Chpt.22.
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The document summarizes diseases of the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system (CNS) including the brain, spinal cord and protective membranes. It then covers specific CNS diseases like meningitis (caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi), listing the most common bacterial causes. It also discusses viral CNS diseases like poliomyelitis, and bacterial diseases like tetanus, botulism and leprosy. For each disease it covers the causative organism, symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention.
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3) Modes of transmission - how the pathogen moves between the reservoir and a susceptible host. This includes direct contact, droplets, vectors, and indirect transmission through vehicles like food, water, fomites etc.
It describes other important epidemiological concepts like incubation period, generation
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microbes.
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invisible with the naked eye.
They mainly include bacteria, virus, fungi
and parasites.
The symptoms caused by infection depends
on
the location.
Nature of the infection
Type of the microbe
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Blood supply of brain (2)
A 78-year-old man was admitted to the hospital after collapsing suddenly. He had a history of hypertension and smoking. Examination found right-sided weakness and abnormal reflexes, and CT scan showed areas of brain infarction. The document discusses the anatomy of the brain's blood supply through the circle of Willis and its branches, which areas of the brain each branch supplies, and clinical presentations that can result from occlusions or issues with different arteries like anterior cerebral artery occlusion causing paraplegia or middle cerebral artery occlusion causing face/arm weakness and neglect. It also covers venous drainage and conditions like cavernous sinus thrombosis.
Female hormones
The document summarizes female hormone synthesis and function. It discusses how the ovary orchestrates oocyte development and release while also producing hormones like estrogen and progesterone. These hormones regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy. The cycle involves fluctuations in hormone levels that influence the development and shedding of the uterine lining over approximately 28 days until menopause ends the female reproductive years.
Estrogens
This document summarizes estrogens and progestins, which are female sex hormones. It describes natural estrogens produced in the body and synthetic estrogens developed for medication use. It also discusses regulation of estrogen secretion, actions of estrogens, and uses of estrogens like contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. The document further summarizes progestins, including natural progesterone and synthetic progestins used in contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. It also briefly discusses antiestrogens and antiprogestins that are used to treat certain conditions.
Male reproductive hormones
The male reproductive system is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. The hypothalamus produces GnRH which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH. LH acts on the testes to stimulate production of testosterone, while FSH supports sperm production. Testosterone promotes male secondary sex characteristics and regulates its own production through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Precise control of these hormones is vital for normal male development, sexual function, and fertility.
Androgens male sex hormones
Androgens are male sex hormones like testosterone that cause male secondary sex characteristics. The testes naturally produce testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Androgens promote sperm production, male physical development at puberty, and adult male characteristics. They are used to treat low testosterone and other conditions. Side effects include virilization in women, liver problems, and infertility. Anti-androgens like danazol and flutamide are used to treat conditions like endometriosis and prostate cancer.
Nervous System Diseases
This document provides information on the nervous system and common neurological diseases and disorders. It begins with an overview of the key structures of the nervous system, including neurons, dendrites, axons, and myelin sheath. It then describes the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. Several common neurological conditions are then discussed in more detail, including stroke, transient ischemic attack, encephalitis, meningitis, brain abscess, poliomyelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dementia, Huntington's disease, cerebral concussion/contusion, and spinal cord injury. For each condition, the
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Similar to Chpt.22.
Chapter.21
1. The document discusses various microbial diseases that can infect the skin and eyes, including bacterial, viral, and fungal causes.
2. Common bacterial infections include those caused by Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, which can cause issues like impetigo, cellulitis, and toxic shock syndrome.
3. Viral skin diseases include warts, smallpox, chickenpox, herpes, measles, and rubella. Smallpox was globally eradicated through vaccination.
Meningitis
Overview, Types of meningitis - bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic and non infectious, pathology, clinical presentation, investigations and treatment
Selected human infectious diseases part 1
This document summarizes various factors that can weaken the human body's defenses against infection. It notes that newborns and older adults have reduced immunity. Other factors include heredity, stress, poor nutrition, medical therapies like chemotherapy that lower resistance, and co-morbid medical conditions such as diabetes. Common pathogens are also outlined, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminths. The body's normal defenses against various types of infections are then described.
Chapter24
The document provides an overview of several diseases that affect the respiratory system, including both the upper and lower tract. It discusses bacterial infections like strep throat, scarlet fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, and pneumococcal pneumonia. It also covers atypical pneumonia, Legionnaire's disease, and some fungal diseases. For each condition, it describes the causative pathogen, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and other relevant details.
Meningitis By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipora Sop...
Meningitis By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipora Sop...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Dr.Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore Kashmir India,Associate Prof of medicine presently working in malaysia is a keen teacher, educator and takes pride in his clinical and research accomplishments. His interests include publishing articles related to health issues.
email drbashir123@gmail.comTetanus, Tuberculosis, H1N1
This document discusses several pathogenic microorganisms and infectious diseases. It begins with an overview of tetanus caused by Clostridium tetani, describing the toxin produced and how it causes symptoms. Next, it covers tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, outlining transmission, pathogenesis in the lungs, symptoms, diagnosis including the Mantoux test, and treatment including antibiotics and the BCG vaccine. Finally, it provides details on the H1N1 influenza virus, including its structure, proteins, replication, and common symptoms.
VIRAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHINKIPO...
VIRAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHINKIPO...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The disease is contagious and can spread through respiratory and fecal-oral routes. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Bacterial meningitis requires prompt treatment with antibiotics to prevent serious complications like brain damage.LUMBER PUNCTURE By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipor...
LUMBER PUNCTURE By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipor...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by bacteria or viruses. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. The infection can spread from the nose or throat to the brain and cause complications like seizures, brain damage, and death if not treated promptly with antibiotics in bacterial cases.BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHIN...
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHIN...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Meningitis is an infection of the protective membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The disease is contagious and can spread through respiratory and fecal-oral routes. Common symptoms include headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Bacterial meningitis requires prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent serious complications like brain damage.Meningitis In Children
This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
Management of Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. Left untreated, meningitis can lead to brain damage, coma, and death. The most common causes of bacterial meningitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. A thorough history and physical exam are important to identify symptoms such as fever, neck stiffness, altered mental status, and seizures. A lumbar puncture is required to diagnose meningitis by examining cerebrospinal fluid. Aggressive antibiotic treatment is needed to prevent complications from the infection.
Zoonotic infections and their effects on health
Zoonoses are infectious diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points about zoonoses are:
- They are caused by a variety of pathogens including viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and rickettsia.
- Major zoonotic diseases include rabies, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and salmonellosis.
- Transmission occurs via bites, scratches, ingestion of contaminated food/water or inhalation of infectious agents.
- Prevention relies on vaccination, hygiene practices, quarantine, surveillance and raising awareness. Effective control requires involvement of both animal and human health sectors.
17managementofmeningitis-181226083242.pdf
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. The main symptoms include headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea, confusion, and seizures. A physical exam may reveal neck stiffness, rashes, and cranial nerve abnormalities. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important as meningitis can progress rapidly and cause permanent damage or death if not treated. The most common causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae.
Infections of the central nervous and locomotor systems
Bacterial infections of the central nervous system like meningitis and encephalitis are caused by bacteria entering through breaks in the protective layers or through the bloodstream from infected areas elsewhere in the body. Common causes are Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Viral infections are generally milder and self-limiting. Tetanus infection occurs when Clostridium tetani spores enter wounds and release toxins causing painful muscle spasms. Bacterial infections of bones and joints like septic arthritis can result from injuries, bloodstream spread, or extension from nearby infected sites.
MPG 507 presentation.pptx
Presentation on meningitis and epiglottis. We made this presentation on epiglottis and meningitis. Their pathogenesis, mode of action, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, microbial group , symptoms , medication, and prevention been discussed in here.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, infecting one third of the world's population. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis which primarily affects the lungs. TB is transmitted via airborne droplets when people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze or spit. Common symptoms include cough, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of sputum samples and culture testing. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months. Improving living conditions and developing more effective vaccines are important for tuberculosis control and elimination.
Meningitis
This document provides information about meningitis, including what it is, its causes, symptoms, and importance for public health. Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or other factors. Bacterial meningitis requires urgent antibiotic treatment and can be life-threatening. Common symptoms include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and rash. Public education is important for raising awareness of meningitis signs and encouraging timely medical care. Challenges for public health include educating the public and timely reporting, while opportunities include strengthening communication and partnerships.
Abhishek dhinge biology project
This document is a biology project report on human diseases prepared by Abhishek Dhinge. It includes an introduction to diseases, types of diseases, modes of disease transmission, and summaries of specific viral, bacterial, and protozoan diseases like rabies, AIDS, typhoid, and malaria. The project received approval and certification from Abhishek Dhinge's teacher, Mrs. V.S. Deokar, and school principal Namdeo DangeSir for submission as partial fulfillment of biology examination requirements.
Pyogenic infection
This document discusses pyogenic meningitis (acute bacterial meningitis). It begins by defining pyogenic infections and describing the anatomy of the meninges. It then covers the epidemiology, causes, clinical features, diagnostic process, treatment, and potential sequelae of bacterial meningitis. Key points include that the most common causes are pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae. Clinical features include headache, fever, neck stiffness, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves CSF analysis showing pleocytosis and low glucose. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and supportive care. Potential long term effects include deafness, epilepsy, or neurological deficits.
Similar to Chpt.22. (20)
Meningitis By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipora Sop...
Meningitis By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipora Sop...
VIRAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHINKIPO...
VIRAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHINKIPO...
LUMBER PUNCTURE By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipor...
LUMBER PUNCTURE By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Associate Professor Medicine Chinkipor...
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHIN...
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BY DR BASHIR AHMED DAR ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR MEDICINE CHIN...
Infections of the central nervous and locomotor systems
Infections of the central nervous and locomotor systems
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Chpt.22.
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