Introduction Review of Literature Methodology NP's as antiviral agents Applications

1. BY
K. MADHU VARSHINI (20Z51S0306)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Dr. P. NEERAJA, M. PHARM, Ph.D.
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Accredited by NBA (B. Pharmacy)
Approved by AICTE & PCI
Permanently affiliated to JNTUH
Recognized by DSIR-SIRO; Under UGC Sec 2(f) & 12(B)
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), Medchal Dist., Telangana
501301
ROLE OF NANOPARTICLES
AS ANTIVIRAL AGENTS

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 METHODS
 NANOPARTICLES ESPECIALLY AS ANTI-VIRAL AGENTS
 ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES USING NANOTECHNOLOGY
 APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. INTRODUCTION
Fig. medical np’s
Nanoparticles , also known as invisible particulate
substances with diameters ranging from 1 to 100 (nm).
NANOPARTICLES
MEDICAL
RESEARCH
MEDICATION
DELIVERY
ELECTRONICS,
OPTICS
AGRICULTURE,
WASTE WATER
TREATMENT
Because of their unique
characteristics,
• gold
• silver
• Platinum
• oxide nanoparticles
have been widely
employed in
nano-biomedicine.

4. INTRO…
SOURCES
Engineered nanomaterials: Manmade np’s , ex: Carbon black and titanium oxide
nanoparticles
Incidental : By-product of mechanical operations. Also known as ultrafine particles.
Ex : fullerenes
Natural : viruses, spider and spider-mite silks, the "spatulae" on the bottom of gecko feet
and some butterfly scales , paper, cotton, tarantula silk.
Fig. Viral capsid Fig.geckofeet Fig. Lotus effect

5. INTRO…
TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
CARBON-BASED NANOPARTICLES
carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are coiled graphene sheets.
and fullerenes are carbon allotropes with 60 or more
carbon atoms.
POLYMERIC
NANOPARTICLES: organic np’s
having polymer structure nano
capsulesandnanospheres.
LIPID NP’s: diameter 10 to 100
nanometres
METAL NANOPARTICLES,
SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLES
CERAMIC NP’S
Heat resistance and chemical
inertness are best qualities and
used to treat bacterial infections,
cancer, glaucoma, etc.

6. Electronics
& Energy
Home ,health
and skin care
Np’s as
catalysts
USE OF NP’s
INTRO…
ADVANTAGES
 Targeted drug delivery
 Protection of the
encapsulated drug
 Longer clearance time.
 Increased therapeutic efficacy.
 Increased bioavailability.
 Less Toxicity
DISADVANTAGES
 Limited targeting abilities.
 Discontinuation of therapy is
not possible.
 Cytotoxicity.
 Pulmonary inflammation and
pulmonary carcinogenicity.
 Alveolar inflammation.

7. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
• AIM: To study the significance of nanoparticles as antiviral agents
• OBJECTIVE:
 To conduct a literature review on nanoparticles and their preparation methods
 To study the applications of nanoparticles especially as anti-viral agents

8. • Yang Li et.al (2021) “Nano-based approaches in the development of antiviral
agents and vaccines”. review how nanomaterials can be used to defend against
emerging viruses by capturing and inactivating viruses as well as preventing viral
entrance and multiplication
• Shabnam Sharmin et.al (2021) “Nanoparticles as antimicrobial and antiviral
agents: A literature-based perspective ”. The study of nanoparticles for their
intrinsic medicinal potencies as antibacterial and antiviral agents has gotten a lot of
interest recently, thanks to the rise in antibiotic resistance.
• Kaminee Maduray et.al (2020) “Nanoparticles: a Promising Treatment for Viral
and Arboviral Infections ”. This article discusses important criteria and factors to
consider while creating therapeutically applicable nanosized metal particles to treat
viral infections.
LITERATURE REVIEW

9. NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR PREPARATION METHODS
• The objective of any nanomaterial’s synthesis process is to produce a material with
characteristics that are caused by their characteristic length scale being in the nanometre
range (1–100 nm).
NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS
TOP TO BOTTOM: Mechanical , Chemical , Thermal.
BOTTOM TO TOP: Green Synthesis : Plant extract , Bacteria ,fungus
Chemical Synthesis: Vapour deposition , Laser and Spray Pyrolysis.

10. NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR PREPARATION METHODS

11. Nanoparticle synthesis methods - Green synthesis
Use of biological routes such as those involving microorganisms, plants etc. for the synthesis of
nanoparticles.
PHYSICAL METHOD – time and energy consuming, synthesis at high temp. and pressure
CHEMICAL METHOD – simple, inexpensive and low temp. synthesis method, use of toxic
reducing and stabilizing agents makes it harmful
GREEN METHOD – easy, efficient, and eco-friendly. Eliminates the use of toxic chemicals,
consume less energy and produce safer products and by products
EXAMPLE – bacteria for Au, Ag, Zn and Fe NPs; yeasts for Ag and Pb NPs; plants for Au, Ag, Pd and Pt
NPs
NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR PREPARATION METHODS

12. To combat viral diseases, drug designers must take into account a variety of factors, such as the complexity of viral
life cycles, the fact that different organelles replicate at different stages of replication, the possibility of latent
infection in inaccessible biological compartments, and the development of drug resistance.
NANOPARTICLES ESPECIALLY AS ANTI-VIRAL AGENTS
MECHANISM FOR THE ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY
Virus
attachment
at point of
entry
Penetration
into the host
cell
Virus uncoating
Replication
through
transcription and
translation leads
to the synthesis of
virus specific
proteins
Assembly of
naked capsids
through
nucleocapsid,
and
Release of
virions resulting
in further
infections.

13. OBSTACLES TO ANTIVIRAL DRUGS-BASED THERAPY
• Dangerous drug–drug interactions.
• Long-term therapy modules are also known to have severe side effects.
• Many antiviral medications have a short half-life.
• Drug resistance as a result of prolonged pharmaceutical exposure, particularly
in immunocompromised patients.
• Because of the poor absorption, ingesting a higher amount may result in toxic
consequences.

14. ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES USING NANOTECHNOLOGY
Lipid-based nano formulations :Using a variety of lipids as carriers. Lipids are biodegradable, biocompatible,
inert, nontoxic, nonimmunogenic, readily accessible, and less expensive.
Liposomes: are tiny spherical vesicles with a diameter of 15–1000 nm. Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
medicines can be trapped and delivered using liposomes.
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs): are colloidal systems made up of a solid lipid matrix with sizes ranging from
10 to 1000 nanometres. Triglycerides, partial glycerides, steroids, fatty acids, and waxes are all examples of solid
lipids.
Nano emulsions : NE’s are thermodynamically stable single-phase systems made up of oil, water, and surfactants
and cosurfactants with globule sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm. Increased water solubility, loading capacity, GIT
residence time, absorption and bioavailability, and lymphatic uptake are all benefits of NEs.

15. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS): are another type of lipid-based monotropic system
created by spontaneous emulsification. In the oil phase, the hydrophobic medication is dissolved.
Various antiretroviral medicines have been developed using lipids such as Caproyl 90, Lauroglycol 90, Labafril,
and Capmul MCM.
Lipid nanoparticles to carry siRNA: Gene silencing via RNA interference (RNAi) has been used for antiviral
therapy in recent years. Used to target certain genes to cause their short-term silence. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)
blocks the synthesis of corresponding proteins.
Polymeric nanoparticles have a strong capacity to target monocytes and macrophages in the brain and lymphatic
system, the major reservoirs for viral dissemination during HIV infections. For targeted HIV treatment, many
surface modifiers have been tested, including polyethylene oxide, polyethylene glycol, poloxamers, mannose,
thiamine.

16. Polymeric drug conjugates: Polymer drug conjugates consist of a polymer and the therapeutic agent covalently
linked together. The intrinsic antiviral activity of certain polymers is well-known combination of these medicines
with antiviral medications may have a synergistic effect manner. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated with
interferon 2A, 2A was shown to be beneficial against HCV.
Dendrimers: There are three primary types of molecules that are used to functionalize dendrimers: carbohydrates,
peptides, and anionic groups. The polyamidoamine (PAMAM) and poly-propyleneimine (PPI) dendrimers are
commercially accessible, as well as poly-L-lysine dendrimers (PLL). Interesting, these dendrimers have
antimicrobial or antiviral properties intrinsic to them.
Nano capsules: There are two main parts to a nano capsule: the core and the shell. In the inner core, a polymeric
shell surrounds the medication. In addition to high drug loading, nano capsules have benefits in controlled release
and targeted drug delivery
Nanospheres : are tiny spherical structures with a diameter of 10–200 nm in which the medication is evenly
disseminated in the matrix system. Chitosan nanospheres containing acyclovir were created utilising a modified
nano emulsion template technique for topical herpes therapy.

17. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) : have been employed as chemical drugs due to their unique physiochemical and
chemical properties. Antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles against influenza A virus, hepatitis B virus, human
parainfluenza virus, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus.
Gold nanoparticles: One of the earliest synthesised nanomaterials with superior electric, optical, and mechanical properties,
have piqued the interest of researchers in nano diagnostic and nanomedical applications. Gallic acid-modified gold nanoparticles
inhibit herpes simplex virus replication. Functional gold nanoparticles have been demonstrated to suppress influenza virus,
simplex herpes virus, and HIV. Infectious diseases caused by the influenza virus are treated with Zanamivir and Oseltamivir.
Gold nanoclusters :Recently, gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) comprised of tens and hundreds of gold atoms have
been rapidly developed. Their size is typically less than 2 nm. In contrast to bulk gold, Au nanocrystals have
fascinating physicochemical characteristics.

18. INFECTIOUS DISEASE FIGHTING PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONAL
NANOPARTICLES
Antiviral functional nanoparticles are intended to prevent
viruses by inhibiting certain processes.
Nanostructures can interact with viruses, altering their
capsid protein structure and, reducing pathogenicity.
A virus generally infects a host cell by connecting with the
target acceptor protein.
Host cells will be protected from infection if nanoparticles
are able to successfully block the attachment process.
Viruses can also be suppressed by altering the cell surface
membrane and protein structure.
Stop the virus is to destroy its reproduction..

19. INFECTIONSCAUSEDBYVIRUSESCANBETREATEDUSINGNANOTECHNOLOGY
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) There are several types of antiretroviral drugs
on the market today, including protease, reverse transcriptase, and non-nucleotide
inhibitors, as well as entry and fusion inhibitors.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV): As well as causing inflammation and cirrhosis in the liver,
HBV can potentially lead to liver cancer. There are more than 700,000 fatalities each year
due to this virus. Lamivudine, adefovir, interferon (IFN)- are some of the anti-HBV nano-
therapies now available.
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Nanozymes have been shown to suppress HCV in a significant
way.
Influenza : An innovative technique for the treatment of influenza has been developed.
Using liposomes and silver nanoparticles embedded with oseltamivir as drug delivery
vehicles is another approach of treating flu infections.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) The use of nanoparticles loaded with acyclovir has shown
encouraging effects in the treatment of HSV.

20. Human Parainfluenza Virus (HPIV): A human parainfluenza virus affects epithelial
cells in humans. Infants and children's respiratory tracts are the major targets of HPIV. A
new study has shown that silver nanoparticles are beneficial against HPIV.
Disease caused by the Ebola virus (EVD): Humans and other primates are at risk of
contracting a highly contagious sickness from it. Liposomes carrying siRNA are used
to treat EVD.
Nano vaccines: A preventative and a therapeutic approach to nanovaccinology is used.
Nano vaccines also have a far longer shelf life than traditional vaccinations. Nano
vaccines are easily detected by the human immune system because of their tiny size.

21. CONCLUSION
It is anticipated that the use of revolutionary nanomedicine will have a
significant positive impact on the treatment and elimination of
infectious illnesses. Nanoparticles have the potential to increase the
efficacy of antiviral medicines while decreasing their side effects.
Nanoparticles have an important role in antiviral treatment.

22. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Shabnam Sharmin a, Md. Mizanur Rahaman a, Chandan Sarkar a, Olubunmi Atolani b, Mohammad Torequl Islam a, Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
Nanoparticles as antimicrobial and antiviral agents: A literature-based perspective study Volume 7, Issue 8 2021
2. Kaminee Maduray & Raveen Parboosing Metal Nanoparticles: a Promising Treatment for Viral and Arboviral Infections Biological Trace
Element Research volume 199, pages3159–3176 (2021)
3. Jinyoung Kim,Minjoo Yeom,Taeksu Lee,Hyun-Ouk Kim,Woonsung Na,Aram Kang,Jong-Woo Lim,Geunseon Park,Chaewon Park, Daesub
Song & Seungjoo Haam Porous gold nanoparticles for attenuating infectivity of influenza A virus Journal of Nanobiotechnology volume 18,
Article number: 54 (2020)
4. Malobika Chakravarty & Amisha Vora Nanotechnology-based antiviral therapeutics Drug Delivery and Translational
Research volume 11, pages748–787 (2021)
5. LuChenJiangongLiang An overview of functional nanoparticles as novel emerging antiviral therapeutic agents Volume 112, July 2020, 110924
6. RanaDelshadia1AkbarBahramib1David JulianMcClementscMatthew D.MoorecLeonardWilliamsb Development of nanoparticle-delivery systems
for antiviral agents: A review Development of nanoparticle-delivery systems for antiviral agents: A review Volume 331, 10 March 2021, Pages 30-
44
7. Daniel Lauster+ , Maria Glanz+ , Markus Bardua, Kai Ludwig, Markus Hellmund, Ute Hoffmann, Alf Hamann, Christoph Bçttcher, Rainer
Haag, Christian P. R. Hackenberger,* and Andreas Herrmann* Multivalent Peptide–Nanoparticle Conjugates for Influenza-Virus Inhibition 2017, 56,
5931 –5936