Ijmet 08 03_050

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 8, Issue 3, March 2017, pp. 456–466 Article ID: IJMET_08_03_050
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
INVESTIGATION ON USES OF CRAB BASED
CHITIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES
Kishore Kumar Gadgey
Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Government Polytechnic College, Sanawad, MP, India
Dr. Amit Bahekar
Head and Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Oriental University, Indore, MP, India
ABSTRACT
Chitin is an abundant natural biopolymer having important properties such as
biocompatibility and biodegradability combined with healing capability. Chitin is
considerably versatile and promising biomaterial. It is widely accepted that chitin
biopolymer is an important biomaterial in many aspects. Many studies on chitin have
focused on its biomedical applications. In this paper, various aspects of chitin research
including wide range of applications in bio and nanotechnology will be dealt with. This
study looks at the contemporary research in chitin and its derivatives towards
applications in various industrial and biomedical fields. In the present paper, several
selected pharmaceutical and biomedical applications are presented, in which chitin and
chitosan are recognized as new biomaterials taking advantage of their biocompatibility
and biodegradability. Biomaterials are materials and devices that are used to repair,
replace or augment the living tissues and organs of the human body. The purpose of this
study is to provide an understanding of the needs and uses of materials used in the
human body and to explain the biomechanical principles and biological factors involved
in achieving the long-term stability of replacement parts in the body. Blends of chitin
with the polycaprolactone-based polyurethane can be effectively used to produce tough
materials, useful in bio engineering applications. The mechanical strength of the blends
demonstrated that they are able to support tensions and other loads above those
required for bone replacement, making them good candidates for that purpose.
Government concern over the environment, the depletion of fossil fuels, and climate
change has promoted the development of bio nanocomposites. Compared to polymeric
resources from petroleum, natural polymers from renewable resources have the
advantages of biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, high reactivity, low cost
and ease of availability. Various applications of chitin are of great industrial
importance. The proper utilization of crab shell waste not only solves the problem of
their disposal but also forms the basis for many potential products used in the fields
such as textiles, photography, medicine, agriculture, food processing etc. Therefore, the

Investigation On Uses of Crab Based Chitin and Its Derivatives
aim of this investigation is to enhance the utilization of crab waste and help to minimize
the environmental pollution.
Key words: Chitin, Chitosan, Crab, Properties of Chitin, Uses of Chitin
Cite this Article: Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Amit Bahekar, Investigation On Uses
of Crab Based Chitin and Its Derivatives, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 456–466.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=8&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Chitin is a substance that makes up the exoskeleton of crab which can also be obtained from
other sources like fungi, mushrooms, worms, diatoms, etc. [1-5]. Chitin is the second most
abundant natural polymer in nature after cellulose [6]. Its deacetylated derivative, chitosan is
more useful and interesting bioactive polymer. It has many reactive amino side groups, which
offer possibilities of chemical modifications, formation of a large variety of useful derivatives
that are commercially available or can be made available via graft reactions and ionic
interactions. Chitin and its derivatives have several applications, these include, biomedical,
food, emulsifying agent, wastewater treatment, biocatalysts, textile, paper industry, agriculture
etc. [7, 8]. The crab shell waste materials litter the banks of rivers constituting environmental
pollution because they are underutilized. Chitin and its derivatives proved to be a versatile and
promising biopolymer. These biopolymers are being used in various fields. These materials
have an important role as natural alternatives having some biological properties and some
specific applications like drug delivery, tissue engineering, functional food, food preservative,
biocatalyst immobilization, wastewater treatment, molecular imprinting, metal nanocomposites
etc. The biological properties such as biocompatibility, mucoadhesion, permeation enhancing
effect, anticholesterolemic, and antimicrobial have been an area of interest for many
researchers. Chitin is a white, hard, inelastic, nitrogenous polysaccharide found in the crab shell.
The waste of crab shell is a major source of surface pollution in coastal areas. The three parts
of India, are surrounded by ocean and its inner land is also very much rich with ponds, lakes,
and lagoons. The proper utilization of these resources (aquaculture) in terms of research in
chitin can bring the economic and academic prosperity of the country. To promote research in
crab based chitin various studies are being done in India. Gadgey et al. [9] reported detailed
investigation on mechanical properties of crab shell. Chitin and chitosan are now produced
commercially in India, Poland, Japan, Norway, Australia and United States. A considerable
amount of research is in progress on crab shell based chitin worldwide, including India, to tailor
and impart the required functionalities to maximize its utility. The crab based chitin and
chitosan have excellent properties such as, biodegradability, bio-compatibility and non-toxicity.
Efforts have been made to prepare functional derivatives of chitosan by chemical modifications
[2], graft reactions, ionic interactions, and only few of them are found to dissolve in
conventional organic solvents [10]. Chitosan is only soluble in aqueous solutions of some acids,
and some selective N-alkylidinations [11] and N-acylation [12] have also been attempted.
Although several water-soluble [13] or highly swelling derivatives are obtained, it is difficult
to develop the solubility in common organic solvents by these methods. Modification of the
chemical structure of chitin and chitosan to improve the solubility in conventional organic
solvents has been reviewed by many authors [14-19].On the other hand, only a few reviews
have been reported on biomedical applications of chitin/chitosan and no comprehensive review
has yet been published covering the entire range of applications. The present study covers the
literature dealing with properties and applications of crab based chitin in various industrial and
biomedical fields.

Kishore Kumar Gadgey and Dr. Amit Bahekar
2. CHITIN/CHITOSAN PROPERTIES
Various naturally occurring polysaccharides e.g., cellulose, dextrin, pectin, alginic acid, agar,
agarose, carragenas etc. are acidic in nature, whereas crab based chitin and chitosan are
examples of highly basic polysaccharides. The important properties are solubility in various
media, solution, viscosity, polyelectrolyte behavior, polyoxysalt formation, ability to form
films, metal chelations, optical, and structural characteristics [20]. The following table
describes the Physical, Chemical and Biological properties of crab based chitin/chitosan.
Table 1 Physical, Chemical and Biological properties of crab based chitin/chitosan
Physical Properties Chemical Properties Biological Properties
White yellow in color,
Flakes, bead or powder,
High molecular weight
(1.2 × 105 g mol-1),
Viscosity, high to low,
Intermolecular hydrogen
bonding,
Amorphous solid,
Density 0.18 to 0.33 g/ cm3
Soluble in diluted aqueous
acid solution e.g., acetic
acid,
Insoluble in water,
alkali and organic solvents,
Clear and tough,
Optical clarity.
Degree of acetylation
range 70–95%,
Cationic polyamine,
High charge density at pHs < 6.5,
Forms gels with Polyanions
Polyelectrolyte,
Adheres to negatively charged
surfaces,
Amiable to chemical modification,
Additive in Paper Industry,
Chromatographic Separations,
Filmogenic properties,
Linear polyamine,
Reactive amino groups,
Reactive hydroxyl groups available,
Remove/recover metal ions,
Oxygen permeability.
Biocompatibility
Bacteriostatic /
Anticancerogen
Anticholestermic
Accelerates bone formation,
Accelerates the formation of
osteoblast,
Antioxidant,
Antitumor,
Binds to mammalian and microbial
cells.
Biodegradable to normal body
constituents,
Central nervous system depressant,
Fungistatic,
Homeostatic,
Immunoadjuvant.
Natural polymer,
Regenerative effect on connective
gum tissue for bone formation,
Safe and non-toxic,
Spermicidal.
3. USES OF CRAB BASED CHITIN AND ITS DERIVATIVES:
Depending on various physical, chemical and biological properties of crab based chitin many
applications and specific uses are developed. A wide variety of medical applications for chitin
and its derivatives have been reported over the last three decades [21, 22]. The poor solubility
of chitin is the major limiting factor in its utilization and investigation of its properties and
structure. Gadgey et al [23] studied the mechanical properties of crab based chitin. Despite these
limitations, various applications of chitin and modified chitins have been reported in the chitin
related literatures. Apart from chitin/chitosan applications in the medical field, chitin fibers
have potential applications in wastewater treatment, where the removal of heavy metal ions by
chitosan through chelation has received much attention. Crab based chitin/chitosan use in the
apparel industry, with a much larger scope, could be a long-term possibility .Due to its physical
and chemical properties, the crab based chitin/chitosan is being used in a vast array of widely
different products and applications, ranging from pharmaceutical and cosmetic products to
water treatment and plant protection. Different properties of chitosan are required for different
applications. These properties change with degree of acetylation and molecular weight. Now a
day chitin is being used in food technology as a nutritional product. Various biomedicine uses
of chitin have been reported. As a fertilizer and biocontrol agent, chitin is very useful. Textile

and Paper Industry is also benefitted by crab based chitin. In cosmetic industry, ingredients for
hair and skin care (moisturizer) uses are common now days. The following table describes the
uses of crab based chitin and its derivatives.
Table 2 Uses of crab based chitin and its derivatives
S.N. Applications Specific Uses
1. Water
Engineering
Removal/recovery of metal ions from wastewaters, copper, chromium,
cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury, iron, silver, zinc, cobalt and arsenic
[24,25-34]
Removal and binding of dyes [35,36,37,38]
Removal and binding of heavy metals [39,40,41,42,24]
Sludge treatment and dehydration agent [43]
Biological denitrification [44,45]
2. Food Technology Food and nutrition [46]
Bioconversion for the production of value-added food products [47]
Preservation of food [44]
Filmogenic properties – food wrapping [47,48]
Filtration and clarification of fruit juices [48]
Hypolipidemic and hypocholesterolimic agent (slimming agent) [49,50]
Antioxidant [51]
Phenolic compound adsorption [52]
Chitosan hydrogels for cell immobilization (lactic acid production) and for
pigment encapsulation (astaxanthin) used in aquaculture to give typical
salmon color [43]
Iron extract (to help in preventing bad odors in cooked meat) [43]
3. Biomedicine Burn and wound dressings for humans and animals [53,54]
Antitumor activity [55]
Drug delivery, gene delivery [56,57,58]
Artificial skin, pharmacy [59]
Immunostimulating properties in mammals and plants antiviral and anti-
Candida albicans activities enhancing specific immunity (adjuvant
properties) and stimulation of cytokine production[60,61,62]
Ocular drug delivery vehicles in ophthalmology [63]
As nerve conduit for nerve regeneration due to its ability to facilitate nerve
cell attachment [64]
Therapeutic agents in the treatment of tumors (chitin and chitosan conjugates
of 5-fluorouracil) [ 65,66]
Encapsulation applications due to chitosan ability to form gels in the
presence of certain divalent cations such as calcium, barium and
strontium[67]
Nutraceutical value as a potent antioxidant and matrix metalloproteinase
inhibitor via alleviations of radical-induced oxidative damage (water-soluble
carboxymethyl derivatives of chitin and chitosan)[68]
Self-hardening paste for guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of
periodontal bone defects (hydroxyapatite-chitin-chitosan composite bone-
filling material)[69]
Spermicide [65]
4. Agriculture Plant elicitor [70]
Stimulation of chitinase and glucanase production (increased response to
pathogen attack) [70]
Stimulation of chitinase activity in compost (change of bacterial and fungal
genetic diversity) [71]
Antimicrobial (antifungal) agent and biopesticide [72,73]

S.N. Applications Specific Uses
Enhancing plant vitality and ability to degrade walls of fungi upon entry
[74,75]
Fertilizer and biocontrol agent [72,76]
Enhancing biocontrol efficiency by addition to plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria [77,78,79]
5. Textile and Paper
Industry
Textile fibers [80]
Paper manufacture (additive) [65]
6. Cosmetics Ingredients for hair and skin care (moisturizer) [65]
7. Biotechnology Chitin affinity chromatography to selectively adsorb chitinase from a
fermentation broth [65,81]
Affinity matrix (chitosan) for the separation of wheat germ agglutinin [65]
Enzyme and whole cell immobilizer [82,35,83]
N-acetyl chitobiose production from chitin using commercial hydrolytic
enzymes [79]
Chitinase and chitosanase production from L. paracasei, Pseudomonas and
Streptomyces species [84,85,86,87]
Microorganism immobilization for bioremediation of seawater polluted with
crude oil [88]
Support for biosensors [82]
Bioseparation [35,36]
8. Photography Fixing agent for the acid dyes in gelatin[20,89]
Acts as an aid to improve diffusion, an important step
in developing photographs.[20,89]
9. Solid State
Batteries
Chitosan is dissolved in acetic acid to produce ionic conductivity.[90]
The transport of protons available in solution is considered to occur through
many microvoids in polymer.[90]
10. Energy
Production:
Robot containing microbial fuel cell was created to digest chitin and
metabolize it by bacteria, that produces electrons and act as horsepower of
the system [91,92,93,94].
11. Material Science
and Engineering
To create smart or intelligent materials or composites.[95]
Functionality with the addition or removal of stimulation.[95,96]
Chitin-based polyurethane shape memory materials[95,96]
Chitosan Binary Blend[97]
Chitosan-ZnO/Al2O3 Composite[98]
Chitin/polyurethane networks and blends[99]
Beta-chitin/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films[100]
Non Asbestos Brake Friction Materials[101]
Crab chitin reinforced carboxylated SBR composites[102]
Chitin Fiber and Chitosan 3D Composite Rods[103]
Chitosan-Starch Reinforced with Keratin from Feathers[104]
12. Chromatographic
Separations
Free -NH2 groups, primary –OH groups and secondary –OH groups in
chitosan makes it as an useful chromatographic support.[105]
Use of chitosan in thin layer chromatography for separation of nucleic
Acids.[105]
As sorbent material to solid phase extraction of phenol and chlorophenols by
using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).[106]
13. Ophthalmic
Technology
Replaces the synthetic polymers in ophthalmological applications.
Ideal contact lens[107]
4. CONCLUSIONS

After Three centuries of research on chitin, this biopolymer now has applications in numerous
fields, as described in many research articles. However, there is still room for further chitin
research. The evolutionary effects of chitin is emerging, but is not yet fully discovered till date.
To achieve this goal, more research, needs to be done on specific application areas. Despite the
multiple potential applications of crab based chitin, it is believed that the most promising
applications in the future are nanobiotechnology, chito-oligosaccharides in medicine,
agriculture, energy production, food technology and material science. The importance of crab
based chitin and its derivatives resides in their biological (biodegradability, biocompatibility
and non-toxicity) and physicochemical properties (degree of acetylation and molecular mass).
These important properties offer many specific applications in different fields. Recently, they
have been widely applied in water engineering, food technology, bio medicine, agriculture,
textile, paper industry, cosmetics, bio technology, photography, solid state batteries, energy
production, material science, chromatography, ophthalmic technology etc.
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