1) Effective current in an AC circuit is 0.707 times the maximum current. Effective voltage is 0.707 times the maximum voltage.
2) Inductive reactance is directly proportional to frequency and inductance. Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency and capacitance.
3) Impedance is the total opposition to current flow in an AC circuit consisting of resistance and reactance. Power is consumed only by the resistive component of impedance and is proportional to the cosine of the phase angle.
Project: DC Power Supply(PCB)
Group Members:
Haris Abbas Qureshi 171000
M Zubair Khan 170907
M Ammar Aslam 170928
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering . Air University,Islamabad
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance and supplies a constant voltage regardless of current drawn. A practical voltage source has some internal resistance, causing voltage drop. An ideal current source supplies a constant current regardless of voltage and has infinite internal resistance, while a practical current source has finite internal resistance, making the current dependent on voltage. Examples of voltage sources include batteries and alternators, while current sources include solar cells and transistors.
Basic Electrical Engineering Module 1 Part 1Divya15121983
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, and Kirchhoff's Laws. It defines Ohm's Law as stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's Current Law and Voltage Law are introduced as the principles that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero and the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is also zero. An example circuit problem is worked through using these laws to solve for unknown currents.
This document provides an overview of Circuit Theory (EE102) Lecture 1, covering basic concepts in electric circuits including:
- Systems of units used to measure electric properties like current and voltage.
- Basic circuit elements like resistors, sources, and nodes and branches.
- Kirchhoff's laws and techniques for analyzing series and parallel circuits.
- Transformations between wye and delta networks.
Worked examples are provided to illustrate applying concepts like Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and calculating equivalent resistances for series and parallel circuits.
Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field and deliver it when needed. An inductor consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core. The three main factors that affect inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the permeability of the core material, and the size of the core. There are three main types of fixed inductors: air core inductors which have the lowest inductance, iron core inductors which are useful at low frequencies, and ferrite core inductors which are used for high frequency applications due to their high resistivity and lack of hysteresis losses.
The document provides information on various electrical concepts:
- Electric current is defined as the rate of positive charge flow and is measured in Amperes.
- Electric potential (voltage) is the energy per unit charge and is measured in Volts.
- Electric power is the transfer of energy per unit time and is measured in Watts.
- Basic circuit elements are resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Resistors oppose current flow, inductors oppose changes in current, and capacitors store electric charge.
1) Effective current in an AC circuit is 0.707 times the maximum current. Effective voltage is 0.707 times the maximum voltage.
2) Inductive reactance is directly proportional to frequency and inductance. Capacitive reactance is inversely proportional to frequency and capacitance.
3) Impedance is the total opposition to current flow in an AC circuit consisting of resistance and reactance. Power is consumed only by the resistive component of impedance and is proportional to the cosine of the phase angle.
Project: DC Power Supply(PCB)
Group Members:
Haris Abbas Qureshi 171000
M Zubair Khan 170907
M Ammar Aslam 170928
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering . Air University,Islamabad
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance and supplies a constant voltage regardless of current drawn. A practical voltage source has some internal resistance, causing voltage drop. An ideal current source supplies a constant current regardless of voltage and has infinite internal resistance, while a practical current source has finite internal resistance, making the current dependent on voltage. Examples of voltage sources include batteries and alternators, while current sources include solar cells and transistors.
Basic Electrical Engineering Module 1 Part 1Divya15121983
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including Ohm's Law, series and parallel circuits, and Kirchhoff's Laws. It defines Ohm's Law as stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Kirchhoff's Current Law and Voltage Law are introduced as the principles that the algebraic sum of currents at a junction is zero and the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop is also zero. An example circuit problem is worked through using these laws to solve for unknown currents.
This document provides an overview of Circuit Theory (EE102) Lecture 1, covering basic concepts in electric circuits including:
- Systems of units used to measure electric properties like current and voltage.
- Basic circuit elements like resistors, sources, and nodes and branches.
- Kirchhoff's laws and techniques for analyzing series and parallel circuits.
- Transformations between wye and delta networks.
Worked examples are provided to illustrate applying concepts like Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and calculating equivalent resistances for series and parallel circuits.
Inductors store energy in the form of a magnetic field and deliver it when needed. An inductor consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a ferromagnetic core. The three main factors that affect inductance are the number of turns in the coil, the permeability of the core material, and the size of the core. There are three main types of fixed inductors: air core inductors which have the lowest inductance, iron core inductors which are useful at low frequencies, and ferrite core inductors which are used for high frequency applications due to their high resistivity and lack of hysteresis losses.
The document provides information on various electrical concepts:
- Electric current is defined as the rate of positive charge flow and is measured in Amperes.
- Electric potential (voltage) is the energy per unit charge and is measured in Volts.
- Electric power is the transfer of energy per unit time and is measured in Watts.
- Basic circuit elements are resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Resistors oppose current flow, inductors oppose changes in current, and capacitors store electric charge.
This document describes electric circuits and the differences between series and parallel circuits. It includes:
- Descriptions of circuit components like cells, batteries, resistors, and switches used to draw circuit diagrams.
- Explanations of how current, voltage, and resistance work in series circuits compared to parallel circuits. In series circuits, the same current flows through each component and voltage drops add up. In parallel circuits, currents split and voltages are equal across each branch.
- Examples of calculating current, voltage, resistance, power, and solving circuit problems for both series and parallel circuits using formulas like Ohm's law.
Transmission lines are physical connections between two locations that transmit electromagnetic waves. They have characteristic parameters including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. These parameters depend on the line's geometry and materials. Transmission line equations relate the voltage and current at each point on the line based on these parameters. A line has a characteristic impedance that is the ratio of voltage to current. Reflection and transmission of waves occurs at impedance discontinuities like at the load. Lossless lines propagate waves without attenuation, while finite lines are analyzed using reflection coefficients at the generator and load terminations.
This document provides information about two-port network parameters including Z, Y, H, and ABCD parameters. It defines a two-port network as having two ports for input and output with two terminals pairs. The document explains that the parameters relate the terminal voltages and currents and can be determined by setting the input or output port to open or short circuit conditions. Examples are given to show how to calculate the parameters for simple circuits. Key points are summarized in less than 3 sentences.
This document discusses fundamentals of alternating current (AC), including:
- AC voltage is generated as sinusoidal waves by power plants and used worldwide.
- Key definitions for AC waves include waveform, instantaneous value, peak amplitude, peak-to-peak value, cycle, period, and frequency.
- The basic mathematical form for a sinusoidal AC waveform is y = A sin(ωt), where A is the amplitude and ωt represents angular displacement over time.
- Root mean square (RMS) value represents the effective or heating value of AC and is calculated as the square root of the mean of the squares of the instantaneous values over one cycle.
- Average value of a symmetrical AC waveform is
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Electric Circuitmurniatis
This document provides an overview of fundamental electrical engineering concepts including:
- Independent and dependent voltage/current sources and ideal sources that maintain constant voltage/current.
- Kirchhoff's laws for circuits - KVL states the net voltage around any closed loop is zero and KCL states the algebraic sum of currents at any node is zero.
- Series and parallel resistor circuits and how to calculate equivalent resistance and current/voltage in each component.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance and the power formula.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate applying concepts like nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and voltage divider rule to solve for values in circuits.
This document discusses star and delta connections in 3-phase power systems. It provides symbols and diagrams to illustrate star and delta configurations. Key differences are noted, such as star connections providing a neutral point and being used for lower voltages, while delta connections having no neutral and being used for higher voltages. Formulas are presented relating line and phase voltages and currents for each connection type. Examples are worked through applying the formulas to calculate line voltage from phase voltage in a star-connected motor, and to calculate line current from phase current in a delta-connected motor.
1) An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. The charge on the capacitor and current through the circuit can be expressed as exponential functions of time, with the time constant τ=RC.
2) For an RL circuit, the current through the inductor is expressed as 1-e^(-t/τ) where τ=L/R. This shows the current rising exponentially towards its maximum value.
3) In an RLC circuit, the charge on the capacitor undergoes damped harmonic oscillations expressed as e^(-Rt/2L)cos(ωdt), where ωd is the angular frequency of oscillations.
This document discusses phasor analysis of RC, RL, and RLC circuits.
For an RC circuit, the voltage across the capacitor lags behind the current by 90 degrees. For an RL circuit, the voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90 degrees.
For an RLC circuit, the behavior depends on whether the reactance of the inductor or capacitor is higher. If the inductor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RL circuit. If the capacitor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RC circuit. If the reactances are equal, it behaves like a resistive circuit.
This document discusses nodal analysis, a technique for analyzing electrical circuits where the voltages at different nodes of the circuit are calculated. It provides examples of applying Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to set up equations relating the currents and voltages in a circuit containing resistors connected in a mesh. The document explains how to use these equations to solve for the unknown voltages at each node of the circuit.
Presentation about chapter 1 of electrical circuit analysis. standard prefixes. basic terminology power,current,voltage,resistance.How power is absorbed by the circuit and its calculation with passive sign convention.
This document provides a full module specification for a course on per unit quantities and related mathematics. It includes information such as the course name and code, academic year, instructors, credit hours, prerequisites, grading policy, teaching methodology, and method of evaluation. The document also provides several examples of calculating per unit quantities for systems including generators, transformers, and three phase systems. It defines per unit quantities, expresses the relationships between various voltage, current, power, and impedance quantities in per unit systems, and shows calculations for impedances referred to different bases within a system.
This document discusses series and parallel circuits. It defines series and parallel circuits and explains how to calculate total resistance and current in each. In series circuits, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances and current is the same everywhere. In parallel circuits, total resistance is less than individual resistances and total current is the sum of branch currents. The document also provides examples of calculating resistance, current, and voltage in series and parallel circuit problems.
The document discusses different types of choppers, which are static devices that produce a variable DC voltage from a constant DC source. It describes step-down and step-up choppers and the principles of their operation. Various chopper control methods and classifications are covered, including Class A through Class E choppers and their characteristics. Load and source inductance effects are also summarized.
This document discusses single phase inverters. It describes:
1. Single pulse width modulation, which controls output voltage by varying the width of pulses in each half cycle compared to a triangular carrier signal.
2. A single phase half bridge inverter, which uses two switches and capacitors to divide the DC source voltage. Feedback diodes provide current continuity for inductive loads.
3. A full bridge single phase inverter, which uses four thyristors controlled such that only one pair conducts at a time to produce an AC output voltage from the DC source. Feedback diodes allow current to flow when thyristors turn off.
This is a ppt of a college project of the topic kvl and kcl ..do read this..i have such interest in science projects and do maake aa lot of money by doing freelancing in embedded system so make sure to check this ppt for more updtes
- Tesla proposed using transformers in power distribution systems to step up voltage for transmission and step down voltage for consumption, reducing power losses.
- A transformer consists of coils wrapped around a common core and converts AC voltage from one level to another at the same frequency through electromagnetic induction.
- Transformers allow impedance matching between generation/transmission systems and distribution/consumption systems through voltage transformation ratios.
The document discusses alternating current (AC) and provides details about its key characteristics:
1) AC electricity alternates direction periodically in a back-and-forth motion, unlike direct current which flows in one direction.
2) The instantaneous value of AC varies sinusoidally over time between a maximum and minimum value.
3) Common applications of AC include power transmission and use in homes/businesses due to advantages like easy voltage transformation.
1. The document discusses single phase AC circuits including definitions of terms like amplitude, time period, frequency, instantaneous value. It also discusses generation of sinusoidal AC voltage using a rotating coil.
2. Key concepts discussed include phasor representation, RMS and average values, form factor, phase difference, AC circuits with pure resistance and inductance. Power calculations and relationships between voltage and current are also covered.
3. Examples of calculations for an AC circuit with a resistor connected to a 230V, 50Hz supply include determining the current, power consumed, and voltage and current equations.
This document discusses thyristor devices, specifically silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs). It describes the basic structure and operation of SCRs, including how they are turned on through their gate and turned off by reducing their anode current. The document outlines various ratings of SCRs such as current, voltage, and switching ratings. It also discusses how SCRs can be connected in series and parallel and describes different gate triggering and commutation circuits used to control SCR operation. Finally, it briefly introduces some other types of thyristor devices.
The document discusses the key components of electrical circuits. It states that all circuits consist of three essential components: 1) a power supply to provide electrical energy, 2) a conducting path to allow electrons to flow, and 3) a load where electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy. It then goes on to describe common examples of these components such as cells/batteries as power supplies, resistors and light bulbs as loads, and wires as conducting paths. The document also discusses circuit controllers like switches and fuses, as well as measuring devices like voltmeters and ammeters.
An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows electric current to flow from a power source through various components like switches, fuses, and loads, and back to the source. The main parts of a circuit include an electrical source that delivers power, controlling devices that regulate the current, protection devices that prevent damage, conducting wires or paths, and loads that use the power. Circuits can be open or closed, and classified as series, parallel, or a combination depending on how the components are connected.
This document describes electric circuits and the differences between series and parallel circuits. It includes:
- Descriptions of circuit components like cells, batteries, resistors, and switches used to draw circuit diagrams.
- Explanations of how current, voltage, and resistance work in series circuits compared to parallel circuits. In series circuits, the same current flows through each component and voltage drops add up. In parallel circuits, currents split and voltages are equal across each branch.
- Examples of calculating current, voltage, resistance, power, and solving circuit problems for both series and parallel circuits using formulas like Ohm's law.
Transmission lines are physical connections between two locations that transmit electromagnetic waves. They have characteristic parameters including resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. These parameters depend on the line's geometry and materials. Transmission line equations relate the voltage and current at each point on the line based on these parameters. A line has a characteristic impedance that is the ratio of voltage to current. Reflection and transmission of waves occurs at impedance discontinuities like at the load. Lossless lines propagate waves without attenuation, while finite lines are analyzed using reflection coefficients at the generator and load terminations.
This document provides information about two-port network parameters including Z, Y, H, and ABCD parameters. It defines a two-port network as having two ports for input and output with two terminals pairs. The document explains that the parameters relate the terminal voltages and currents and can be determined by setting the input or output port to open or short circuit conditions. Examples are given to show how to calculate the parameters for simple circuits. Key points are summarized in less than 3 sentences.
This document discusses fundamentals of alternating current (AC), including:
- AC voltage is generated as sinusoidal waves by power plants and used worldwide.
- Key definitions for AC waves include waveform, instantaneous value, peak amplitude, peak-to-peak value, cycle, period, and frequency.
- The basic mathematical form for a sinusoidal AC waveform is y = A sin(ωt), where A is the amplitude and ωt represents angular displacement over time.
- Root mean square (RMS) value represents the effective or heating value of AC and is calculated as the square root of the mean of the squares of the instantaneous values over one cycle.
- Average value of a symmetrical AC waveform is
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Electric Circuitmurniatis
This document provides an overview of fundamental electrical engineering concepts including:
- Independent and dependent voltage/current sources and ideal sources that maintain constant voltage/current.
- Kirchhoff's laws for circuits - KVL states the net voltage around any closed loop is zero and KCL states the algebraic sum of currents at any node is zero.
- Series and parallel resistor circuits and how to calculate equivalent resistance and current/voltage in each component.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance and the power formula.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate applying concepts like nodal analysis, mesh analysis, and voltage divider rule to solve for values in circuits.
This document discusses star and delta connections in 3-phase power systems. It provides symbols and diagrams to illustrate star and delta configurations. Key differences are noted, such as star connections providing a neutral point and being used for lower voltages, while delta connections having no neutral and being used for higher voltages. Formulas are presented relating line and phase voltages and currents for each connection type. Examples are worked through applying the formulas to calculate line voltage from phase voltage in a star-connected motor, and to calculate line current from phase current in a delta-connected motor.
1) An RC circuit contains a resistor and capacitor in series. The charge on the capacitor and current through the circuit can be expressed as exponential functions of time, with the time constant τ=RC.
2) For an RL circuit, the current through the inductor is expressed as 1-e^(-t/τ) where τ=L/R. This shows the current rising exponentially towards its maximum value.
3) In an RLC circuit, the charge on the capacitor undergoes damped harmonic oscillations expressed as e^(-Rt/2L)cos(ωdt), where ωd is the angular frequency of oscillations.
This document discusses phasor analysis of RC, RL, and RLC circuits.
For an RC circuit, the voltage across the capacitor lags behind the current by 90 degrees. For an RL circuit, the voltage across the inductor leads the current by 90 degrees.
For an RLC circuit, the behavior depends on whether the reactance of the inductor or capacitor is higher. If the inductor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RL circuit. If the capacitor reactance is higher, it behaves like an RC circuit. If the reactances are equal, it behaves like a resistive circuit.
This document discusses nodal analysis, a technique for analyzing electrical circuits where the voltages at different nodes of the circuit are calculated. It provides examples of applying Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) to set up equations relating the currents and voltages in a circuit containing resistors connected in a mesh. The document explains how to use these equations to solve for the unknown voltages at each node of the circuit.
Presentation about chapter 1 of electrical circuit analysis. standard prefixes. basic terminology power,current,voltage,resistance.How power is absorbed by the circuit and its calculation with passive sign convention.
This document provides a full module specification for a course on per unit quantities and related mathematics. It includes information such as the course name and code, academic year, instructors, credit hours, prerequisites, grading policy, teaching methodology, and method of evaluation. The document also provides several examples of calculating per unit quantities for systems including generators, transformers, and three phase systems. It defines per unit quantities, expresses the relationships between various voltage, current, power, and impedance quantities in per unit systems, and shows calculations for impedances referred to different bases within a system.
This document discusses series and parallel circuits. It defines series and parallel circuits and explains how to calculate total resistance and current in each. In series circuits, total resistance is the sum of individual resistances and current is the same everywhere. In parallel circuits, total resistance is less than individual resistances and total current is the sum of branch currents. The document also provides examples of calculating resistance, current, and voltage in series and parallel circuit problems.
The document discusses different types of choppers, which are static devices that produce a variable DC voltage from a constant DC source. It describes step-down and step-up choppers and the principles of their operation. Various chopper control methods and classifications are covered, including Class A through Class E choppers and their characteristics. Load and source inductance effects are also summarized.
This document discusses single phase inverters. It describes:
1. Single pulse width modulation, which controls output voltage by varying the width of pulses in each half cycle compared to a triangular carrier signal.
2. A single phase half bridge inverter, which uses two switches and capacitors to divide the DC source voltage. Feedback diodes provide current continuity for inductive loads.
3. A full bridge single phase inverter, which uses four thyristors controlled such that only one pair conducts at a time to produce an AC output voltage from the DC source. Feedback diodes allow current to flow when thyristors turn off.
This is a ppt of a college project of the topic kvl and kcl ..do read this..i have such interest in science projects and do maake aa lot of money by doing freelancing in embedded system so make sure to check this ppt for more updtes
- Tesla proposed using transformers in power distribution systems to step up voltage for transmission and step down voltage for consumption, reducing power losses.
- A transformer consists of coils wrapped around a common core and converts AC voltage from one level to another at the same frequency through electromagnetic induction.
- Transformers allow impedance matching between generation/transmission systems and distribution/consumption systems through voltage transformation ratios.
The document discusses alternating current (AC) and provides details about its key characteristics:
1) AC electricity alternates direction periodically in a back-and-forth motion, unlike direct current which flows in one direction.
2) The instantaneous value of AC varies sinusoidally over time between a maximum and minimum value.
3) Common applications of AC include power transmission and use in homes/businesses due to advantages like easy voltage transformation.
1. The document discusses single phase AC circuits including definitions of terms like amplitude, time period, frequency, instantaneous value. It also discusses generation of sinusoidal AC voltage using a rotating coil.
2. Key concepts discussed include phasor representation, RMS and average values, form factor, phase difference, AC circuits with pure resistance and inductance. Power calculations and relationships between voltage and current are also covered.
3. Examples of calculations for an AC circuit with a resistor connected to a 230V, 50Hz supply include determining the current, power consumed, and voltage and current equations.
This document discusses thyristor devices, specifically silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs). It describes the basic structure and operation of SCRs, including how they are turned on through their gate and turned off by reducing their anode current. The document outlines various ratings of SCRs such as current, voltage, and switching ratings. It also discusses how SCRs can be connected in series and parallel and describes different gate triggering and commutation circuits used to control SCR operation. Finally, it briefly introduces some other types of thyristor devices.
The document discusses the key components of electrical circuits. It states that all circuits consist of three essential components: 1) a power supply to provide electrical energy, 2) a conducting path to allow electrons to flow, and 3) a load where electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy. It then goes on to describe common examples of these components such as cells/batteries as power supplies, resistors and light bulbs as loads, and wires as conducting paths. The document also discusses circuit controllers like switches and fuses, as well as measuring devices like voltmeters and ammeters.
An electric circuit is a closed loop that allows electric current to flow from a power source through various components like switches, fuses, and loads, and back to the source. The main parts of a circuit include an electrical source that delivers power, controlling devices that regulate the current, protection devices that prevent damage, conducting wires or paths, and loads that use the power. Circuits can be open or closed, and classified as series, parallel, or a combination depending on how the components are connected.
Prac - Properties of solid liquid & gascristalbeam
This document outlines an experiment to investigate the properties of solids, liquids, and gases. The experiment involves using balloons and a syringe to observe how these three states of matter behave in terms of shape and compressibility. In the experiment, blocks represent solids, air represents gases, and water represents liquids. The results show that solids maintain their shape in balloons and cannot be compressed in a syringe, while gases take the shape of their container and can be compressed, and liquids take the shape of their container but cannot be compressed.
The document describes the construction and working of a permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) instrument. It has a rectangular coil wound with copper wire that is mounted on a pivoted aluminum former and moves freely in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is controlled by springs and damped using eddy currents produced in an aluminum cylinder. Current passing through the coil experiences an unbalanced magnetic field that produces a torque proportional to the current.
The document discusses several electrical measurement instruments:
1. A tong tester measures voltage and current using two clamp jaws, one stationary and one movable via a spring.
2. A recorder records electrical and non-electrical quantities over time, either directly or indirectly. Analog recorders include strip-chart, circular chart, and X-Y recorders.
3. An X-Y recorder plots the relationship between two variables by using two servo-systems to drive a recording pen on a chart in two axes.
1. Indicating instruments measure electrical quantities by deflecting a pointer on a calibrated scale. They use a deflection system to produce a force proportional to the measured value, a control system to limit deflection, and a damping system to prevent oscillations.
2. Permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) instruments have a coil mounted between magnet poles that deflects proportional to current. They are used as ammeters, voltmeters, and galvanometers. As an ammeter, the coil is connected across a low resistance shunt; as a voltmeter, it is connected in series with a high resistance.
3. Moving iron instruments can measure AC using an iron core acted on by a coil
This document provides an overview of circuit theory concepts including:
- Electric circuits are interconnections of electrical elements.
- Charge is the most basic quantity and is measured in coulombs. Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes.
- Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through a circuit element and is measured in volts.
- Power is the rate of energy use/production and is measured in watts.
- Circuit elements include passive (resistors, capacitors, inductors) and active (sources) components. Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law govern circuit analysis.
- Nodal and mesh analysis provide systematic techniques for analyzing circuits by
This document provides an overview of circuit theory concepts including:
- Electric circuits are interconnections of electrical elements.
- Charge is the most basic quantity and is measured in coulombs. Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes.
- Voltage is the energy required to move a unit charge through a circuit element and is measured in volts.
- Power is the rate of energy use/production and is measured in watts.
- Circuit elements include passive (resistors, capacitors, inductors) and active (sources) components. Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm's law govern circuit analysis.
- Nodal and mesh analysis provide systematic techniques for analyzing circuits by
This document provides an overview of network analysis concepts including:
- Circuits are represented as graphs with branches and nodes. Circuit components reside in branches and connectivity in nodes.
- Current, voltage, power, resistance, capacitors, inductors, and different types of sources such as voltage, current, dependent, and independent sources are defined.
- Series and parallel connections are examined along with voltage and current division principles.
- Kirchhoff's laws including nodal analysis and loop/mesh analysis techniques are introduced for solving circuit problems.
- Active/passive elements as well as bilateral/unilateral elements are classified.
This document discusses fundamentals of electric circuits including basic concepts such as units of measurement, electric charge, current, voltage, power and energy. It describes circuit elements including passive elements like resistors, capacitors and inductors as well as active elements such as independent voltage and current sources and dependent sources. Independent sources provide a specified voltage or current regardless of the circuit, while dependent sources have an output that depends on another voltage or current in the circuit. The document also provides examples of calculating voltage using different source types.
NETWORK ANALYSIS PART 3 For GATE IES PSU -2020 RRB/SSC AE JE TECHNICAL INT...Prasant Kumar
for youtube video visit link
https://youtu.be/eq5UnA1e17E
Single phase AC circuits is most basic and important portion topic for GATE,IES,PSU,SSC,and different state level examinations.which covers following topics.1-Phase AC Circuits,AC & DC SIGNALS,Differentiate AC vs DC signal,PROPERTIES OF AC SIGNALS,peak value and peak to peak value,average value,R.M.S. value,instantaneous value,form factor,peak factor,WAVEFORM ANALYSIS OF AC SIGNAL,advantages of sinusoidal waveform,cycle, time periods and frequency,Phasor,Differentiate between Active, Reactive and Apparent Power,power triangle ,MCQ FOR PRACTICES,unilateral circuit ,bilateral circuit , irreversible circuit , reversible circuit series with each other , parallel with each other , series with the voltage source., parallel with the voltage source ,linear network , non-linear network , passive network , active network
# Previous videos in channel for learning
https://youtu.be/NSdIbrxIE74
# Network Analysis Part 1
https://youtu.be/UWSHxL8Daro
# Network Analysis Part 2
https://youtu.be/fPzCrnBlsIA
AC motors Comparision
https://youtu.be/Nwo8IfNdQZA
Wound Rotor and squirrel cage rotor
https://youtu.be/Y_WoddRiVSE
What is electrical Machine
https://youtu.be/N4xWOwgi8I4
Overview of Power plants
https://youtu.be/kPWElNXvxGs
How to Study for success
https://youtu.be/A_L1lI3zOsc
Why unemployment of Indian engineers
https://youtu.be/pdLe1Z4RRGs
Why I do engineering
https://youtu.be/DTtRl1t2DaM
Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering.pptxLenine8
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in the Basic Electrical Engineering course at Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engineering & Technology. The syllabus includes DC and AC circuits. Key concepts covered are electrical circuit elements like resistors, inductors and capacitors. Kirchhoff's laws for analyzing circuits are also introduced. The document defines various electrical terms and provides expressions for power, energy, resistance and other circuit parameters.
1. The document discusses Ohm's law and basic electrical circuit concepts such as resistance, capacitance, inductance, and power.
2. It introduces modern electron theory and defines an atom as consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
3. Key circuit elements like resistors, capacitors, and inductors are defined in terms of how they store or dissipate electrical energy. Kirchhoff's laws and techniques for analyzing circuits like source transformations are also summarized.
This document provides an introduction to electric circuits and network theorems. It discusses key concepts such as electrical networks, circuit elements, circuit analysis, Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, series and parallel resistive circuits. The document is prepared by an assistant professor and contains illustrations and examples to explain concepts as well as practice problems and their solutions related to resistive circuits and applications of Ohm's law.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. It is measured in amperes. Current is directly proportional to the rate of flow of charge and inversely proportional to the time taken. Resistance is a measure of how difficult it is for current to flow through a material. It depends on the material's resistivity as well as the conductor's length and cross-sectional area. Ohm's Law states that current is directly proportional to voltage for conductors that obey Ohm's Law. Resistance increases with length or decreases with cross-sectional area for a given material according to the formula for resistivity.
This document provides an overview of direct current (DC) circuits and circuit analysis techniques. It defines key concepts like voltage sources, current sources, ideal and real sources, and dependent and independent sources. It also explains Kirchhoff's laws, nodal analysis, and mesh analysis. Kirchhoff's current law states that the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. Kirchhoff's voltage law states that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero. Nodal analysis uses Kirchhoff's current law to set up equations relating node voltages. Mesh analysis uses Kirchhoff's voltage law to set up equations relating mesh currents.
B tech ee ii_ eee_ u-1_ dc circuit analysis_dipen patelRai University
The document discusses DC circuit analysis and various circuit concepts. It defines a DC circuit as consisting of a conducting loop through which current flows. Common circuit elements like resistors and batteries are described. Kirchhoff's laws of junctions and loops are explained, stating that the algebraic sum of currents at a node equals zero, and the algebraic sum of voltages around a closed loop equals zero. Ideal and dependent voltage and current sources are defined. Nodal and mesh analysis methods for solving circuits are introduced.
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This document contains the syllabus and content outline for a course on Basic Electrical Engineering. It covers topics such as Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, network analysis techniques including nodal analysis and mesh analysis, AC circuit analysis using phasors, series and parallel RLC circuits, network theorems, resonance, and fundamentals of electrical machines including transformers, induction motors, and DC motors. The course aims to provide students a strong foundation in core electrical engineering concepts and their practical applications.
This document contains the syllabus and content outline for a course on Basic Electrical Engineering. It covers topics such as Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, network analysis techniques including nodal analysis and mesh analysis, AC circuit analysis using phasors, series and parallel RLC circuits, network theorems, resonance, and fundamentals of electrical machines including transformers, induction motors, and DC motors. The course aims to provide students a strong foundation in core electrical engineering concepts and their practical applications.
This document contains the syllabus and content outline for a course on Basic Electrical Engineering. It covers topics such as Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, network analysis techniques including nodal analysis and mesh analysis, AC circuit analysis using phasors, series and parallel RLC circuits, network theorems, resonance, and fundamentals of electrical machines including transformers, induction motors, and DC motors. The course aims to provide students a strong foundation in core electrical engineering concepts and their practical applications.
This document contains the syllabus and content outline for a Basic Electrical Engineering course. It covers several fundamental topics:
1. Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, nodes and branches analysis, series and parallel circuit analysis using voltage and current division.
2. AC circuit fundamentals including phasors, impedance, reactance of circuit elements. Mesh and nodal analysis of AC circuits.
3. RMS values, power calculations for RLC circuits, network theorems including superposition, Thevenin's, Norton's and maximum power transfer. Resonance analysis.
4. Fundamentals of electrical machines including single phase transformers, induction motors, and DC motors.
It provides
A circuit consists of electrical elements connected in a closed loop to allow current flow. Key concepts include:
- Current is the flow of electric charge. Voltage is electrical potential difference and power is the rate of work done.
- Circuits have active elements like voltage and current sources that supply energy and passive elements like resistors, inductors and capacitors that receive energy.
- Kirchhoff's laws state that the algebraic sum of voltages around any loop is zero and the algebraic sum of currents at any node is zero.
- Resistors in series add, resistors in parallel calculate using reciprocal formula. Source transformations allow representing one source type as another while maintaining terminal characteristics.
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The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
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5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Circuit variables and elements
1. Circuit Variables and Elements
A. S. M. Badrudduza
Lecturer
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Bangladesh Army University of Engineering and Technology
Qadirabad Cantonment, Natore, Bangladesh
March 11, 2017
14. Charge
Current
Voltage
Charge
Charge
Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter
consists, measured in coulombs (C).
Electric charge is mobile i,e, it can be transferred from one place to
another, where it can be converted to another form of energy.
The charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to
1.6 × 10−19
C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same
magnitude as the electron. The presence of equal numbers of
protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.
The only charges that occur in nature are integral multiples of the
electronic charge, e = 1.6 × 10−19
C.
The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be
created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic sum of
the electric charges in a system does not change.
Alike charges repeal and opposite charges attract each other.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
15. Charge
Current
Voltage
Definition
Direct Current
Alternating Current
Current
Current
Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
The relationship between current i, charge q, and time t is given by
i
dq
dt
.
1A = 1coulomb/second.
The charge transferred between time t0 and t is given by
Q
t
t0
idt.
The direction of current flow is conventionally taken as the direction of
positive charge movement.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
16. Charge
Current
Voltage
Definition
Direct Current
Alternating Current
Current[Cntd.]
Direct Current
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.
By convention the symbol I is used to represent dc current. The capital
letter I was chosen from the French word for current, intensit´e.
I
t
Fig. 1. Direct current.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
18. Charge
Current
Voltage
Definition
Polarity
Voltage
Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts (V ).
The voltage between two points a and b in an electric circuit is given by
vab
dw
dq
1volt = 1joule/coulomb = 1newton − meter/coulomb
A constant voltage is called a dc voltage and is represented by V ,
whereas a sinusoidally time-varying voltage is called an ac voltage
and is represented by v.
A dc voltage is commonly produced by a battery and ac voltage is
produced by an electric generator.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
19. Charge
Current
Voltage
Definition
Polarity
Voltage[Cntd.]
1 The potential at point a with respect to point b is vab.
2 Point a is vab volts above point b and point b is −vab volts above
point a.
3 There is a vab voltage drop from a to b or equivalently a vab voltage
rise from b to a.
4 In general, vab = −vba.
Vab -Vab
a
b
a
b
+
+-
(1) (2)
-
Fig. Voltage polarity.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
20. Power
Energy
Definition
Problem
Power
Power
Power is the time rate of expanding or absorbing energy, measured in
watts (W ).
Mathematically,
p
dw
dt
=
dw
dq
.
dq
dt
= vi
The power absorbed ar supplied by an element is the product of the
voltage across the element and the current through it.
If current enters the positive terminal of the voltage then p = +vi
and if current enters the negative terminal of the voltage then
p = −vi.
p = +vi implies that the element is absorbing power.
p = −vi implies that the element is supplying power.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
21. Power
Energy
Definition
Problem
Power[Cntd.]
4V 4V
+
-
4V 4V
(3) (4)
+
-
-
+
-
+
(1) (2)
3A 3A3A3A
Fig. Absorbing and supplying power.
In fig. (1) and (2), p = −4 × 3 = −12W .
In fig. (3) and (4), p = 4 × 3 = 12W .
The algebraic sum of the power in a circuit, at any instant of time, is
zero.
p = 0
+Power absorbed = - Power supplied
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
22. Power
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to time t is
given by
w =
t
t0
pdt =
t
t0
vidt
Electric energy is measured in watt-hours(Wh), where
1Wh = 3600J
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
23. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Types
Circuit Elements
There are two types of circuit elements:
1 Active circuit elements
2 Passive circuit elements
Active circuit elements
Active circuit elements are capable of generating energy such as,
generators, batteries, operational amplifiers etc.
Passive circuit elements
Passive circuit elements are not capable of generating energy such as,
resistors, capacitors, inductors etc.
Most important active elements are voltage and current sources which
deliver power to the circuit connected to them. There are two kinds of
sources.
1. Independent sources
2. Dependent sources
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
24. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Independent source
Symbols of independent source
Dependent source
Symbols of dependent source
Sources
Independent source
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified
voltage ar current that is completely independent of other circuit
elements.
Independent voltage source
An ideal independent voltage source delivers to the circuit whatever
current is necessary to maintain its terminal voltage. Example:
Generators and batteries.
Independent current source
An ideal independent current source delivers to the circuit whatever
voltage is necessary to maintain the designated current.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
25. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Independent source
Symbols of independent source
Dependent source
Symbols of dependent source
Sources[Cntd]
(3)(1) (2)
+
-
v
+
V
-
i
Fig. Symbol (1) and (2) for independent voltage source where (1) is used
for constant and time varying voltage, (2) is used for constant voltage
and (3) for independent current sources.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
26. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Independent source
Symbols of independent source
Dependent source
Symbols of dependent source
Sources[Cntd]
Dependent source
An ideal dependent source is an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.
Dependent sources are of four kinds:
1 Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS)
2 Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)
3 Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS)
4 Current-controlled current source (CCCS)
Application
Dependent sources are used for modeling elements such as transistors,
operational amplifiers and integrated circuits.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
27. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Independent source
Symbols of independent source
Dependent source
Symbols of dependent source
Sources[Cntd.]
Ideal voltage controlled voltage source
The equation for the supplied voltage vs is given by
vs = µvx ,
where vx is the controlling voltage and µ is a multiplying constant that is
dimensionless.
Ideal current controlled voltage source
The equation for the supplied voltage vs is given by
vs = ρix ,
where ix is the controlling current and the multiplying constant, ρ has
the dimension volts per ampere.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
28. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Independent source
Symbols of independent source
Dependent source
Symbols of dependent source
Sources[Cntd.]
Ideal voltage controlled current source
The equation for the supplied current is is given by
is = αvx ,
where vx is the controlling voltage and the multiplying constant α has a
dimension of ampere per volt.
Ideal current controlled current source
The equation for the supplied current is is given by
is = βix ,
where ix is the controlling current and the multiplying constant, β is
dimensionless.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
29. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Independent source
Symbols of independent source
Dependent source
Symbols of dependent source
Sources[Cntd.]
xs vv xs iv xs vi xs ii
(a) (b) (c) (d)
+
-
+
-
Fig. Symbol for (a) ideal voltage controlled voltage source , (b) ideal
current controlled voltage source, (c) ideal voltage controlled current
source, (d) ideal current controlled current source.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
30. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Resistors
Resistor
The circuit element used to impede the flow of current or, more
specifically, the flow of electric charge is called resistor.
R
Fig. Symbol for resistor.
Resistance
The capacity of resistor to impede the flow of current or, more
specifically, the flow of electric charge is called resistance,expressed by R
and measured in ohms(Ω).
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
31. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Resistance[Cntd.]
Fig. Resistance.
Mathematically,
R = ρ
l
A
where,
ρ = Resistivity of the material in ohm-meters
l = Length of the material
A = Area of cross section of the material.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
32. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Resistance[Cntd.]
Short Circuit
A short circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching zero i,e,
R = 0. For a short circuit v = iR = 0.
Open Circuit
An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching infinity
i,e, R = ∞. For an open circuit, i =lim
R→∞
v
R = 0.
Fig. (a) short circuit and (b) open circuit.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
33. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Resistance[Cntd.]
Types of Resistors
1. Fixed i,e, their resistance is constant.
2. Variable i,e, their resistance is adjustable. Such as, potentiometer or
pot.
Fig. Symbol for variable resistance.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
34. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Inductors
Inductor
Inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in its magnetic
field. It consists of a coil of conducting wire. Inductors may be fixed or
variable. The core may be made of iron, steel, plastic, or air.
Application
1 Electronics and power system
2 Power supplies, transformers, radios, TVs, radars and electric
motors.
Fig. Symbol for inductor (a) air-core, (b) iron core, (c) variable iron-core.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
35. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Inductors[Cntd.]
(a) (b)
Fig. Various inductor configurations (a) solenoidal (b) toroidal.
Types and Configurations
Inductors are of two types: fixed and variable. An inductor may have
different configurations such as solenoidal, toroidal etc.
Inductance
Inductance is the property whereby an inductor exhibits opposition to the
change of current flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
The inductance of a coil varies directly with the magnetic properties of
the coil. Ferromagnetic materials, therefore, are frequently employed to
increase the inductance by increasing the flux linking the coil.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
36. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Inductors[Cntd.]
Fig. A typical inductor.
The inductance of an inductor is given by
L =
N2
µA
l
,
where,
N = Number of turns
µ = Permeability of the core
A = Cross section of the core
l = length of the core
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
37. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Inductors[Cntd.]
Voltage-current relationship of an inductor is given by
v = L
di
dt
i =
1
L
t
t0
v(t)dt + i(t0)
The power delivered to the inductor is
p = vi = (L
di
dt
)i
The energy stored in the inductor is given by
w =
t
−∞
pdt =
t
−∞
(L
di
dt
)idt = L
i(t)
i(−∞)
idi =
1
2
Li2
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
38. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Inductors[Cntd.]
When the current through an inductor is not changing with time i,e,
dc current ( di
dt = 0), the voltage across the inductor is zero.Thus,
inductor is an short circuit to dc.
An inductor resists an abrupt change in the current through it. A
discontinuous change in current requires infinite voltage, which is
physically impossible. Conversely, voltage across an inductor can
change instantaneously.
The ideal inductor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from
the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously
stored energy when delivering power to the circuit.
A real, non-ideal inductor has a series winding resistance as it is
made of conducting materials, which has some resistance. The
non-ideal inductor also has a winding capacitance which is due to
the capacitive coupling between the conducting coils.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
39. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Capacitors
Capacitor
Capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in its electric
field. It consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulator or
dielectric. The plate may be aluminium foil while the dielectric may be
air, ceramic, paper or mica.
Application
1 Tuning circuits of radio receivers
2 Dynamic memory elements in computer system
3 To block dc, pass ac, shift phase, store energy, start motors and
suppress noise.
Types
Two types of capacitors are available. Such as
1. Fixed capacitor
2. Variable capacitor or trimmer capacitor or padder
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
40. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Capacitors[Cntd.]
Fig. A capacitor with applied voltage v.
When a voltage source is connected to the capacitor,the source deposits
a positive charge +q on one plate and a negative charge −q on the
other. The amount of charge stored, represented by q, is directly
proportional to the applied voltage so that
q = Cv,
where, C is known as the capacitance.
Capacitance
Capacitance is the ratio of the charge on one plate of a capacitor to the
voltage difference between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
1farad = 1coulomb/volt
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
41. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Capacitors[Cntd.]
Fig. A typical capacitor.
For parallel plate capacitor, the capacitance is given by
C =
A
d
,
where,
= Permittivity of the dielectric material between the plates
A = Surface area of each plate
d = Distance between the plates
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
42. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Capacitors[Cntd.]
Current-voltage relationship of a capacitor is given by
i = C
dv
dt
v =
1
C
t
t0
idt + v(t0)
The instantaneous power delivered to the capacitor is
p = vi = Cv
dv
dt
The energy stored in the capacitor is given by
w =
t
−∞
pdt = C
t
−∞
v
dv
dt
dt = C
v(t)
v(−∞)
vdv =
1
2
Cv2
=
q2
2C
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
43. Circuit Elements
Active circuit elements
Passive circuit elements
Resistors
Inductors
Capacitors
Capacitors[Cntd.]
When the voltage across a capacitor is not changing with time i,e,
dc voltage (dv
dt = 0), the current through the capacitor is zero.Thus,
capacitor is an open circuit to dc.However, if a battery (dc voltage)
is connected across a capacitor, the capacitor charges.
A capacitor resists an abrupt change in the voltage across it. A
discontinuous change in voltage requires infinite current, which is
physically impossible. Conversely, current through a capacitor can
change instantaneously.
The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from
the circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously
stored energy when delivering power to the circuit.
A real, non-ideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage
resistance.The leakage resistance may be as high as 100 MΩ and
can be neglected for most practical applications.
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements
44. References
References
Robert L. Boylestad
Introductory Circuit Analysis
Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N. O. Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
James W. Nilson
Introductory Circuits for Elictrical and Computer Engineering
A. S. M. Badrudduza Circuit Variables and Elements