Textile bleaching is one of the stages in the manufacture of textiles. All raw textile materials, when they are in natural form, are known as 'greige' material. This greige material will have its natural color, odor and impurities that are not suitable for clothing materials
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. … In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
this slide in mercerization is prepared in chemical processing in textile and it could help a lot of students or lecturers who might be looking for web handout, presentation or seminar. it is openly accessible for all.
Classification of dyes; Dyeing of cotton, wool, silk, polyester, nylon and acrylic with appropriate dye classes; Dyeing of polyester/cotton and polyester/wool blends; Dyeing machines; Dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics and machines used; Dye fibre interaction; Introduction to thermodynamics and kinetics of dyeing; Methods for determination of wash, light and rubbing fastness.
Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. … In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile.
this slide in mercerization is prepared in chemical processing in textile and it could help a lot of students or lecturers who might be looking for web handout, presentation or seminar. it is openly accessible for all.
Classification of dyes; Dyeing of cotton, wool, silk, polyester, nylon and acrylic with appropriate dye classes; Dyeing of polyester/cotton and polyester/wool blends; Dyeing machines; Dyeing of cotton knitted fabrics and machines used; Dye fibre interaction; Introduction to thermodynamics and kinetics of dyeing; Methods for determination of wash, light and rubbing fastness.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is an extremely important product of the chemical industry and used in many industrial processes
Cell culture refers to the removal of cells from an animal or plant and their subsequent growth in a favorable artificial environment. The cells may be removed from the tissue directly and disaggregated by enzymatic or mechanical means before cultivation, or they may be derived from a cell line or cell strain that has already been established.
More cell culture techniques and best practices here. http://owl.li/dgS2Y
02 Characterization and Primary Treatment of Sewageakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
OXIDATION [PHARMACEUTICAL PROCESS CHEMISTRY]Shikha Popali
INTRODUCTION TO OXIDATION , WHICH IS PROCESS OF ADDITION OF OXYGEN TO THE COMPOUND IN RPOCESS CHEMISTRY AND LIQUID PHASE OXIDATION AND OTHER OXIDISING AGENTS ARE DISCUSSED.
Non-ionic
Hypochlorite Bleach Catalyst
Concentrated powder form bleach bath accelerator designed for catalyzing faster formation of active
bleaching species resulting in enhanced productivity and
optimizing the quantity of hypo chlorite required
less load on effluent, reduces bleach cycle, improves productivity, reduces fabric damage.
2 Pre treatments of textile material.pptROHIT SINGH
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY:ROHIT SINGH
The basic objective of pretreatment processing is removal of added or natural impurities present in textile fibres to improve the absorbency.
BY: ROHIT SINGH
A technical textile is a textile product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where function is the primary criterion. Technical textiles include textiles for automotive applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles, and protective clothing
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdf
3 Bleaching Process .ppt
1. 1
Bleaching of TextileBleaching of Textile
MaterialsMaterials
Prepared byPrepared by
ROHIT SINGHROHIT SINGH
nitragzb20152019@gmail.comnitragzb20152019@gmail.com
+91 9450316927+91 9450316927
NITRA TECHNICALNITRA TECHNICAL
CAMPUSCAMPUS
2. BleachingBleaching
To decolorize the natural coloring matter in the cottonTo decolorize the natural coloring matter in the cotton
using bleaching agentsusing bleaching agents
To facilitate the textile material( yarn/fabric ) ready forTo facilitate the textile material( yarn/fabric ) ready for
dyeing and printingdyeing and printing
AA bleachbleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens,is a chemical that removes colors or whitens,
often via oxidation or reductionoften via oxidation or reduction
Many bleaches have strong bactericidal properties, andMany bleaches have strong bactericidal properties, and
are used for disinfecting and sterilizing.are used for disinfecting and sterilizing.
3. Bleaching of Cotton FibreBleaching of Cotton Fibre
Bleaching is another important pretreatmentBleaching is another important pretreatment
next to scouring, performed on cotton fibresnext to scouring, performed on cotton fibres
Bleaching removes the unwanted naturalBleaching removes the unwanted natural
coloring pigments.coloring pigments.
Bleaching could be performed by two types ofBleaching could be performed by two types of
techniques; reductive and oxidativetechniques; reductive and oxidative
Reductive technique is not followed nowadaysReductive technique is not followed nowadays
due to its inefficient performance on cottondue to its inefficient performance on cotton
4. Oxidative Bleaching on CottonOxidative Bleaching on Cotton
Normally oxidative bleaching action is performed in theNormally oxidative bleaching action is performed in the
industries on cotton fibre substratesindustries on cotton fibre substrates
Though number of bleaching agents are available in theThough number of bleaching agents are available in the
chemical market, few bleaching agents are being usedchemical market, few bleaching agents are being used
extensivelyextensively
Calcium hypochlorite, Sodium hypochlorite andCalcium hypochlorite, Sodium hypochlorite and
Hydrogen peroxide are the most frequent usedHydrogen peroxide are the most frequent used
bleaching agents in the conventional cotton processingbleaching agents in the conventional cotton processing
unitsunits
5. Methods of BleachingMethods of Bleaching
Common chemical bleaches include household chlorine bleach, aCommon chemical bleaches include household chlorine bleach, a
solution of approximately 3–6% CaOClsolution of approximately 3–6% CaOCl22 (bleaching powder)(bleaching powder)
Using dilute Sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl)Using dilute Sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl)
Oxygen bleach, which contains Hydrogen peroxide (universalOxygen bleach, which contains Hydrogen peroxide (universal
bleaching agent)bleaching agent)
A peroxide-releasing compound such as sodiumA peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium
perborate,sodium per sulfate ,tetra sodium pyrophosphate orperborate,sodium per sulfate ,tetra sodium pyrophosphate or
urea peroxide together with catalysts and activators.urea peroxide together with catalysts and activators.
Using sodium chlorite solution at the boilUsing sodium chlorite solution at the boil
6. Bleaching RequirementsBleaching Requirements
An efficient bleaching must ensure,An efficient bleaching must ensure,
Pure and permanent whitePure and permanent white
Level dyeing properties (avoiding over or underLevel dyeing properties (avoiding over or under
bleaching which affects the dye absorptionbleaching which affects the dye absorption
characteristics of the fabric)characteristics of the fabric)
Fabric does not undergo tendering ( chemical damageFabric does not undergo tendering ( chemical damage
or degradation, results in loss in tensile strength andor degradation, results in loss in tensile strength and
durability)durability)
7. Calcium hypochloriteCalcium hypochlorite
In the earlier decades calcium hypochlorite was the onlyIn the earlier decades calcium hypochlorite was the only
bleaching agent dominated in the bleaching sectionsbleaching agent dominated in the bleaching sections
Calcium hypochlorite is in the powder form calledCalcium hypochlorite is in the powder form called
Bleaching powderBleaching powder
The application of calcium hypochlorite for bleachingThe application of calcium hypochlorite for bleaching
requires dissolution of bleaching powder and separationrequires dissolution of bleaching powder and separation
of supernatent solution, consumes some more timeof supernatent solution, consumes some more time
Ca(OCl)Ca(OCl)22 + H+ H22OO Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 + CaCl+ CaCl22 + Cl+ Cl22↑↑
8. ……continuedcontinued
Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22, calcium hydroxide gives the required pH (9.5, calcium hydroxide gives the required pH (9.5
to 11.0) in the bathto 11.0) in the bath
CaClCaCl22 is a salt present in the solution without anyis a salt present in the solution without any
trouble for bleachingtrouble for bleaching
ClCl22 is the chlorine available for bleachingis the chlorine available for bleaching
The available chlorine reacts instantly with water andThe available chlorine reacts instantly with water and
form HOCl, which dissociates to give HCl and (O),form HOCl, which dissociates to give HCl and (O),
nascent oxygen (an powerful oxidising agent); due tonascent oxygen (an powerful oxidising agent); due to
the presence of HCl in the bath, the pH should bethe presence of HCl in the bath, the pH should be
maintained properly by adding buffers like Namaintained properly by adding buffers like Na22COCO33..
9. Sodium hypochloriteSodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite is also similar to calciumSodium hypochlorite is also similar to calcium
hypochlorite, with little differencehypochlorite, with little difference
NaOClNaOCl + H+ H22OO NaOH + NaClNaOH + NaCl + Cl+ Cl22↑↑
NaOH is the alkali which gives the required pHNaOH is the alkali which gives the required pH
(9.5 to 11.0) during bleaching(9.5 to 11.0) during bleaching
NaCl is the salt present with no interferenceNaCl is the salt present with no interference
ClCl22 is the available chlorine leads to nascentis the available chlorine leads to nascent
oxygen as oxidative bleaching agent.oxygen as oxidative bleaching agent.
10. Comparison between Ca(OCl)Comparison between Ca(OCl)22 andand
NaOClNaOCl
Ca(OCl)Ca(OCl)22 is available in the powder form whereasis available in the powder form whereas
NaOCl is in the liquid formNaOCl is in the liquid form
Dissolution of Ca(OCl)Dissolution of Ca(OCl)22 requires additional 3 torequires additional 3 to
6 hours, since Ca(OCl)6 hours, since Ca(OCl)22 is partially only dissolvedis partially only dissolved
in waterin water
During bleaching there is a possibility of suddenDuring bleaching there is a possibility of sudden
reduction in pH due to the decrease of Ca(OH)reduction in pH due to the decrease of Ca(OH)22
in the bleaching bath and also by the formationin the bleaching bath and also by the formation
of HClof HCl
11. Bleaching processBleaching process
For hypochlorite bleaching,For hypochlorite bleaching,
Batch processBatch process
Liquor circulation methodLiquor circulation method
For peroxide bleaching,For peroxide bleaching,
One stage process( Continuous bleaching J Box)One stage process( Continuous bleaching J Box)
Two stage method (Continuous scouring andTwo stage method (Continuous scouring and
bleaching process)bleaching process)
12. Process conditions for hypochlorite BleachingProcess conditions for hypochlorite Bleaching
Material weight – x gMaterial weight – x g
NaOCl/ Ca(OCl)NaOCl/ Ca(OCl)22 – 2-3 gpl of available Cl– 2-3 gpl of available Cl
NaNa22COCO33 – 0.5 % owm– 0.5 % owm
MLR – 1:20MLR – 1:20
Temp – Room TempTemp – Room Temp
Time – 2 hrsTime – 2 hrs
13. Problems in Hypochlorite BleachingProblems in Hypochlorite Bleaching
In Ca(OCl)In Ca(OCl)22 bleaching Ca(OH)bleaching Ca(OH)22 is converted to CaCOis converted to CaCO33 by theby the
reaction with COreaction with CO22. [Ca(OH). [Ca(OH)22 + CO+ CO22 CaCOCaCO33]]
This conversion reduces the alkali content in bleaching bath andThis conversion reduces the alkali content in bleaching bath and
decreases the pH, since CaCOdecreases the pH, since CaCO33 is insoluble in wateris insoluble in water
In NaOCl bleaching NaOH is converted to NaIn NaOCl bleaching NaOH is converted to Na22COCO33 which iswhich is
soluble in water [NaOH + COsoluble in water [NaOH + CO22 NaNa22COCO33]]
In both the bleaching, due to HCl formation during bleachingIn both the bleaching, due to HCl formation during bleaching
pH decreases commonlypH decreases commonly
To avoid this problem buffer like NaTo avoid this problem buffer like Na22COCO33 is required to be addedis required to be added
to maintain pH 9.5 to 11.0, the decrease of pH below 9 willto maintain pH 9.5 to 11.0, the decrease of pH below 9 will
cause damage to the polymercause damage to the polymer
14. Hydrogen PeroxideHydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is considered as an universalHydrogen peroxide is considered as an universal
bleaching agent, as it is suitable for all sort of textilesbleaching agent, as it is suitable for all sort of textiles
Hydrogen peroxide is stable at neutral / near neutralHydrogen peroxide is stable at neutral / near neutral
pHpH
The pH of hydrogen peroxide solution can be modifiedThe pH of hydrogen peroxide solution can be modified
based on the suitabilitybased on the suitability
Processing pH of cellulosic is between 9 and 11.5;Processing pH of cellulosic is between 9 and 11.5;
proteins 2.5 to 6.0; and synthetics near neutral acidicproteins 2.5 to 6.0; and synthetics near neutral acidic
pHpH
15. ..continued..continued
For cotton bleaching, the pH of hydrogen peroxideFor cotton bleaching, the pH of hydrogen peroxide
solution is maintained at around 11solution is maintained at around 11
When alkali is added the stability of hydrogen peroxideWhen alkali is added the stability of hydrogen peroxide
is reduced and decomposed fastlyis reduced and decomposed fastly
To control the rapid decomposition stabilizer is addedTo control the rapid decomposition stabilizer is added
The ingredients added during peroxide bleaching areThe ingredients added during peroxide bleaching are
normally; hydrogen peroxide (bleaching agent, 1-normally; hydrogen peroxide (bleaching agent, 1-
3%owm), sodium hydroxide or carbonate (bleaching3%owm), sodium hydroxide or carbonate (bleaching
promoters, 0.25 to 1.0%owm), sodium silicate (bufferpromoters, 0.25 to 1.0%owm), sodium silicate (buffer
or stabilizers, 0.5 to 1.0%owm)or stabilizers, 0.5 to 1.0%owm)
16. ……continuedcontinued
HH22OO22 ↔ H↔ H++
+ HO+ HO22
--
[stable][stable]
HOHO22
--
↔ [OH]↔ [OH]--
+ (O) [unstable]+ (O) [unstable]
In the alkaline condition the unstability ofIn the alkaline condition the unstability of
peroxide is continued by the concentrationperoxide is continued by the concentration
The liberation of nascent oxygen is utilized forThe liberation of nascent oxygen is utilized for
the oxidation reaction in a controlled manner bythe oxidation reaction in a controlled manner by
selecting the stabilisers to get uniformselecting the stabilisers to get uniform
applicationapplication
17. Advantages of Hydrogen peroxideAdvantages of Hydrogen peroxide
BleachingBleaching
Application of hydrogen peroxide is simple, sinceApplication of hydrogen peroxide is simple, since
available in liquid formavailable in liquid form
Risk on textiles during bleaching is minimized, due toRisk on textiles during bleaching is minimized, due to
its stability at near neutral pHits stability at near neutral pH
No solid deposits from hydrogen peroxide duringNo solid deposits from hydrogen peroxide during
bleaching is formedbleaching is formed
Cost of processing is considered less, because of lessCost of processing is considered less, because of less
sequence and less time during applicationsequence and less time during application
Quality of bleached textiles is high due to efficientQuality of bleached textiles is high due to efficient
application and less risk of damage on materialapplication and less risk of damage on material
18. Process conditions for peroxide BleachingProcess conditions for peroxide Bleaching
Material weight – x gMaterial weight – x g
HH22OO22– 3% owm– 3% owm
NaNa22SiOSiO33 – 2 % owm– 2 % owm
NaOH – 1% owmNaOH – 1% owm
MLR – 1:20MLR – 1:20
Temp – 95° CTemp – 95° C
Time – 2 hrsTime – 2 hrs