This document discusses the potential applications of chitin/chitosan in various fields including biotechnology, nanotechnology, material science, and medicine. It summarizes that chitin/chitosan can be fabricated into various nanostructures like quantum dots, nanoparticles, and composites which have applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, gene delivery, biosensing, and as biomarkers. Chitin/chitosan is a versatile biopolymer that can be modified and formulated for use in fields like biomedical devices, wound healing, regenerative medicine, cancer detection and treatment due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility and antimicrobial properties.
This document is a product catalogue from Nanoshel that describes their carbon nanotube products. It discusses that Nanoshel offers nanoparticles, nanopowder, micron powders, and carbon nanotubes for research and bulk industrial use. They have expertise in nanomaterial properties, applications, and manufacturing. They are focused on carbon nanotubes which have excellent electric, mechanical, and thermal properties and can be applied in various industries. The document provides details on their multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotube products, properties, and potential applications. It also discusses future applications of carbon nanotubes in different industries and shape memory polymers as smart materials.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
This document summarizes a study that examines consumer acceptance of food irradiation using the recreancy theorem, which focuses on consumer evaluations of societal institutions' ability to develop and manage technologies. The study surveyed 482 individuals about food irradiation at two time periods. Structural equation models showed that the recreancy theorem effectively explains trust and acceptance, with presenting alternative information relating to increased acceptance. Key determinants of trust - competence and responsibility - equally impacted trust in institutions as specified by the recreancy theorem.
Food irradiation is a technology that uses ionizing radiation like gamma rays, x-rays, and electron beams to eliminate microbial contamination in food while maintaining nutritional quality. It has advantages like inhibiting spoilage and extending shelf life without increasing temperatures or leaving chemical residues. While it has increased acceptance, some consumers remain wary of safety. Food irradiation facilities use radiation sources, shielding, and specialized equipment to process food through controlled irradiation doses.
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a €3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with proper
Bionanotechnology utilizes biological systems optimized through evolution like cells, proteins, and nucleic acids to create functional nanostructures made of organic and inorganic materials. It combines nanotechnology and biotechnology, originally designed to manipulate nanostructures for basic and applied biological studies. Recombinant DNA technology is central to bionanotechnology as it allows for mutation, recombination, and sequencing of genes. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies cloned from a single parent cell that can be targeted as "magic bullets" against diseases. Nanowires are promising for new biosensor platforms due to properties like size, aspect ratio, and ability to exploit electrical sensing.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
This document is a product catalogue from Nanoshel that describes their carbon nanotube products. It discusses that Nanoshel offers nanoparticles, nanopowder, micron powders, and carbon nanotubes for research and bulk industrial use. They have expertise in nanomaterial properties, applications, and manufacturing. They are focused on carbon nanotubes which have excellent electric, mechanical, and thermal properties and can be applied in various industries. The document provides details on their multi-walled and single-walled carbon nanotube products, properties, and potential applications. It also discusses future applications of carbon nanotubes in different industries and shape memory polymers as smart materials.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
This document summarizes a study that examines consumer acceptance of food irradiation using the recreancy theorem, which focuses on consumer evaluations of societal institutions' ability to develop and manage technologies. The study surveyed 482 individuals about food irradiation at two time periods. Structural equation models showed that the recreancy theorem effectively explains trust and acceptance, with presenting alternative information relating to increased acceptance. Key determinants of trust - competence and responsibility - equally impacted trust in institutions as specified by the recreancy theorem.
Food irradiation is a technology that uses ionizing radiation like gamma rays, x-rays, and electron beams to eliminate microbial contamination in food while maintaining nutritional quality. It has advantages like inhibiting spoilage and extending shelf life without increasing temperatures or leaving chemical residues. While it has increased acceptance, some consumers remain wary of safety. Food irradiation facilities use radiation sources, shielding, and specialized equipment to process food through controlled irradiation doses.
National O.O. Bogomolets Medical University in Ukraine studied nanoparticles and nanosafety. Nanoscience involves studying and manipulating matter at the nanoscale from 1-100 nanometers. The European Union funds nanoscience research with a €3.5 billion budget from 2007-2013. Nanoparticles have various natural, incidental, and engineered forms and properties. Researchers evaluate nanoparticles' toxicity, biological effects, and safety risks based on size, shape, material, and other factors. Nanoparticles show potential for medical applications like cancer treatment but also risks like oxidative stress that researchers aim to reduce through characterization, regulation, and targeted delivery systems. The presentation concludes some nanoparticles may be safely used in vivo with proper
Bionanotechnology utilizes biological systems optimized through evolution like cells, proteins, and nucleic acids to create functional nanostructures made of organic and inorganic materials. It combines nanotechnology and biotechnology, originally designed to manipulate nanostructures for basic and applied biological studies. Recombinant DNA technology is central to bionanotechnology as it allows for mutation, recombination, and sequencing of genes. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies cloned from a single parent cell that can be targeted as "magic bullets" against diseases. Nanowires are promising for new biosensor platforms due to properties like size, aspect ratio, and ability to exploit electrical sensing.
introduction to Nanobiotechnology
what is nanotechnology
bionanotechnology
classical biotechnology industrial production using biological system
modern biotechnology from industrial processes to noval therapeutics
modern biotechnology immunological enzymatic and neucleic acid based technology
Dna based technology
self assembly and supramolecular chemistry
formation of ordered structure at nano scale
This document provides an overview of eco-friendly nanoparticles and their applications in promoting sustainable agriculture. It discusses how nanoparticles can be classified and synthesized, and their various uses in agriculture including as nanofertilizers, nanoherbicides, and nanopesticides to enhance crop yields while reducing environmental impacts. Specific examples are given of how silver and metallic nanoparticles can inhibit bacteria and viruses, and how polymer nanoparticles can be used to control drug release for agricultural applications.
Nanobiotechnology is the convergence of nanotechnology and molecular biology. It uses tools from nanofabrication to study biosystems at the nanoscale and has applications in areas like pharmaceuticals, healthcare, food safety, and tissue engineering. Specifically, it enables the creation of nano-sized delivery systems for nutrients and drugs, highly sensitive biosensors for detecting pathogens and compounds, and the assembly of nanostructures using biological molecules like DNA. Advances in nanobiotechnology are proving beneficial for diagnostics and novel therapies such as drug discovery, delivery, and gene therapy. It has great potential to impact many fields by simplifying scientific work at the nanoscale.
This document discusses nanomaterials for biosensors and implantable biodevices. It describes how nanostructured thin films have enabled the development of more sensitive electrochemical biosensors by increasing detection of specific molecules. Two common techniques for creating nanostructured thin films are discussed - Langmuir-Blodgett films and layer-by-layer films using polyelectrolytes. These techniques allow control over film thickness at the nanoscale and have been used with various biomolecules to create biosensors for applications like glucose detection. Recent advances include using these materials and techniques to create miniaturized and implantable biosensors for real-time monitoring.
This document discusses nanomaterials for biosensors and implantable biodevices. It describes how nanostructured thin films have enabled the development of more sensitive electrochemical biosensors by improving the detection of specific molecules. Two common techniques for creating nanostructured thin films are described - Langmuir-Blodgett films and layer-by-layer films. These techniques allow for the precise control of film thickness at the nanoscale and have been used to immobilize biomolecules like enzymes to create biosensors. Recent research is also exploring how these nanostructured films and biomolecules can be used to create implantable biosensors for real-time monitoring inside the body.
This document discusses nanoparticles, including their types, characterization, modes of action, and applications. Some key points include:
Nanoparticles range from 1-1000nm in size and have high surface area to volume ratios. Common types include nanotubes and quantum dots. Characterization techniques include spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM. Nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects through reactive oxygen species production and cell membrane disruption. Applications include use in wound dressings, household products, and food/water purification to provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Advantages are specific targeting and biodegradability while disadvantages include potential toxicity risks.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers. It has various applications in food processing and packaging to improve properties, functionality, and food safety. In food packaging, nanomaterials can be added to polymers to create nanocomposites with improved barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties. Specifically, nanoparticles of clay, silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and fibers are used in food packaging materials. These nanocomposites can provide oxygen barriers, carbon dioxide barriers, antimicrobial properties, UV protection, and improved strength. Nanotechnology also enables active and intelligent packaging through use of nanosensors, nanoreservoirs, and nanoencapsulation.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. As the size of particles decreases, their surface area increases, allowing more of their atoms and molecules to interact with the environment and potentially cause toxic effects. Nanomaterials can enter the body through various routes and distribute to organs, where they may cause toxicity through effects like inflammation, DNA damage, and tissue damage. They may also pollute the environment through deposition in water, soil, and plants. Occupational, consumer, and environmental exposures are increasing as nanotechnology applications expand. The toxicity depends on factors like surface area, chemical composition, and ability to interact with and inhibit enzymes.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in agriculture and food. It discusses how nanotechnology can enable precision farming through smart sensors and delivery systems to help combat viruses and crop pathogens. Nanotechnology may also enhance nutrient absorption in plants and increase pesticide efficiency. The food industry is an area where nanotechnology can revolutionize packaging and food safety as well as processing. The global market for nanofood is predicted to grow significantly in the coming years.
The document discusses various sources of nanoparticle exposure and their potential health effects. It addresses nanoparticles from diesel exhaust, indoor air pollution from activities like cooking, cigarette smoke, demolition sites, and engineered nanoparticles used in consumer products. Some key points include:
- Diesel exhaust nanoparticles can increase cardiovascular risk and lung cancer risk.
- Indoor activities are a major source of indoor air pollution and nanoparticle exposure.
- Cigarette smoke contains nanoparticles that increase cancer and respiratory disease risk.
- Demolition sites release asbestos and other toxic nanoparticles that can cause respiratory symptoms.
- Engineered nanoparticles are used in cosmetics, clothing, and other products but their health effects after exposure are still being studied.
1) Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension between 1-100 nm. At the nanoscale, properties like optical, electrical, and mechanical properties change due to large interatomic forces and increased surface area.
2) Nanotechnology has applications in areas like agriculture, food packaging, nutraceuticals, waste water treatment, diagnosis, and was used in ancient India. Potential health risks also exist from nanoparticles crossing skin barriers and damaging cells.
3) Both advantages like stronger and cheaper materials as well as faster computers and new medical technologies, and disadvantages like potential health issues and nano-pollution exist for nanotechnology.
ABSTRACT: Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale. Integrating chemistry and materials science, Nanotechnology is emerging as a primary driver of technology, delivering significant impacts in many areas of society. Nanotechnology is now used in chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. This paper provides a brief introduction to the use of nanotechnology in the chemicals industry.
KEY WORDS: nanotechnology in chemical industry, nanomaterials, nanoscience
A variety of Nano-biomaterials are synthesised, characterised and tested to find out their potentialities by global scientific communities, during the last three decades. Among those, nanostructured ceramics, cements and coatings are being considered for major use in orthopaedic, dental and other medical applications. The development of novel biocompatible ceramic materials with improved biomedical functions is at the forefront of health-related applications, all over the world. Understanding of the potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials will provide a major insight into the future developments. This study reviews and enlists the prominent potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials, like Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Hydroxy-Apatite(HAP), TCP+HAP, Si substituted HAP, Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate, Bioactive Glasses, Bioactive Glass Ceramics, Titania-Based Ceramics, Zirconia Ceramics, Alumina Ceramcis and Ceramic Polymer Composites.
Best Career Options after Graduating in Biotechnology CourseCGC Landran
Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that applies concepts of chemistry, engineering, biology and design to improve lives and living standards through various processes. Completing a biotechnology degree provides many career options, including pursuing further education or entering the job market. Students can continue their education with a master's degree in biotechnology or an MBA. For work, there are numerous opportunities as biomedical engineers, bioinformaticians, biochemists, biophysicists, laboratory technicians, researchers and more.
1) Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor particles with unique optical and electrical properties that make them useful for applications in biomedical imaging, electronics, and more.
2) While QDs offer societal benefits, they may also pose risks to human health and the environment depending on their physicochemical properties and environmental conditions.
3) A review of studies found that QD toxicity depends on multiple factors like size, charge, coating, and stability, rather than all QDs being uniformly toxic. The unstable breakdown of QD coatings may release toxic core components.
The document summarizes a presentation on the use of nanoparticles in plant disease management. It discusses how nanotechnology can provide green alternatives to chemical fungicides by encapsulating active ingredients to protect them from environmental factors. The presentation covers the history and definitions of nanotechnology, properties of nanoparticles, approaches to nanoparticle production, applications in agriculture including disease detection and smart delivery systems, and the potential advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology.
Application of nano technology in medicinal and aromatic cropsChandrakant Ballolli
This document discusses the application of nanotechnology in medicinal and aromatic plants. It begins with an introduction to nanotechnology and its importance in fields such as biomedicine, sensors, electronics and agriculture. It then discusses some key applications of nanotechnology in MAPs such as drug delivery, biosynthesis of nanoparticles, and nanoemulsion preparation. Specific examples are provided of nanoparticles used for drug delivery from plants such as lemongrass. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is also discussed. Finally, the use of nanotechnology in crop management applications like slow release of fertilizers and herbicides is summarized.
The document discusses nano-toxicological issues, noting that nanoparticles can interact with cells depending on their size. Particles less than 100nm can enter cells, those under 40nm can enter the cell nucleus, and those under 35nm can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Studies aim to understand how physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles like size, shape, surface chemistry and aggregation affect toxic biological responses. Some toxic issues discussed are oxidative stress induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Progress in reducing toxicity includes using approved materials in development and international efforts to standardize in vitro and in vivo testing protocols.
Nanoparticles show potential for applications in plant pathology including detection and control of plant diseases. Zinc nanoparticles synthesized using Pseudomonas fluorescens were effective against Xanthomonas spp. that cause diseases in various crops. Smaller sulfur nanoparticles showed greater inhibition of the fungal pathogen Fusarium solani compared to larger nanoparticles. Silver-chitosan nanoparticles reduced gray mold disease in strawberries caused by Botrytis cinerea. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles induced systemic resistance in tomatoes against Ralstonia solanacearum and reduced bacterial wilt disease progression. Nanoparticles have potential for developing smart delivery systems to monitor and treat plant diseases.
CytoGene Research & Development offers you great platform for training in Biotechnology in lucknow It provides Training, Project and Dissertation, and they encourage to student to publish their publications in various areas .
http://cytogene.in/
Silver nanoparticles are broad spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compoundsJillFischer4
This document discusses recent advances in understanding the biocidal mechanisms of silver nanoparticles. It summarizes that silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. They interact with viral and bacterial membranes and proteins, altering their structure and function. Regarding bacteria, silver nanoparticles may damage cell membranes and inhibit cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis. Regarding viruses, they may bind to viral envelopes and glycoproteins to prevent fusion with and entry into host cells. Studies show silver nanoparticles inhibit a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi through these mechanisms of action.
Polymer based nanofibers as an important group of materials have attracted considerable attention of research and industrial areas. Polymer nanofibers with diameters in submicrometer 1 µm possess unique properties including large specific surface area per unit mass, which facilitated adding functionalities to surface for specific application. Typically, polymer nanofibers have been synthesized by electrospinning, spinneret based tunable engineered parameters STEP or drawing techniques, template synthesis, phase separation inversion, self assembly, solution blowing air jet spinning , forcespinning centrifugal spinning , and interfacial polymerization of nanofibers. The most common method is electrospinning due to its feasibility, cost effectiveness, ability to fabricate continuous fibers from various polymers, and mass production. Polymer nanofibers are fabricated from both natural and synthetic polymers. Tanmayi D. Kalamkar | Vikram Veer | Dipti S. Patil "Polymers Used in Preparation of Nanofibers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/56292/polymers-used-in-preparation-of-nanofibers/tanmayi-d-kalamkar
The next years will prove the importance of greensynthesis methods for MNPs and MONPs production because they are not
only easy to execute, fast, and cheap but also less toxic and environmentally ecofriendly. Nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms
and plants by green synthesis technology is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Plants and microorganisms
have established the power to devour and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their neighboring niche. The biological entities are
known to synthesize nanoparticles bothextra and intracellularly. The capability of a living system to utilize its intrinsic organic
chemistry processes in remodeling inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has opened up an undiscovered area of biochemical analysis.
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal oxidenanoparticles (MONPs) are used in numerous fields. The new nano-based entities are
being strongly generated and incorporated into everyday personal care products, cosmetics, medicines, drug delivery, and clothing
toimpact industrial and manufacturing sectors, which means that nanomaterials commercialization and nanoassisted device will
continuously grow. They can be prepared by many methods such as green synthesis and the conventional chemical synthesis methods.
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and
physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost
effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. Greensynthesis includes infinite accession to produce MNPs and
MONPs with demanding properties. The structure–function relationships between nanomaterials and key information for life cycle
evaluation lead to the production of high execution nanoscale materials that are gentle and environmentally friendly. Majority of plants
have features as sustainable and renewable suppliers compared with microbes and enzymes, as they have the ability to pick up almost
75% of the light energy and transform it into chemical energy, contain chemicals like antioxidants and sugars, and play fundamental
roles in the manufacture of nanoparticles. Plants considered the main factory for the green synthesis of MNPs and MONPs, and until
now, different plant species have been used to study this, but the determined conditions should be taken into consideration to execute
this preparation.
This document provides an overview of eco-friendly nanoparticles and their applications in promoting sustainable agriculture. It discusses how nanoparticles can be classified and synthesized, and their various uses in agriculture including as nanofertilizers, nanoherbicides, and nanopesticides to enhance crop yields while reducing environmental impacts. Specific examples are given of how silver and metallic nanoparticles can inhibit bacteria and viruses, and how polymer nanoparticles can be used to control drug release for agricultural applications.
Nanobiotechnology is the convergence of nanotechnology and molecular biology. It uses tools from nanofabrication to study biosystems at the nanoscale and has applications in areas like pharmaceuticals, healthcare, food safety, and tissue engineering. Specifically, it enables the creation of nano-sized delivery systems for nutrients and drugs, highly sensitive biosensors for detecting pathogens and compounds, and the assembly of nanostructures using biological molecules like DNA. Advances in nanobiotechnology are proving beneficial for diagnostics and novel therapies such as drug discovery, delivery, and gene therapy. It has great potential to impact many fields by simplifying scientific work at the nanoscale.
This document discusses nanomaterials for biosensors and implantable biodevices. It describes how nanostructured thin films have enabled the development of more sensitive electrochemical biosensors by increasing detection of specific molecules. Two common techniques for creating nanostructured thin films are discussed - Langmuir-Blodgett films and layer-by-layer films using polyelectrolytes. These techniques allow control over film thickness at the nanoscale and have been used with various biomolecules to create biosensors for applications like glucose detection. Recent advances include using these materials and techniques to create miniaturized and implantable biosensors for real-time monitoring.
This document discusses nanomaterials for biosensors and implantable biodevices. It describes how nanostructured thin films have enabled the development of more sensitive electrochemical biosensors by improving the detection of specific molecules. Two common techniques for creating nanostructured thin films are described - Langmuir-Blodgett films and layer-by-layer films. These techniques allow for the precise control of film thickness at the nanoscale and have been used to immobilize biomolecules like enzymes to create biosensors. Recent research is also exploring how these nanostructured films and biomolecules can be used to create implantable biosensors for real-time monitoring inside the body.
This document discusses nanoparticles, including their types, characterization, modes of action, and applications. Some key points include:
Nanoparticles range from 1-1000nm in size and have high surface area to volume ratios. Common types include nanotubes and quantum dots. Characterization techniques include spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and TEM. Nanoparticles have antimicrobial effects through reactive oxygen species production and cell membrane disruption. Applications include use in wound dressings, household products, and food/water purification to provide broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. Advantages are specific targeting and biodegradability while disadvantages include potential toxicity risks.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers. It has various applications in food processing and packaging to improve properties, functionality, and food safety. In food packaging, nanomaterials can be added to polymers to create nanocomposites with improved barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties. Specifically, nanoparticles of clay, silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and fibers are used in food packaging materials. These nanocomposites can provide oxygen barriers, carbon dioxide barriers, antimicrobial properties, UV protection, and improved strength. Nanotechnology also enables active and intelligent packaging through use of nanosensors, nanoreservoirs, and nanoencapsulation.
Nanotoxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. As the size of particles decreases, their surface area increases, allowing more of their atoms and molecules to interact with the environment and potentially cause toxic effects. Nanomaterials can enter the body through various routes and distribute to organs, where they may cause toxicity through effects like inflammation, DNA damage, and tissue damage. They may also pollute the environment through deposition in water, soil, and plants. Occupational, consumer, and environmental exposures are increasing as nanotechnology applications expand. The toxicity depends on factors like surface area, chemical composition, and ability to interact with and inhibit enzymes.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology applications in agriculture and food. It discusses how nanotechnology can enable precision farming through smart sensors and delivery systems to help combat viruses and crop pathogens. Nanotechnology may also enhance nutrient absorption in plants and increase pesticide efficiency. The food industry is an area where nanotechnology can revolutionize packaging and food safety as well as processing. The global market for nanofood is predicted to grow significantly in the coming years.
The document discusses various sources of nanoparticle exposure and their potential health effects. It addresses nanoparticles from diesel exhaust, indoor air pollution from activities like cooking, cigarette smoke, demolition sites, and engineered nanoparticles used in consumer products. Some key points include:
- Diesel exhaust nanoparticles can increase cardiovascular risk and lung cancer risk.
- Indoor activities are a major source of indoor air pollution and nanoparticle exposure.
- Cigarette smoke contains nanoparticles that increase cancer and respiratory disease risk.
- Demolition sites release asbestos and other toxic nanoparticles that can cause respiratory symptoms.
- Engineered nanoparticles are used in cosmetics, clothing, and other products but their health effects after exposure are still being studied.
1) Nanomaterials are materials that have at least one dimension between 1-100 nm. At the nanoscale, properties like optical, electrical, and mechanical properties change due to large interatomic forces and increased surface area.
2) Nanotechnology has applications in areas like agriculture, food packaging, nutraceuticals, waste water treatment, diagnosis, and was used in ancient India. Potential health risks also exist from nanoparticles crossing skin barriers and damaging cells.
3) Both advantages like stronger and cheaper materials as well as faster computers and new medical technologies, and disadvantages like potential health issues and nano-pollution exist for nanotechnology.
ABSTRACT: Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale. Integrating chemistry and materials science, Nanotechnology is emerging as a primary driver of technology, delivering significant impacts in many areas of society. Nanotechnology is now used in chemistry, physics, biology, and engineering. This paper provides a brief introduction to the use of nanotechnology in the chemicals industry.
KEY WORDS: nanotechnology in chemical industry, nanomaterials, nanoscience
A variety of Nano-biomaterials are synthesised, characterised and tested to find out their potentialities by global scientific communities, during the last three decades. Among those, nanostructured ceramics, cements and coatings are being considered for major use in orthopaedic, dental and other medical applications. The development of novel biocompatible ceramic materials with improved biomedical functions is at the forefront of health-related applications, all over the world. Understanding of the potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials will provide a major insight into the future developments. This study reviews and enlists the prominent potential biomedical applications of ceramic nanomaterials, like Calcium Phosphate (CaP), Tri-Calcium Phosphate (TCP), Hydroxy-Apatite(HAP), TCP+HAP, Si substituted HAP, Calcium Sulphate and Carbonate, Bioactive Glasses, Bioactive Glass Ceramics, Titania-Based Ceramics, Zirconia Ceramics, Alumina Ceramcis and Ceramic Polymer Composites.
Best Career Options after Graduating in Biotechnology CourseCGC Landran
Biotechnology is an interdisciplinary field that applies concepts of chemistry, engineering, biology and design to improve lives and living standards through various processes. Completing a biotechnology degree provides many career options, including pursuing further education or entering the job market. Students can continue their education with a master's degree in biotechnology or an MBA. For work, there are numerous opportunities as biomedical engineers, bioinformaticians, biochemists, biophysicists, laboratory technicians, researchers and more.
1) Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoscale semiconductor particles with unique optical and electrical properties that make them useful for applications in biomedical imaging, electronics, and more.
2) While QDs offer societal benefits, they may also pose risks to human health and the environment depending on their physicochemical properties and environmental conditions.
3) A review of studies found that QD toxicity depends on multiple factors like size, charge, coating, and stability, rather than all QDs being uniformly toxic. The unstable breakdown of QD coatings may release toxic core components.
The document summarizes a presentation on the use of nanoparticles in plant disease management. It discusses how nanotechnology can provide green alternatives to chemical fungicides by encapsulating active ingredients to protect them from environmental factors. The presentation covers the history and definitions of nanotechnology, properties of nanoparticles, approaches to nanoparticle production, applications in agriculture including disease detection and smart delivery systems, and the potential advantages and disadvantages of nanotechnology.
Application of nano technology in medicinal and aromatic cropsChandrakant Ballolli
This document discusses the application of nanotechnology in medicinal and aromatic plants. It begins with an introduction to nanotechnology and its importance in fields such as biomedicine, sensors, electronics and agriculture. It then discusses some key applications of nanotechnology in MAPs such as drug delivery, biosynthesis of nanoparticles, and nanoemulsion preparation. Specific examples are provided of nanoparticles used for drug delivery from plants such as lemongrass. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is also discussed. Finally, the use of nanotechnology in crop management applications like slow release of fertilizers and herbicides is summarized.
The document discusses nano-toxicological issues, noting that nanoparticles can interact with cells depending on their size. Particles less than 100nm can enter cells, those under 40nm can enter the cell nucleus, and those under 35nm can pass through the blood-brain barrier. Studies aim to understand how physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles like size, shape, surface chemistry and aggregation affect toxic biological responses. Some toxic issues discussed are oxidative stress induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Progress in reducing toxicity includes using approved materials in development and international efforts to standardize in vitro and in vivo testing protocols.
Nanoparticles show potential for applications in plant pathology including detection and control of plant diseases. Zinc nanoparticles synthesized using Pseudomonas fluorescens were effective against Xanthomonas spp. that cause diseases in various crops. Smaller sulfur nanoparticles showed greater inhibition of the fungal pathogen Fusarium solani compared to larger nanoparticles. Silver-chitosan nanoparticles reduced gray mold disease in strawberries caused by Botrytis cinerea. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles induced systemic resistance in tomatoes against Ralstonia solanacearum and reduced bacterial wilt disease progression. Nanoparticles have potential for developing smart delivery systems to monitor and treat plant diseases.
CytoGene Research & Development offers you great platform for training in Biotechnology in lucknow It provides Training, Project and Dissertation, and they encourage to student to publish their publications in various areas .
http://cytogene.in/
Silver nanoparticles are broad spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compoundsJillFischer4
This document discusses recent advances in understanding the biocidal mechanisms of silver nanoparticles. It summarizes that silver nanoparticles are broad-spectrum bactericidal and virucidal compounds. They interact with viral and bacterial membranes and proteins, altering their structure and function. Regarding bacteria, silver nanoparticles may damage cell membranes and inhibit cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis. Regarding viruses, they may bind to viral envelopes and glycoproteins to prevent fusion with and entry into host cells. Studies show silver nanoparticles inhibit a variety of bacteria, viruses, and fungi through these mechanisms of action.
Polymer based nanofibers as an important group of materials have attracted considerable attention of research and industrial areas. Polymer nanofibers with diameters in submicrometer 1 µm possess unique properties including large specific surface area per unit mass, which facilitated adding functionalities to surface for specific application. Typically, polymer nanofibers have been synthesized by electrospinning, spinneret based tunable engineered parameters STEP or drawing techniques, template synthesis, phase separation inversion, self assembly, solution blowing air jet spinning , forcespinning centrifugal spinning , and interfacial polymerization of nanofibers. The most common method is electrospinning due to its feasibility, cost effectiveness, ability to fabricate continuous fibers from various polymers, and mass production. Polymer nanofibers are fabricated from both natural and synthetic polymers. Tanmayi D. Kalamkar | Vikram Veer | Dipti S. Patil "Polymers Used in Preparation of Nanofibers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/56292/polymers-used-in-preparation-of-nanofibers/tanmayi-d-kalamkar
The next years will prove the importance of greensynthesis methods for MNPs and MONPs production because they are not
only easy to execute, fast, and cheap but also less toxic and environmentally ecofriendly. Nanoparticle synthesis using microorganisms
and plants by green synthesis technology is biologically safe, cost-effective, and environment-friendly. Plants and microorganisms
have established the power to devour and accumulate inorganic metal ions from their neighboring niche. The biological entities are
known to synthesize nanoparticles bothextra and intracellularly. The capability of a living system to utilize its intrinsic organic
chemistry processes in remodeling inorganic metal ions into nanoparticles has opened up an undiscovered area of biochemical analysis.
Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal oxidenanoparticles (MONPs) are used in numerous fields. The new nano-based entities are
being strongly generated and incorporated into everyday personal care products, cosmetics, medicines, drug delivery, and clothing
toimpact industrial and manufacturing sectors, which means that nanomaterials commercialization and nanoassisted device will
continuously grow. They can be prepared by many methods such as green synthesis and the conventional chemical synthesis methods.
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and novelty tool in bionanotechnology. Chemical and
physical methods are used to synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly, clean, safe, cost
effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and purity. Greensynthesis includes infinite accession to produce MNPs and
MONPs with demanding properties. The structure–function relationships between nanomaterials and key information for life cycle
evaluation lead to the production of high execution nanoscale materials that are gentle and environmentally friendly. Majority of plants
have features as sustainable and renewable suppliers compared with microbes and enzymes, as they have the ability to pick up almost
75% of the light energy and transform it into chemical energy, contain chemicals like antioxidants and sugars, and play fundamental
roles in the manufacture of nanoparticles. Plants considered the main factory for the green synthesis of MNPs and MONPs, and until
now, different plant species have been used to study this, but the determined conditions should be taken into consideration to execute
this preparation.
Plant Design for bioplastic production from Microalgae in Pakistan.pdfMianHusnainIqbal2
Microalgae is an organism that belongs to the unicellular eukaryotic protists, prokaryotic
cyanobacteria, and blue-green algae. It have withdrawn a great attention of industrialists due to
its remarkable properties. According to the recent searches microalgae have more than 25.000
forms of species among which 15 has major use as a resource of many industrial products. Many
environmental friendly green plant processes have been develope in order to minimize the waste
and for energy saving such as Phytoremediation. Which is an excellent recovery system for
many resources. Via this process the recovery of microalgae species from aquaculture wastes is
done and the microalgae is then used as source of industrial biopolymers having excellent
characteristics.
NANTOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD TECHNOLOGYSaravananM957056
This document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in agriculture and food technology. It describes how silver nanoparticles, photocatalysis using metal oxides, and clay nanotubes can be used to improve plant growth and reduce pesticide use. It also discusses how nanosensors, electronic noses, nanobarcodes, carbon nanotubes, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles can enable precision agriculture through monitoring soil conditions, detecting chemicals and enabling targeted delivery of agricultural treatments. The overall aim of these nanotechnology applications is to increase crop yields while reducing costs, pesticide use, and environmental impacts.
The document describes research on applying a chitosan finish to textiles using UV curing to impart antimicrobial properties. Chitosan is a biopolymer known for its antimicrobial activity, biodegradability and non-toxicity. The researchers impregnated cotton, silk and synthetic fabrics with a chitosan solution containing a photoinitiator, then cured it with UV light. They optimized various process parameters and tested the treated fabrics. Results showed the UV-cured chitosan coating conferred strong antimicrobial activity without affecting fabric properties or filtration characteristics. Washing fastness was better for samples with deeper chitosan penetration into fibers.
This document discusses the uses of chitin and its derivatives obtained from crab shells. It begins by providing background on chitin, noting that it is the second most abundant natural polymer after cellulose. The document then reviews the physical, chemical, and biological properties of chitin and chitosan. It describes how chitin can be obtained from crab shells as well as other sources. The document outlines several applications of chitin and its derivatives in fields like biomedical uses, food processing, wastewater treatment, and more. It aims to enhance the utilization of crab waste and help minimize environmental pollution.
https://www.biomedscidirect.com/2835/bioremediation-and-information-technologies-for-sustainable-management?utm=articles
Bioremediation and information technologies for sustainable management
Authors:Jyoti Prakash, Aryan Shukla , Ruchi Yadav
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7702-7711 | Abstract | PDF File
A Review on Biotechnology and its Future ScopeIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of biotechnology and its various applications categorized by color. The four main categories or "pillars" of biotechnology are medical (red), industrial (white), agriculture (green), and marine (blue). Recent trends in biotechnology include advances in gene editing, bio-printing, cloud technology, and telemedicine. Biotechnology has a promising future scope in India within the pharmaceutical, agriculture, and healthcare industries. It will play a key role in addressing issues like environmental pollution, developing new drugs and therapies, and improving food production.
Metal Nanoparticles and their Safety Processing in Functional FoodsAl Baha University
This document provides a review of metal nanoparticles and their safety processing in functional foods. It discusses various nanomaterials used in food industries and their potential health effects. Some key points include:
- Nanoparticles like zinc oxide and silicon dioxide are considered safe for use as food additives by regulatory agencies. However, more research is still needed on their long-term safety.
- Nanoparticles can increase the bioavailability of nutrients like iron. Silver nanoparticles also show potential as antimicrobial agents in food packaging.
- Further research is needed to establish exposure limits for nanoparticles in occupational settings and develop standardized monitoring methods. Predictive models are also needed to evaluate nanoparticle toxicity.
- Many nanoproducts
Cleaner Production opportunities and its benefits in Biotech Industryijsrd.com
Biotechnology is said to be used as tool for cleaner production. There has been much discussion regarding potential environmental benefits and hazards associated with biotechnology. Biotechnology is increasingly being viewed as a major weapon against environmental damage. Cleaner production is considered as a part of this strategy and yet there is still widespread ignorance about this emerging technology but there are many areas in biotech industry where application of cleaner production can be beneficial economically as well as environmentally. There are many sectors of biotechnology; each sector has different process and products. By analyzing process of each class of biotechnology, Cleaner production opportunities can be generated specifically. Major processes in this industry where cleaner production can be applied are heat transfer, mass transfer, mechanical operations, separation techniques, etc. cleaner production at smaller level may also leads to benefits in overall economy and waste minimization in process. Cleaner production aims at waste reduction, onsite recovery, product modification and energy conservation. Although there are several barriers to cleaner production but it can be overcome considering the benefits obtained from cleaner production.
Bionanocomposite materials have potential applications in food packaging due to their barrier properties and sustainability. Nanoparticles can be incorporated into biopolymers through methods like polymerization, exfoliation, and intercalation to form bionanocomposites. This improves properties such as mechanical strength and gas barrier effects compared to biopolymers alone. Bionanocomposites show promise as active packaging through inclusion of antimicrobial nanoparticles. However, more research is needed to understand potential human health risks from nanoparticle migration before wide commercial use. Regulations are being developed to ensure safety of nanomaterials used in food applications.
The document discusses the University of Nottingham's exhibit for the Royal Society Summer Science Exhibition focused on plastics used in the human body. The exhibit will showcase cutting edge research on polymers for drug delivery, medical devices, and controlling surface characteristics. It will provide interactive displays to educate visitors on how polymers are used beneficially in the body and the ongoing challenges and research at the University of Nottingham in these areas.
Ecofriendly green biosynthesized of metallic nanoparticles: Bio-reduction mec...Al Baha University
Biomolecules of live plants, plant extracts and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, actinomycetes, algae and microalgae can be used to reduce metal
ions to nanoparticles. Biosynthesized nanoparticle effectively controlled oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis related changes. Green biosynthesized NPs
is alternative methods, which is hydrophilic, biocompatible, non-toxic, and used for coating many metal NPs with interesting morphologies and varied sizes. The
reducing agents involved include various water-soluble plant metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and
other nutritional compounds) and co-enzymes. The polysaccharides, proteins and lipids present in the algal membranes act as capping agents and thus limit using
of non-biodegradable commercial surfactants. Metallic NPs viz. cobalt, copper, silver, gold, platinum, zirconium, palladium, iron, cadmium and metal oxides such as
titanium oxide, zinc oxide, magnetite, etc. have been the particular focus of biosynthesis. Bio-reduction mechanisms, characterization, commercial, pharmacological
and biomedical applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles are reviewed.
This document summarizes the eco-friendly biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plants and microorganisms. It discusses the bio-reduction mechanisms involved, which relies on metabolites like alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and flavonoids in plant extracts to reduce metal ions into nanoparticles. Characterization techniques and various applications of these nanoparticles in pharmaceutical, biomedical and other industries are also reviewed. Common metals synthesized include silver, gold, platinum, copper and metal oxides. The biosynthesis methods provide hydrophilic, biocompatible and non-toxic nanoparticles and represent green alternatives to chemical synthesis routes.
ABSTRACT- Present work explores the novel selenium nanoparticle-enhanced photodynamic therapy of toluidine blue
O against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Physiochemical (Ultraviolet-visible absorption, FTIR, and fluorescence
spectroscopy) and Electron microscopy techniques were used to characterize selenium nanoparticles. The UV spectrum
of different concentrations of SeNP were showed distinct peak at ~288 nm, which confirmed the successful synthesis of
SeNP in this study. The synthesized Selenium nanoparticles were uniform and spherical in shape with average size
~100 nm. In FTIR spectra of SeNPs there were strong absorption band around 3425cm-1, 2928 cm-1 and 1647 cm-1.
TBO showed MIC and MBC of 62.5 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL respectively whereas in presence of SeNPs showed MIC
and MBC of 31.25 μg/mL and MBC of 62.5 μg/mL. SeNPs–TBO conjugate showed twofold higher activities against S
mutans than TBO alone. A 630 nm diode laser was applied for activation of SeNP- Toluidine blue O (TBO)
combination and TBO against S. mutans biofilm and cells. The UV-vis absorption result suggests that TBO is not
present on the surface of SeNP. In fluorescence emission spectra, there is enhancement of fluorescence of TBO
fluorescence in the presence of nanoparticle. This showed that SeNP are enhancing the photodynamic therapy.
Antibiofilm assays and microscopic studies showed significant reduction of biofilm presence of conjugate. A crystal
violet assay revealed a maximum percent inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation after 24 hours’ incubation, recorded
as 20% and 60% by TBO (31.25 μg/mL) and SeNP–TBO (31.25 μg/mL; TBO) conjugate, respectively. XTT biofilm
reduction assay were showed 32% loss in viability in presence of SeNP-TBO conjugate whereas in presence of only
TBO there was 22% loss in viability of cells. Fluorescence spectroscopic study confirmed type I photo toxicity against
biofilm. Selenium nanoparticle conjugate–mediated photodynamic therapy may be used against recalcitrant biofilm
based infections and can be helpful in dentistry.
Key-words- S. mutans, SeNP, TBO, UV absorption, FTIR, fluorescence spectroscopy
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Nanotechnology is the science and engineering at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers). It can be applied to textiles through several methods like integrating nanoparticles into fibers, applying nanoparticles as coatings, or producing nano-scale fibers. This allows for new functionalities in textiles for healthcare like antibacterial properties from silver nanoparticles, moisture wicking from titanium dioxide coatings, and tear resistance from carbon nanotubes. Some key applications are antibacterial fabrics, self-cleaning water repellent textiles, moisture absorbing fabrics, and drug releasing wound dressings. Nanotechnology offers potential to improve medical textiles and provide more affordable and higher quality healthcare.
IRJET- Review Study on Antimicrobial Finishes on Textiles – Plant Extracts an...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on developing antimicrobial textile finishes from plant extracts. Some key points:
- Plant extracts show potential as natural alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial agents which can be harmful. Many plants contain compounds like phenols and alkaloids that have antimicrobial properties.
- Various extraction and application methods have been studied, including pad-dry-cure, microencapsulation, cross-linking, and plasma treatment. Microencapsulation allows slow release and is more durable.
- Many plant extracts have shown antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, including neem, onion, aloe vera, pomegranate, and turmeric.
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2. How to cite this article: Rajendra S D. Chitosan Matrix: Own Unequivocal Myriad Utility in Modern Scientific Development. Res Dev Material Sci. 3(2).
RDMS.000558. 2018. DOI: 10.31031/RDMS.2018.03.000558
235
Res Dev Material Sci
Research & Development in Material Science
however, untapped field of science. Nano-science/technology
attempts to cover/merge biological research with various fields
of nanotechnology and entire basic scientific R&D studying the
fundamental, biological, physicochemical properties of nano-
matters and biopolymer-protein assemblies, molecular motors,
cellular electrochemical behaviours. Nano-biotechnology/bio-
nanotechnology fantastically utilized chitin/chitosan: the 2nd
most
naturalpolysaccharidejustaftercelluloseinsuchperspectives[1,2].
Thus, varied formulations were done in chitin/chitosan matrix so
as to use these bio-composites in clinical, biomedical and industrial
fields as prominence like quantum/carbon dots, nanoparticle,
nanocomposites and biosensors/biomarkers particularly for
cancer detection. Nano-biotechnology exploited unique/admirable
features of chitn/chitosan viz; biodegradability, biocompatibility,
low/no toxicity, antimicrobial activity and low immunogenicity
in drug delivery, siRNA/DNA delivery, tissue engineering, and
wound healing, biosensors besides theranostics utilities Figure
1. Chitosan based nanobiotechnology is capably creates many
novel nanomaterials/devices with vast applications and benefit to
mankind. Strategic chitosan based nanoparticle carriers own vital
impact on worldwide pharmaceutical marketing use to control
drug release and get enhanced solubility of drugs, superior protein
bioavailability, and better uptake of hydrophilic substances across
epithelial layers besides great intracellular drug delivery [2-5].
Figure 1: Varied bio-technology field applications of
Chitosan Matrix.
Nano-Biotechnologically Fabricated
Chitin/chitosan Matrix
Chitosan -carbon dots
Quantum dot are ‘nanometre scale/zero-dimensional’
semiconductor particles owing optical/electronic properties
different than large particles and able to emit specific frequency
of light/ray which can be tuned via nature of matter utilized, dot/
particle sizes, shapes and their arrangement. Because of extremely
tuneable properties, brilliant water solubility, biocompatibility and
better photo-stability the carbon base nano-chitonous quantum
dots find empowered benefits in fluorescent bio-sensing/imaging
[2-4]. Tea powder used to yield chitosan-carbon dots [2,3] as
smooth, soft films which are robust to UV-visible blocking exploited
in bio-medicals and imparted unique features like better swelled,
thermal/mechanical properties compared to mere chitosan
film with low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. Amino
functionalized fluorescent carbon nitride dots own enhanced water
solubility and strong fluorescent effect as advantageous in medical
diagnosis and cancer treatment. Multi-colour chitosan-carbon dots
exhibited bio-labeling potential varied bacterial model methods to
use for bio-labeling in biomedicals [2-4]. Solid nano-solar cells from
chitin, chitosan and glucose yields carbon quantum dot hybride
with sensitizer nanozinc-oxide own utmost layer-by-layer coating
competence of two kinds of carbon dots. Fluorescent nanocrystals/
quantum dots are used as an imaging agent for diseases detection
own some limitations like toxicity and indiscretion thus novel zinc
sulphide-chitosan quantum dots obtained with pH dependent/
tuneable optical/electrical properties to be used as probe in
medicine/pharmaceuticals [2]. Luminescent chitosan-l-cysteine
impregnated cadmium-tellurium films/dots exhibited antibacterial
profile for broad range of biomedical utility. Chitosan-cadmium-
telluride based quantum dots generated onto indium-tin-oxide
coated glass to be used for electrochemical biosensing of culprit
DNA in chronic myelogenous leukemia/cancer detection. CdS-
carbon nanotubes and nano-gold-chitosan based quantum dots
are used for formulating antibody immobilization owing brilliant
control and bioactive profile compared to other immune-sensors
for protein detection in medical studies [2-4]. Nano-chitosan
formations have been developed for safe and effectual plasmid
DNA, oligonucleotides and siRNA/gene carriers owing quick notice
for gene delivery by treating silencing unwanted gene expression,
defective gene and substituted missing genes in diseases curing
therapeutics [1-5].
Chitosan-pEGFP nanoparticles are capable gene delivery
vectors for an exogenous gene into primary chondrocytes own
great potential to deliver therapeutic genes directly into joint to
treat various types of joint diseases. Chitosan matrix modifications
enhancestransfectionefficiencyviaself-branchingeg.,trisaccharide-
substitution yields linear counterparts with better gene transfer
characteristics without negotiating biocompatibility for cellular
uptake,andformulatedstability [3-4].N,N,N-trimethylatedchitosan
imparts better extracellular efficiency to promote intracellular
siRNA release with good silencing activity and thus more appealing
in vivo besides a capably imparts DNA-based drug delivery [2].
Glycol chitosan are useful nanocarriers to entrap chemotheraptics
like doxorubicin/ DOX besides si-RNA with attenuated utmost
efficiency via surmounts resistance in vivo distribution, adorn
dose-dependent treatments [2-3]. Nanochitosan-poly-d,l-lactide-
co-glycolide are valuable nonviral device for enhanced pulmonary
siRNA delivery besides in vitro gene silencing of in enhanced green
fluorescent protein/endogenous H1299 cell line expression [2-5].
Biosensor
Sensor is a device used to receive and respond to signals besides
converting into magnetic/electrical fields as further detected by
an electronic device. The sensor utilized for the biological entities
are termed as biosensor that coalesce natural component with a
physicochemical detector to be analytically used for detection of
3. How to cite this article: Rajendra S D. Chitosan Matrix: Own Unequivocal Myriad Utility in Modern Scientific Development. Res Dev Material Sci. 3(2).
RDMS.000558. 2018.DOI: 10.31031/RDMS.2018.03.000558
Research & Development in Material Science
236
Res Dev Material Sci
sensitive biological species viz; tissue, microorganisms, organelles,
cells, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids [1-5]. Biosensor yields via
bio-mimetic way can be used for interaction/binding/recognition of
analyte besides a diagnostic tool based on their specific biochemical
interactive evaluation via DNA/RNA, enzymes, antibody cells and
any signal transducer immobilized tissues [2-5]. Chitosan based
biosensors are likely obtained via bio-engineered analytical gizmo
that own beneficial usage due to prominent features like low
cost, bio-compatibility and eco-friendly compared to others [4].
Analytical merits of chitosan based biosensor include adaptability,
portability, high sensitivity, intrinsic selectivity and benign usage
in moderately complex environments by virtue of quick responses
[5]. Chitin/chitosan’s flexibility provides immobilization of
recognized species in various sensor gadgets as attractive matrixes
for synthesis of enzyme sensors. These chitosan’s parameters
are exploited in fabrications of its nanocomposite biosensors for
detection of assorted analyzes [2-5]. Tyrosinase-Fe3O4 doepd
nano-chitosan biosensors are used for detection of organic phenols
like catechol via porous chitosan matrix own large surface area as
imparted by nano-iron oxide with high loaded tyrosinase enzyme
for trapping pollutant [4-5]. Chitosan diffuse-graphene fabricates
effectual biosensors for enzyme immobilization and glucose
estimation with admirable sensitivity and long-term stability [3-
5] due to large surface area and effective electrical conductivity
features imparted by graphene. Chitosan- nanocarbon doped
matrix yields amperometric biosensors use to encapsulate laccase
besides utilized as biofuel cells, and other bio-electrochemical tools
[5]. Nano-chitosan grafted polyaniline entrap creatinine amidino-
hydrolase onto electrochemically active surface with extraordinary
immobilization of CAH enzyme and further assists to uphold the
stability and durability.
Biomarkers
Figure 2: Pharmaceutical usages and expedient drug release parameters of chitosan.
Biomarker/biological marker measures some biological
state/condition whose detection indicates the presence of a living
organism. Biomarkers own characteristic objective measurement
and evaluation/examination as an indicator of normal biological/
pathogenic processes, pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic
intervention in assorted scientific fields besides to manage cancers
and other diseases [2-5]. Biomarker practices in medical/clinical
research field are routine and accepted almost without doubt [2].
Chitosanformulatedbiomarkerareusetodetectvarieddiseasesdue
to expandable technical and huge clinical/medicinal significance
roles like; facile screening and risk assessment before any disease
diagnosis, can diagnose staging, grading, and initial therapy choices
and monitor/modify the therapy or select additional therapy
during treatment in certain cases [2-5] shown in Figure 2.
Chitosan fabricated gold coated polyelectrolyte multilayers/
xanthan own various biosensing and bio-imaging applications like
detection of numerous diseases [2-4] and signal improvement for
melanoma. Chitosan fabricated graphene/carbon nanospheres
(CNS) imparts electrochemical immune-sensing marked with
horseradish peroxidase-secondary antibodies for α -fetoprotein
induced cancer detections [2] as displayed in 7-fold signal
increment compared to without graphene/CNS labeling
immunosensors. An electrochemical biosensor/biomarkers
based on chitosan nanocomposites used for detection of alpha-
fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen with more precise
results than standard ELISA clinical diagnosis technique. Thus,
chitin/chitosan integrated biomarkers have fascinated medical/
clinical applications with proficient personalized treatments
and disease prevention. Chitin/chitosan own certain stupendous
biological features like haemostatic, fungi-static, bacterio-static,
spermicidal nature, anti-cholestermic and anti-carcinogenic which
imparts vast significance in pharmaceutics including drug delivery,
tissue engineering, gene delivery besides still to be explored for
many other purpose (Figure 2). Primary -NH2
backbone of chitosan
provides positive charge on its surface in acidic conditions besides
4. How to cite this article: Rajendra S D. Chitosan Matrix: Own Unequivocal Myriad Utility in Modern Scientific Development. Res Dev Material Sci. 3(2).
RDMS.000558. 2018. DOI: 10.31031/RDMS.2018.03.000558
237
Res Dev Material Sci
Research & Development in Material Science
its unique polycationic surfaces, capable inter/intra-molecular
H- bonding, regarded it as best bio-matrix for the development
of novel pharmaceutical/medical products. Bio-adhesiveness
of chitosan provides adhesion to hard/soft tissues to be used in
dentistry, orthopaedic, ophthalmology, surgical measures, optical
and wave guiding properties [1-5].
Limitations and Remedies
Amongst all such advantages of chitn/chitosan, it also suffers
from few drawbacks like being a weak base (pka=6.2) it own low
at physiological/neutral pH, mere soluble in organic acid-aqueous
solution as glucosamine -NH2
gets protonated to form soluble salt
-NH3
+
. Chitosan owes high swelling tendency in aqueous conditions
resulted fast/quick drug release, thus needs to modify/tailored
flexible chitosan skeleton. Certain demerits of chitosan can be
overcome via ‘derivatisation’ performed either on primary amino/
NH2
or hydroxyl/OH groups of glucosamine polymeric units to
resolve certain complications as per requirements for requisite
utilities.
Conclusion
Chitosan are safe to be used in biomedicine, pharmacology
and promising for development of harmless besides effective drug
delivery systems. The mucoadhesive character of chitosan enhances
residence time and consequently bioavailability of drug in target
specificcarriers.FillersZnO,ZnSandTiO2
getintrudingintochitosan
matrix for widening the horizon of its utilities in biomedicals/
clinical yet not own much importance as pharmaceutical excipient
due insufficient data regarding their mechanism and toxicity
profiles to optimize its formulations. Hence, systematic research
is anticipated to study chitosan polymeric interactions with added
filler/dopent before and after drug delivery in biological systems
which may open subsistence futuristic pharmaceutical usages.
References
1. Rajendra SD (2017) Biological activities and application of marine
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