1. The document discusses hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and trivalent chromium [Cr(III)], describing levels of Cr(VI) detected in California groundwater and regulations to limit it.
2. Methods for treating chromium-contaminated water are reviewed, including precipitation, filtration, ion exchange, and nanotechnology. Analytical techniques like colorimetric analysis and back titration are also summarized.
3. Results are presented from treating a high-level chromium sample using various treatment methods, showing reductions in chromium concentration but not reaching regulated levels.