Chinese civilization developed along the Huang Ho River beginning around 2200 BCE. Key aspects of Chinese civilization include a powerful central authority, veneration of ancestors, and philosophies like Confucianism and Taoism. Major dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming ruled China over time and established institutions influenced by Confucianism, Legalism, and other philosophies. Chinese civilization reached a cultural peak under dynasties like the Tang and Song but declined in the later Ming period prior to the 1644 establishment of the Qing dynasty.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.
The Indus Valley Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and northwest India today, on the fertile flood plain of the Indus River and its vicinity. Evidence of religious practices in this area date back approximately to 5500 BCE. Farming settlements began around 4000 BCE and around 3000 BCE there appeared the first signs of urbanization. By 2600 BCE, dozens of towns and cities had been established, and between 2500 and 2000 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak.
The Qin Dynasty which emerged victorious over the 6 other major Kingdoms during “The Warring States” period in China was the first empire that unified what is now roughly modern China. More importantly, it standardized much of the concepts that affected daily life for its citizens, such as money, written language, roads, weights, and measures, and created the basis for the future Chinese role of emperors and the organization of the political structure that continued in its basic form until 1911. It also is credited with some of the greatest public works projects in human history such as the beginning of the Great Wall of China, canal building and irrigation projects, mass production techniques, the Terracotta Warriors of Xian, and a massive mausoleum project for the emperor’s body after death.
a 5 min presentation on Indus Valley civilization discussing its history, some geographical details, the lifestyle, religous beliefs and livelihood of the people.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
The Qin Dynasty which emerged victorious over the 6 other major Kingdoms during “The Warring States” period in China was the first empire that unified what is now roughly modern China. More importantly, it standardized much of the concepts that affected daily life for its citizens, such as money, written language, roads, weights, and measures, and created the basis for the future Chinese role of emperors and the organization of the political structure that continued in its basic form until 1911. It also is credited with some of the greatest public works projects in human history such as the beginning of the Great Wall of China, canal building and irrigation projects, mass production techniques, the Terracotta Warriors of Xian, and a massive mausoleum project for the emperor’s body after death.
a 5 min presentation on Indus Valley civilization discussing its history, some geographical details, the lifestyle, religous beliefs and livelihood of the people.
Ancient China was one of the oldest and longest lasting civilizations in the history of the world. The history of Ancient China can be traced back over 4,000 years. Located on the eastern part of the continent of Asia, today China is the most populous country in the world.
IAF Training Report: No Education; No Freedom No Opportunity - February 2010Arum Maniez
The report on IAF Training under the topic of No Education; No Freedom No Opportunity. This training was conducted in Theodor Heuss Akademie, Gummersbach, Germany, in February 2010. The training was attended by 24 participants, from 22 countries, who are the local partner of Friedrich Naumann Foundation of each country.
This training is aimed to figure out liberal solutions for the problems on education sector, especially in developing countries.
Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow
River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era,
but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization
THE HISTORY OF CHINA, as documented in ancient writings, dates back some 3,300 years. Modern archaeological studies provide evidence of still more ancient origins in a culture that flourished between 2500 and 2000 B.C. in what is now central China and the lower Huang He (Yellow River) Valley of north China. Centuries of migration, amalgamation, and development brought about a distinctive system of writing, philosophy, art, and political organization that came to be recognizable as Chinese civilization. What makes the civilization unique in world history is its continuity through over 4,000 years to the present century.
The Chinese have developed a strong sense of their real and mythological origins and have kept voluminous records since very early times. It is largely as a result of these records that knowledge concerning the ancient past, not only of China but also of its neighbors, has survived.
Chinese history, until the twentieth century, was written mostly by members of the ruling scholar-official class and was meant to provide the ruler with precedents to guide or justify his policies. These accounts focused on dynastic politics and colorful court histories and included developments among the commoners only as backdrops. The historians described a Chinese political pattern of dynasties, one following another in a cycle of ascent, achievement, decay, and rebirth under a new family.
Of the consistent traits identified by independent historians, a salient one has been the capacity of the Chinese to absorb the people of surrounding areas into their own civilization. Their success can be attributed to the superiority of their ideographic written language, their technology, and their political institutions; the refinement of their artistic and intellectual creativity; and the sheer weight of their numbers. The process of assimilation continued over the centuries through conquest and colonization until what is now known as China Proper was brought under unified rule. The Chinese also left an enduring mark on people beyond their borders, especially the Koreans, Japanese, and Vietnamese.
This was the front end to a business presentation that we created for a eventwhere the speaker really needed to grab the audiences attention and make a memorable speech and presentation. We added this front end of China facts to inject interest and discussion for the presentation. It was also the only presentation to do this and made the speaker professional and engaged the audience from the start.
MEDIEVAL CHINA The West & The World Key Enviro.docxARIV4
MEDIEVAL CHINA
The West & The World
Key Environmental Features
o Like India, China enjoyed a relative geographical isolation
which allowed it to develop a very distinctive culture.
Physical barriers separated China from the rest of the Asian
continent:
• SW: Himalayan Mts.
• W: Taklimakan (Takla Makan) Desert
• N: Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau
E & SE: the Pacific Ocean in east and southeast.
This led to:
• remarkable level of cultural continuity.
• a conscious effort of new ruling dynasties to conform to
past cultural traditions & to Sinicize all conquered
people.
• the belief in Chinese cultural superiority (rest of the
world was made up of “barbarians”).
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Central area is the cradle of Chinese civilization.
Earliest settlements developed in agricultural-friendly areas.
• Fertile plains and river valleys:
Yellow River (Huang Ho), also called “river of sorrows” –
flooded frequently and in unpredictable patterns; its
waters carried a fine yellow soil (the loess), very fertile
and easy to work.
Yangtze River, the longest in Asia and third largest in
the world.
Pearl River in the south.
• In modern times, the Manchurian plain in the N also
became part of China.
Main staples:
• wheat and millet in center and north
• rice in the south
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Other natural resources:
12 % of world’s mineral resources: iron, tin, copper, lead, zinc,
aluminum, etc.
Energy resources: coal, oil, natural gas
Gemstones: amber, amethyst, jade, opal, ruby, sapphire, topaz
Forests
Including medicinal and precious woods such as gingko
tress, golden larch, red sandalwood, lacquer tree
Largest areas of grassland in the world (N and W)
Tea (SW and N)
• China is the world’s first exporter of tea
Silk-worms
o Major premodern Chinese exports:
Silk - developed ca. 6500 y.a.; one of the most sought-after
products in premodern era.
Lacquered furniture – developed ca 3000 y.a.
Porcelain – developed ca. 2000 y.a.
Main Historical Developments
o Zhou Dynasty (1122-221 B.C.): Golden Age of China
A mythical time of great prosperity and excellent government.
• Rulers associated with this dynasty were considered great
sages (i.e. exemplars of wisdom).
Religious beliefs: polytheistic.
• The gods and the spirits of the ancestors were in control of
humans’ well-being.
To avoid misery and hardships, people had to keep these
celestial beings happy (through daily prayers and sacrifices).
• The spirits of the ancestors could act as mediators between
mortals and the gods. To do so in a positive way, ancestors had
to be honored daily through offerings of food, prayers and pious
reference to their memory.
A good, easy life was a sign of happy ancestors.
Misfortunes were signs of displeased ancestors.
Ancestor Worship: At Home
...
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
HANUMAN STORIES: TIMELESS TEACHINGS FOR TODAY’S WORLDLearnyoga
Hanuman Stories: Timeless Teachings for Today’s World" delves into the inspiring tales of Hanuman, highlighting lessons of devotion, strength, and selfless service that resonate in modern life. These stories illustrate how Hanuman's unwavering faith and courage can guide us through challenges and foster resilience. Through these timeless narratives, readers can find profound wisdom to apply in their daily lives.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
Evangelization in the footsteps of Saint Vincent de Paul
China
1. Chinese Civilization
Institutions, World Views, and
Significance, 2205 B. C. E. - 1644
2. Generalizations About Chinese
Civilization
• Powerful Central Authority—emperor
• Veneration of Ancestors
• Beginning w/ Han Dynast, Confucianism is
official governing philosophy
• Chinese citizens mix Confucian beliefs
with Taoism
• Perennial problems—food production,
invasion, and internal strife
3. Cradle of Chinese Civilization
• Huang Ho (Yellow River) is cradle of civilization
—also termed River of Sorrows—its floods
destroy even as they give livelihood.
• Millet cultivation; stone tools; emergent
urbanization.
• Three cultural heroes: Fu Hsi—invented writing;
Shen Nung—farming and commerce; Yellow
Emperor—government and Taoism
6. Sage Kings 2350-2200
• May not have been historical but were
seen as especially virtuous
• Perceived pattern in Chinese history—
wise rule and order followed by period of
moral laxity, decline, decadence, and
disorder
• Chinese history would emphasize public
virtue—obedience to a wise emperor
7. Shang Dynasty—1766-1050
• First “historical” dynasty.
• Development of Writing
• Bronze age civilization along Huang Ho
• Reading of oracle bones
• Emergence of “T’ien” concept—heaven—
where God and ancestors dwelled.
9. Chou Dynasty—1050-221 B. C. E.
• Development of “T’ien Ming” or Mandate of
Heaven
• Myth of Legitimacy—how to justify overthrowing
of Shang
• Central authority weakened in “Spring and
Autumn” periods—771-401 b. c. e.—and
collapse of order in Period of Warring States—
401-256 B. C. E.
• Ironic contribution of Chou dynasty was
providing incentive to develop classical
philosophy in China.
11. Confucianism
• K’ung Fu-tzu (Confucius) 551 B. C. E.-479
B. C. E.
• Public order comes from “jen” or humane
behavior between people.
• Superiors should govern well
• Inferiors should obey
• Shu—reciprocity and chung—doing one’s
best
12. Sayings from the Analects: 1
• Fan-ch'ih asked about jen. The Master said, "It is to
love all men." He asked about knowledge. "It is to
know all men." Fan ch'ih did not immediately
understand these answers. The Master said,
"Employ the upright and put aside all the crooked; in
this way, the crooked can be made to be upright."
• Tzu-kung asked, saying, "Is there one world which
may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life?"
The Master said, "Is not reciprocity such a word?
What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to
others."
13. Sayings from the Analects: 2
• The Master said, "With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my
bended arm for a pillow; I still have joy in the midst of these things.
Riches and honors acquired by inhumanity are to me as a floating
cloud."
• The Master said, "The determined scholar and the man of virtue will
not seek to live at the expense of humanity. They will even sacrifice their
lives to preserve their humanity."
• The Master said, "The superior man in everything considers
righteousness to be essential. He performs it according to the rules of
propriety (li ). He brings it forth in humility. He completes it with
sincerity. This is indeed a superior man."
• The Master said, "The object of the superior man is truth, not food. . . .
The superior man is anxious lest he should not get truth; he is not
anxious lest poverty should come upon him."
14. Social Order and Confucius
• Rule of reciprocity promoted both order
and disorder—presumably an evil ruler or
an ineffective husband could be
disobeyed.
• See Ban Zhao, Lessons for a Woman
• She accepts some subservience and
humility but also believes in the balance of
Yin/Yang—not the dominance of Yang
15. Taoism
• Based on ideas of Lao Tzu
• Tao—the way of heaven—unity
• Balance of yang (maleness—cold,
heaven) and yin (femaleness, warm,
earth)
• Government should guide people, not rule
them.
16. Legalism
• Founded by Hsun Tzu (298-238 B. C. E.)
• People are evil and must be controlled through
harsh laws.
• Reward good deeds, punish bad deeds
severely.
• Utilitarianism—meant that government would
encourage agriculture over other pursuits
• Rule of Law—law is supreme—and law is
standard in entire real (two ideas that persist in
Chinese state)
17. Chi’n Dynasty (221-206 B. C. E.)
• Officially legalist
• Standardized form of govt.
• Ended period of warring states
• Began Great Wall of China
• Extended China’s boundaries
to the south
19. Han Dynasty ( 202 B. C. E. -220 C. E.
• Officially Confucian
• Scholar bureaucrats educated in Confucian
classics govern china on a day to day basis.
• Han Wu Ti (r. 141-86) extended China from
Korea to Vietnam
• Wang Mang (9-23) overthrew corrupt Han but
was soon ousted by peasants who were then
ousted by the nobles.
• Conquests of later Han opened up the Silk
Roads to Mediterranean
20.
21. T’ang Dynasty (618-907)
• Followed Three Kingdoms Period (220-589) and Sui
Dynasty (589-618)
• Chinese government recentralized under emperor
and three key ministers (but local landlords retained
a great deal of power).
• Empress Wu (684-705) relied on Confucian
bureaucrats and used military to extend boundaries
of China.
• Her own Buddhist beliefs added Buddhist tradition
to China.
• Great cosmopolitan cultural flowering facilitated with
contracts from Asia and even Europe
22. Sung (960-1279)
• Emperor’s power restored
• Confucian bureaucrats pre-eminent
• Wang An-shih (1068-85)—new laws—
maximum prices on grain; tax equity; non-
nobles could take Confucian exams.
(Greatest example of Confucian Scholar
Bureaucrat)
• Neo-Confucianism
23. Yuan Dynasty (1280-1386)
• Established by descendants of Genghis
Khan.
• Mongols ruled through Chinese Scholar
Bureaucrats
• Paper currency
• Trade w/ Europe—Marco Polo
(1275-1292)
• Pax Sinatica
25. Ming (1369-1644)
• Chinese cultural superiority
• Great porcelain ware
• Later Ming rulers were decadent and
China began to lose its cultural superiority.
• Confucianism becomes rigid and less a
guide to practical and effective governing.