foundations, buoyancy raft or hollow box foundations, well/caisson foundations, pier foundations, drilled shaft foundations, and pile foundations. Each type has advantages and disadvantages related to cost, construction difficulty, and suitability for different soil and loading conditions. Common examples of deep foundations used include caissons for bridge piers, drilled shafts for structures with large axial and lateral loads, and piles beneath structures with high groundwater or compressible soils. The type of deep foundation selected depends on the project needs and subsurface environment.
Foundations
The document provides information on different types of foundations used in construction. It discusses shallow foundations such as spread footings, combined footings, strap or cantilever footings, mat or raft foundations, and grillage foundations. It also covers deep foundations including pile foundations, caisson foundations, and well foundations. Pile foundations are described in more detail, outlining different types of piles based on their function and how they are constructed and used with pile caps to distribute loads to the soil.
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The document discusses substructure and foundations of buildings. It defines substructure as the lower part of a building constructed below ground level, which transfers loads from the superstructure to the underlying soil. Foundations are classified as shallow or deep, with shallow foundations used for smaller, lighter buildings in depths up to 3 meters, and deep foundations for larger, heavier buildings at depths over 20 meters. Shallow foundation types include individual footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft/mat foundations. The document provides details on the design and purpose of each type of shallow foundation.
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Civil technology presentation
- 1. CIVIL TECHNOLOGY GRADE 10A FOUNDATIONS BY Mr TM Maluleke
- 2. Objectives • To know the purpose of foundation • To know the different types of foundations • To know the material used for foundation
- 3. What is a foundation? • A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth.
- 4. The purpose of foundations • Distribution of total load coming from the strucure on a larger area • Stability against sliding & overturning • Minimize differential settlement • Provide level surface • Minimise distress against soil movement
- 5. Factors affecting desgn of foundation • Soil types and ground water table conditions • Structural requirements and foundations • Site condition and environmental factor • Economy
- 6. Types of foundation • Pad foundation • Suitable for most subsoil except loose sand and gravels and fill areas
- 7. Strip fondation • Suitable for most subsoil and loading • Suitable for those encountered in low to medium rise domestic dwelings where mass concrete can be used.
- 8. Raft foundation • Used to spread the load of the structure over a large base to reduce the load per unit area being imposed on the ground • Particularly useful where low bearing capacity soils are encontered and where individuial column loads are heavy
- 9. Pile Foundation • Can be defined as a series of columns constructed or inserted into the gound to transmit the loads of a structure to a lower level of subsoil • Can be used when suitable foundation conditiond are not presented at or near ground level
- 10. Materials used for foundations • Foundation must be constructed of a durable material of an adequate strength – Concrete – Metal – Aggregate – Waterproofing materials – wood
- 11. •Questions?
- 13. •Thank you!!