This document discusses calcium hypochlorite and sodium hypochlorite, two common chlorine compounds. Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid used as a bleaching agent and disinfectant. It is produced by treating lime with chlorine gas. Sodium hypochlorite is a pale green-yellow solution known as liquid bleach. It is produced through the chlorination of sodium hydroxide and is widely used as a disinfectant. Both compounds are used for water treatment, aquaculture, agriculture, veterinary purposes, and in the fish processing industry.

1.  SUBMITTED BY :-
Rajesh V. Chudasama
Reg . No : 3111017003
3rd Sem B.F.Sc
 SUBMITTED TO :-
Prof. Haresh G. Solanki,
Assisstant Prof.,
COF, NAU

2. • Chlorine was first produced by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish
chemist, when he combined the mineral pyrolusite (MnO2) with
hydrochloric acid (HCl) in 1774.
• Although Scheele thought the gas produced in his experiment
contained oxygen, Sir Humphry Davy proved in 1810 that it was
actually a distinct element. Today, most chlorine is produced
through the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl).
• Chlorine is commonly used as an antiseptic and is used to make
drinking water safe and to treat swimming pools.
• Large amounts of chlorine are used in many industrial
processes, such as in the production of paper products, plastics,
dyes, textiles, medicines, antiseptics, insecticides, solvents and
paints.
Chlorine

3. Compound of Chlorine
• Two of the most familiar chlorine compounds are
Calcium hypochlorite (CaOCl) and Sodiyam hypochlorite
(NaOCl) .
• Disinfectants Hypochlorite (Sodium or calcium
hypochlorite) Used for disinfection of tanks and
equipment.
• Chlorine decays with time by the action of sunlight and
consumption of chlorine through its oxidation of organic
matter.

4. • Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with formula Ca(ClO)2.
• It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching
powder, chlorine powder, or chlorinated lime, used for water
treatment and as a bleaching agents.
• This compound is relatively stable and has greater
available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach).
• It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow. It
strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air.
• It is not highly soluble in hard water, and is more preferably used in soft
to medium-hard water. It has two forms: dry (anhydrous);
and hydrated (hydrous).
 Structure :
1. Calcium hypochlorite Ca(ClO)2

5. • Calcium hypochlorite is produced industrially by
treating lime (Ca(OH)2) with chlorine gas.
• The reaction can be conducted in stages to give various
compositions, each with different concentration of
calcium hypochlorite, together with unconverted lime
and calcium chloride. The full conversion is shown
• Bleaching powder is made with slightly moist slaked lime.
It is not a simple mixture of calcium hypochlorite, calcium
chloride, and calcium hydroxide.
Production :
2 Cl2 + 2 Ca(OH)2 → Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

6. • Chlorination also is widely used in aquaculture for
disinfection before stocking is 20 mg/L of active
ingredient.
• Bleaching powder is extreamely effective in killing
unwanted fish in ponds, disease organisms, control
phytoplankton abundance and improve water quality in
pond already stocked with fish or shrimp.
• In catfish ponds, the chlorine dose is only about 0.1
mg/L, but up to 2 or 3 mg/L are sometimes used in
shrimp ponds.
• The quantity of bleaching powder will depend on the
percentage chlorine in the bleaching powder as follows:
10% chlorine, 0.05 kg/m3; 15 % chlorine, 0.033 kg/m3; 20
% chlorine, 0.025 kg/m3; 25 % chlorine, 0.02 kg/m3; 30 %
chlorine, 0.017 kg/m3.
 Uses :

7.  Product
Rs. 199/- (200g)

8.  Structure :
• Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl
or NaClO, comprising a sodium cation (Na+) and a
hypochlorite anion (ClO− or OCl−).
• It may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid.
• Sodium hypochlorite is most often encountered as a pale greenish-
yellow dilute solution commonly known as liquid bleach or simply bleach,
ahousehold chemical widely used (since the 18th century) as
a disinfectant or a bleaching agent.
2. Sodiyam hypochlorite (NaOCl)

9. • Chlorination of soda
• Hence, chlorine is simultaneously reduced and oxidized;
this process is known as disproportionation.
• The process is also used to prepare the
pentahydrate NaOCl·5H2O for industrial and laboratory
use.
• In a typical process, chlorine gas is added to a 45−48%
NaOH solution. Some of the sodium chloride precipitates
and is removed by filtration, and the pentahydrate is then
obtained by cooling the filtrate to 12°C .
 Production :
Cl2 (g) + 2 NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + NaClO (aq) + H2O (aq)

10. • Chlorine is used in the fish processing sector as a water disinfectant
and is probably the most widespread disinfectant in use.
• Its uses include washing fishery products, addition to water for
making ice for chilling fish, and in water for thawing frozen products.
• It is also used in water to cool canned fish after retorting to prevent
"leaker” spoilage.
• NaOCl is used in fish processing sector 100-200 ppm for foot dip and
10-20 ppm hand dip for disinfectant.
• Disinfect all working surface with 25 ppm chlorine solution.
• To remove all slime and blood, flush and rinse all working surface with
water containing 5 ppm residual free chlorine.
• Scrub all cutting boards and place in a tank containing 100 ppm
chlorine solution.
 Uses :
1. In fish processing sector :

11. 2. In Agriculture :
Chlorination
• Chlorine needs to be injected throughout a micro-irrigation
system at a concentration of 500 ppm (that is, 0.05 per cent)
prior to the start of the irrigation season.
• This treatment can be achieved by using sodium hypochlorite
("hypo").
• As hypo contains 12.5 per cent chlorine it should be diluted by
mixing 1 litre of hypo in every 250 litres of water to give the
required chlorine concentration.

12. • A clinical trial to assess the use of sodium
hypochlorite and oxytetracycline on the healing
of digital dermatitis lesions in cattle.
2. In Veterinary :

13.  Product
Rs. 189/- (200ml)

14. Sr. No. Purpose of chlorination Chlorine Dosage
( ppm )
1. Disinfection with combined residual 1.0-5.0
2. Disinfection with free residual 1.0-5.0
3. Ammonia (NH3-N) removal 10 x NH3-N content
4. Hydrogen Sulphide ( H2S) removal 1.22 x 5 content of free
sulphur,
8.9 x 5 content to
sulphate
5. Iron (Fe) removal 0.64 x Fe content
6. Manganese (Mn) removal 0.65 x Mn content
7. Algal control 1.0 – 10.0
8. Slime control 1.0 – 10.0
Chlorine dosages in the water treatment

15. • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochlo
rite
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_hypochlo
rite
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine
• Claude E. Boyd, Craig S. Tucker (2009), Water
Quality Requirements, Pond Aquaculture Water
Quality Management, pp. 151, 507-515
References :