Chlormphenicol

1. • Presented By : Rajesh V. Chudasama
Subject
Therapeutics in Aquaculture (AHM – 302)
Chloramphenicol
(Antibiotics)

2. Content…..
1. Introduction
2. Chemical and Physical Properties
3. Mechanism of Action
4. Therapeutic Uses
5. Chloramphenicol Use as a Immunostimulants
6. Side Effects

3. 1. CHLORAMPHENICOL
IUPAC Name :
2,2-dichloro-N-[(1R,2R)-1,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-
nitrophenyl)propan-2-yl]acetamide

4. • An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces venezuelae,
an organism first isolated in 1947 from a soil sample
collected in Venezuela.
• It has a nitrobenzene moiety that is responsible for
antibacterial activity and the bitter teste.

5. 2. Chemical and Physical Properties
• Molecular Weight - 323.13 g/mol (C11H12Cl2N2O5)
• Color/Form - White to greyish-white or yellowish-
white fine crystalline powder.
• Taste - Bitter
• Boiling Point - Sublimes in high vacuum (644.90 °C)
• Melting Point - 150.5 °C

6. • Solubility - 2.5 mg/ml (at 28 °C), Solubility in alcohol
or ethyleneglycol (> 20 mg/ml) is significantly better.
• pH Neutral to litmus
• Neutral and acid solutions are stable on heating.
• Stability/Shelf Life - chloramphenicol sodium
succinate injection containing 100 mg of
chloramphenicol per ml has a pH of 6.4-7.0 and is
stable for 30 days at room temperature.
• Heating it at 100°C for three hours its activity is not
lost, a loss in activity occurs in an alkaline medium.

7. 3. Mechanism of Action
Chloramphenicol inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria and, to a
lesser extent, in eukaryotic cells. The drug readily penetrates
bacterial cells, probably by facilitated diffusion.

8. 4. Therapeutic Uses
• Broad spectrum
(aerobic, anaerobic, gram +, gram -, rickettsiae)
• Bacteriostatic
Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Neisseria
meningitidis. It is bacteriostatic against gram-
negative bacilli of the family Enterobacteriaceae
and against Staphylococcus aureus.
• Bactericidal
(Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria, Meningitidis)

9. Application in Aquaculture
1. Dropsy
Causative agent : Pseudomonas punctata
• Dropsy is caused from a bacterial infection of the kidneys,
causing fluid accumulation or renal failure.
• The fluids in the body build up and cause the fish to bloat up and
the scales to protrude.
• Fish suffering from Dropsy often have a hugely swollen belly. It
was the most feared disease in carp culture.

10. • Dosage
carp dropsy : single doses by intraperitoneal
injection varying from 12 to as much as 80
mg/kg have been recommended.
An effective treatment is to add an antibiotic to
the food. With flake food, use about 1% of
antibiotic and carefully mix it in. Antibiotics
usually come in 250 mg capsules. If added to 25
grams of flake food, one capsule should be
enough to treat dozens of fish. A good antibiotic
is chloromycetin (chloramphenicol).
As a last resort add at most 10 mg per liter of
water.

11. 2. Furunculosis
Causative agent - Aeromonas salmonicida
Dosage :
Furunculosis (caused by A. salmonicida) at 50-75 mg/1 kg Fish/day in
species such as salmonids which consume feed quickly
chlormphenicol may be given in feed.

12. 3. Columnaris (cotton mouth)
• Causative Organism : Flexibacter columnaris /
Chondrococcus columnaris
Treatment
• Add antibiotic in water .
• Normally used antibiotics include the chloramphenicol 10
ppm(mg/L) repeated at 2-5 days interval .

13. 4. Bacterial gill disease &
Fin rot / tail rot
• Causative agent – Myxobacteria
Application of antibiotics like neomycin chloramphenicol useful in treatment of
bacterial gill disease in fishes .

14. General Dosage
 Dosage :
• 40 mg per liter of water for 10 to 20 hours.
The drug can be dissolved in a small quantity
of ethyl alcohol before adding it to the
treatment tank. During treatment, run the
filter over clean absorbent or raw cotton or
foam filter material.
• Dosage in feed : 500 mg (5 gm) per 100 g (1
Kg) feed, given twice daily for three days.

15. Species Inhibiting concentration,
µg/ml
A. punctata 1.5-3
P. fluorescens 100
A. salmonicida 1.5-3
A. formicans 1.5-3
P. subrubra 3-100
V. anguillarum 0.005

16. 5. Chloramphenicol use as a immunostimulants
• Chloramphenicol antibiotic and garlic (Allium sativum), used as
immunostimulants and growth promoters, on some physiological
parameters, growth performance, survival rate, and
bacteriological characteristics of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus).
• Treatment groups had a different level of Allium sativum (10, 20,
30, and 40 g/kg diet) and chloramphenicol (15, 30, and 45 mg/kg
diet) added to their diets; the control group diet was free from
garlic and antibiotic.
• Results showed that the final weight and specific growth rate
(SGR) of O. niloticus increased significantly with increasing levels
of Allium sativum and chloramphenicol.
• The highest growth performance was verified with 30g Allium
sativum / kg diet and 30mg chloramphenicol / kg diet

17. Side Effects
• According to more recent studies by Kreutzmann
(1977), Reide (1979) and Reide, et a1. (1983), side
effects occur after administration of therapeutic
doses of less than 50 mg/kg fish weight.
• This results in derangement of hematopoiesis and
a deterioration of the red cell component, so that
chloramphenicol application is contraindicated
for physiologically injured fish.

18. 7. Product

19. References
• K.M. Treves-Brown(2000), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Applied Fish
Pharmacology, Other Systemic Antibacterial Agents, pp. 148-150
• W. Schaperclaus, H. Kulow, K. Schreckenbach(1992),Fischkrankheiten.
Akademic-Verlag,Berlin,1986, Fish Diseases(Volume 1 ), Chemotherapy of
Fish, pp. 257-259
• https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Chloramphenicol#section=
Wikipedia
• https://animal world.com/encyclo/fresh/information/Diseases.htm
• https://www.who.int/topics/foodborne_diseases/aquaculture_rep_13_16j
une2006%20.pdf

20. Thank You