The Zhou Dynasty ruled China for several centuries beginning around 1100 BC and was divided into the Western Zhou period where kings ruled peacefully from Xian, and the Eastern Zhou period after conflict arose and kings moved east to Luoyang. The Zhou introduced concepts like the Mandate of Heaven to justify dynastic changes and strengthened their military with new technologies like iron weapons and cavalry. However, rebellions by clan leaders against the king over time weakened Zhou rule and led to the Warring States Period as small states fought each other for power.
Confucius was a Chinese teacher and philosopher born in 551 BC during a time of chaos and war. He developed a philosophy focused on worldly goals and social order, teaching that harmony results from people accepting their roles and the five key relationships in society. Confucian ideas emphasized filial piety and respect for elders and ancestors, and influenced all aspects of Chinese life and government after his death, spreading his philosophy to surrounding regions so that nearly a third of the world's population was impacted by his teachings.
Lao Tzu was the founding figure of Taoism in 6th century BC China. He authored the Tao Te Ching, which introduced main Taoist concepts like living in harmony with the Tao or "way," following one's natural instincts, and accepting the balance of yin and yang. Taoism started as a philosophy but became a religious faith focused on goodness, serenity, and respect. It has profoundly influenced Chinese culture by emphasizing connection to nature, holistic health practices, martial arts, and appreciation for the arts.
Taoism is an ancient Chinese philosophy and religion originating 2000 years ago that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, the natural order of the universe. It sees the world as made up of complementary dualities like yin and yang. While it has no single founder, early Taoism was influenced by Laozi's Tao Te Ching and incorporated local religious beliefs. Taoists seek to achieve harmony with nature, self-development, and spiritual immortality by following the non-interfering and virtuous path of Wu Wei.
The document discusses the teachings of Confucius and Taoism. Confucius, who lived after the Zhou Dynasty in China, believed rulers should treat people with kindness and respect. He taught that people should respect their parents and rulers, and treat others as they would like to be treated. Taoism originated around 300 BC from the Book of Tao written by Lao-Tzu, and its core belief is that everything arises from the Tao, or the natural order of the universe, and people should live simply in harmony with nature.
AP Human Geography 2011 - Confucianism and Daoism jbstubb77
Confucius was a 6th century BC Chinese philosopher who taught about proper social behaviors and ethics. He traveled around teaching students and emphasized concepts like li, which refers to social etiquette and proper rites. Confucianism focuses on morality and becoming a perfect person through self-cultivation. Rituals were seen as a way to unite society. The Analects compiled sayings attributed to Confucius after his death.
Taoism was founded around 600 BC in China by Lao Tzu. It is one of China's major religions that is based on the principle of Dao, which is seen as the ultimate truth and way of the universe. Some key aspects of Taoism philosophy include a balance of opposing forces, contraction of past and future, and transcending time and place. Taoism teachings also emphasize living in harmony with nature and not rushing through life.
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese philosophy that emphasizes social harmony which is achieved through everyone fulfilling their roles and responsibilities. Confucius taught that individuals stand in five relationships to others as sovereign-subject, father-son, elder-younger brother, husband-wife, and friend-friend. Central concepts in Confucianism include ren (humaneness), filial piety, ritual, and the ideal of the perfect gentleman who cultivates virtue and humaneness. Confucius advocated for meritocracy and taught students of all classes.
Taoism originated in ancient China and is based on the central concept of "Tao," meaning the fundamental principle or essence of the universe. The founder was the philosopher Lao Tzu, who is reputed to have authored the seminal text Tao Te Ching. The text outlines Taoist philosophical concepts like wu wei ("non-action") and emphasizes living harmoniously with nature. Taoism later developed into both philosophical and religious branches, with the religious branch focusing on rituals, deities, and practices like meditation and alchemy aimed at achieving immortality or spiritual transcendence.
Confucius was a Chinese teacher and philosopher born in 551 BC during a time of chaos and war. He developed a philosophy focused on worldly goals and social order, teaching that harmony results from people accepting their roles and the five key relationships in society. Confucian ideas emphasized filial piety and respect for elders and ancestors, and influenced all aspects of Chinese life and government after his death, spreading his philosophy to surrounding regions so that nearly a third of the world's population was impacted by his teachings.
Lao Tzu was the founding figure of Taoism in 6th century BC China. He authored the Tao Te Ching, which introduced main Taoist concepts like living in harmony with the Tao or "way," following one's natural instincts, and accepting the balance of yin and yang. Taoism started as a philosophy but became a religious faith focused on goodness, serenity, and respect. It has profoundly influenced Chinese culture by emphasizing connection to nature, holistic health practices, martial arts, and appreciation for the arts.
Taoism is an ancient Chinese philosophy and religion originating 2000 years ago that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, the natural order of the universe. It sees the world as made up of complementary dualities like yin and yang. While it has no single founder, early Taoism was influenced by Laozi's Tao Te Ching and incorporated local religious beliefs. Taoists seek to achieve harmony with nature, self-development, and spiritual immortality by following the non-interfering and virtuous path of Wu Wei.
The document discusses the teachings of Confucius and Taoism. Confucius, who lived after the Zhou Dynasty in China, believed rulers should treat people with kindness and respect. He taught that people should respect their parents and rulers, and treat others as they would like to be treated. Taoism originated around 300 BC from the Book of Tao written by Lao-Tzu, and its core belief is that everything arises from the Tao, or the natural order of the universe, and people should live simply in harmony with nature.
AP Human Geography 2011 - Confucianism and Daoism jbstubb77
Confucius was a 6th century BC Chinese philosopher who taught about proper social behaviors and ethics. He traveled around teaching students and emphasized concepts like li, which refers to social etiquette and proper rites. Confucianism focuses on morality and becoming a perfect person through self-cultivation. Rituals were seen as a way to unite society. The Analects compiled sayings attributed to Confucius after his death.
Taoism was founded around 600 BC in China by Lao Tzu. It is one of China's major religions that is based on the principle of Dao, which is seen as the ultimate truth and way of the universe. Some key aspects of Taoism philosophy include a balance of opposing forces, contraction of past and future, and transcending time and place. Taoism teachings also emphasize living in harmony with nature and not rushing through life.
Confucianism is an ancient Chinese philosophy that emphasizes social harmony which is achieved through everyone fulfilling their roles and responsibilities. Confucius taught that individuals stand in five relationships to others as sovereign-subject, father-son, elder-younger brother, husband-wife, and friend-friend. Central concepts in Confucianism include ren (humaneness), filial piety, ritual, and the ideal of the perfect gentleman who cultivates virtue and humaneness. Confucius advocated for meritocracy and taught students of all classes.
Taoism originated in ancient China and is based on the central concept of "Tao," meaning the fundamental principle or essence of the universe. The founder was the philosopher Lao Tzu, who is reputed to have authored the seminal text Tao Te Ching. The text outlines Taoist philosophical concepts like wu wei ("non-action") and emphasizes living harmoniously with nature. Taoism later developed into both philosophical and religious branches, with the religious branch focusing on rituals, deities, and practices like meditation and alchemy aimed at achieving immortality or spiritual transcendence.
Hinduism developed over thousands of years in India and gave rise to other religions like Jainism. Hindus believe in Brahman, the eternal creator, and reincarnation through the cycles of birth, death and rebirth. The ultimate goal is to achieve moksha or liberation from this cycle by fulfilling one's dharma. Sacred texts that shaped Hindu beliefs include the ancient Vedas as well as later writings like the Upanishads and epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Jainism broke away from Hinduism around 500 BC, emphasizing nonviolence and rejecting rituals to achieve moksha through controlling one's actions.
This document provides an overview of the geographic origins of India. It describes how India collided with Asia around 10 million years ago, forming the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains. Over time, runoff from these mountains deposited soil and formed marshlands that became the Indus and Ganges river valleys, the cradle of Hindu civilization where the Buddha later lived. It outlines the key geographic features of India, including the Ganges River plain, Punjab region, Khyber Pass, Aravalli hills, Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges, Deccan plateau, and East and West Ghats mountain ranges. The next part will cover the Indus Valley civilization.
This document provides an abbreviated non-mythological account of the origins of Buddhism in India. It begins with a brief overview of the geological formation of the Indian subcontinent, describing how India collided with Asia around 10 million years ago, forming the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains. It explains how the Himalayas caused the formation of the Indus and Ganges river valleys, which became the cradle of Hindu and later Buddhist civilization in India. The talk sets the stage for discussing the early Indus Valley civilization and the life of the Buddha in the Ganges river region.
Confucianism originated in China around 2,500 years ago and was founded by Confucius. It emphasizes virtues, propriety, and the importance of education and self-cultivation. Confucianism spread widely in East Asia through civil service exams in China and the establishment of Confucian academies. While it declined under communist rule, Confucian philosophy still strongly influences cultures in China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other Asian countries today.
The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the Satyanarayan Pooja ritual in Hinduism. It traces the development of Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and how they shaped religious practices. The Satyanarayan Pooja ritual is described in the Skanda and Bhavishya Puranas as focusing on the principles of bhakti (devotion), karma (duty), dharma (righteousness) and moksha (liberation). It involves prayers, offerings, storytelling and aims to popularize spiritual concepts through allegorical tales emphasizing moral values.
The Zhou Dynasty ruled China from 1029 to 258 BCE. They came from the north and displaced the previous Shang Dynasty. The Zhou extended Chinese territory south into the Yangtze River valley. However, the Zhou rulers lacked strong central control and relied on alliances with regional noblemen.
The Qin Dynasty began in 221 BCE under Qin Shi Huangdi, the First Emperor. He forcibly centralized power by weakening regional nobles and standardizing administration. Qin Shi Huangdi built the Great Wall and believed independent thinking threatened his autocratic rule.
The Han Dynasty ruled from 202 BCE to 220 CE. They retained the Qin centralized government but lessened repression. The Han expanded China's territory
This document provides information about three key concepts in Chinese philosophy and mythology: Confucianism, Taoism, and Yin and Yang. Confucianism focuses on ethics, social hierarchy, and ritual practices. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature and achieving eternal life by understanding natural laws. Yin and Yang refers to the complementary duality in nature between feminine/passive/dark forces and masculine/active/light forces.
This document discusses various cultural explanations of life and death through different worldviews and religions. It provides overviews of several major religions and philosophies including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. For each, it outlines their origins, core beliefs, sacred texts, and cultural expressions. It also discusses notions of death within each system, noting that they provide explanations for the purpose and meaning of life as well as what happens after death.
The document provides an overview of the life and teachings of Confucius. It states that Confucius was born in 551 BCE to a poor but noble family in China and died in 479 BCE. As a teacher and government official, he developed the philosophy of Confucianism which focused on human relationships and virtue. Confucianism teaches that social order stems from individuals cultivating good character through education and fulfilling their roles within five key relationships of ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, and older friend-younger friend. Confucius' most influential work is the Analects which provides guidance on practical ethics and good governance.
Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BC and was founded by Confucius. It influenced Chinese society by promoting ethics, social responsibility, and ancestor worship. During the Song dynasty, Neo-Confucianism emerged, attempting to merge Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas. The Song military was weak because Confucianism did not value the military, while the Mongol empire led by Kublai Khan was very powerful militarily. Under Mongol rule and after, Neo-Confucianism continued to be influential.
Daoism originated in China as a philosophy and religion. It is based on the Daodejing, a text attributed to the philosopher Laozi. The Daodejing focuses on living in harmony with the Dao, which represents the natural order of the universe. Daoism teaches that happiness is found by following the natural flow of yin and yang and practicing wuwei, or non-action. The core principles are living simply, in harmony with nature, and letting natural processes occur without interference.
Taoism is one of the main religions in China that first started in 206 B.C. during the Han Dynasty. It focuses on finding the appropriate way to behave and lead others through emphasizing a harmonious relationship between nature, humanity, and the divine.
Neo-Confucianism emerged in response to the rise of Buddhism and Daoism in China. It sought to integrate Confucianism with elements of these philosophies. Two main schools developed - the School of Principle focused on li (principle or law) and qi (material force) and was led by Zhu Xi, while the School of Mind focused on gaining knowledge through reflection and action and was led by Wang Yangming. Zhu Xi's synthesis established Neo-Confucianism as the dominant ideology and his Four Books became the standard texts for civil service exams, spreading Neo-Confucian influence throughout East Asia over subsequent centuries.
This is a presentation/report I made for my Philosophy of Man subject. credits to this website : http://www.faithology.com/confucianism/overview for the content and wikipedia for confucius' photo.
1. The document provides an overview of the major cultural and religious developments that occurred in Eurasia and North Africa between 500 BCE and 500 CE. It discusses the philosophies that emerged in China like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism and how they addressed social order.
2. In India, it outlines the development of Hinduism and Buddhism, including their core beliefs like samsara, karma, and achieving nirvana. It also examines the social roles prescribed for women.
3. In the Middle East, it introduces the monotheistic traditions of Zoroastrianism and Judaism that emerged, emphasizing concepts like the struggle between good and evil.
The document summarizes three belief systems that developed in China during a time of war and unrest:
1) Legalism advocated for strong central government control through strict laws and harsh punishments to force obedience.
2) Confucianism promoted social harmony through proper conduct based on five basic human relationships of ruler-subject, father-son, older brother-younger brother, husband-wife, and friend-friend.
3) Daoism taught that people should accept and live in harmony with nature by understanding complementary forces like yin and yang.
China has a long history with a series of dynastic rulers. The document outlines some of the major dynasties including the Zhou Dynasty which established feudal rule and Confucianism, the Qin Dynasty which first unified China, and the Han Dynasty which expanded China's territory and established important cultural and technological advances. Classical China was governed by a hierarchy with emperors, nobles, peasants, and merchants and was influenced by philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism as well as achievements in science, art, and economics.
Understanding The Self: The Self in Confucian ThoughtKyleHydenManalo
Confucius. You recognize his name because he is famous for saying things. During the time he was born, he exemplified benevolence and integrity. He was known as China’s Greatest Philosopher.
-
SOURCE:
Understanding The Self Book
Written by:
Jo-ann Porillo, Leslie Gazzingan, Linafe Guillen, Nilda Banzon-Woolsey, Michael Hermogenes, Gerald Estoperez, Conchita Yumol, Gerald Hilario, Agnes Crisostomo, Raymundo Faustino, Kristel Marie Punzalan, Christopher Manaois, Vicente Castillo
Daoism is a philosophy, religion, and way of life that originated in China over 2000 years ago. It emphasizes living in harmony with the natural flow of the universe through concepts like wu wei (non-action) and yin and yang. The founder was said to be Laozi, author of the seminal text the Tao Te Ching. Daoism differs from Confucianism in its focus on nature over human society and institutions.
Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BCE through the teachings of Confucius. It emphasizes learning, ethics, and virtue as a way to achieve social-political stability. Some key Confucian concepts include filial piety, proper social behavior and etiquette, and achieving balance in all things according to complementary forces like yin and yang.
Three key philosophies emerged in ancient China to promote stability:
1. Confucianism taught ethics and morality, emphasizing respect for authority and tradition.
2. Daoism focused on living in harmony with nature and minimizing interference.
3. Legalism advocated a system of harsh laws and punishments to maintain order.
Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, unified the country through conquest and implemented reforms based on Legalism, including standardization of currency, script, and measurements. He also initiated construction of the Great Wall to defend against invaders. However, his harsh rule led to a backlash and overthrow of the Qin dynasty after his death.
This document provides information about Chinese art, culture, and symbolism. It includes links and descriptions of various artistic traditions in China like calligraphy, knot tying, lantern making, as well as explanations of cultural concepts like the use of color, symbolism, and traditions around holidays like Chinese New Year. The document was created by Paige Vitulli, PhD and Cui Jie, MA for an arts in education event focusing on introducing Chinese culture.
Hinduism developed over thousands of years in India and gave rise to other religions like Jainism. Hindus believe in Brahman, the eternal creator, and reincarnation through the cycles of birth, death and rebirth. The ultimate goal is to achieve moksha or liberation from this cycle by fulfilling one's dharma. Sacred texts that shaped Hindu beliefs include the ancient Vedas as well as later writings like the Upanishads and epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata. Jainism broke away from Hinduism around 500 BC, emphasizing nonviolence and rejecting rituals to achieve moksha through controlling one's actions.
This document provides an overview of the geographic origins of India. It describes how India collided with Asia around 10 million years ago, forming the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains. Over time, runoff from these mountains deposited soil and formed marshlands that became the Indus and Ganges river valleys, the cradle of Hindu civilization where the Buddha later lived. It outlines the key geographic features of India, including the Ganges River plain, Punjab region, Khyber Pass, Aravalli hills, Vindhya and Satpura mountain ranges, Deccan plateau, and East and West Ghats mountain ranges. The next part will cover the Indus Valley civilization.
This document provides an abbreviated non-mythological account of the origins of Buddhism in India. It begins with a brief overview of the geological formation of the Indian subcontinent, describing how India collided with Asia around 10 million years ago, forming the Himalayan and Hindu Kush mountains. It explains how the Himalayas caused the formation of the Indus and Ganges river valleys, which became the cradle of Hindu and later Buddhist civilization in India. The talk sets the stage for discussing the early Indus Valley civilization and the life of the Buddha in the Ganges river region.
Confucianism originated in China around 2,500 years ago and was founded by Confucius. It emphasizes virtues, propriety, and the importance of education and self-cultivation. Confucianism spread widely in East Asia through civil service exams in China and the establishment of Confucian academies. While it declined under communist rule, Confucian philosophy still strongly influences cultures in China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other Asian countries today.
The document summarizes the origins and evolution of the Satyanarayan Pooja ritual in Hinduism. It traces the development of Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and how they shaped religious practices. The Satyanarayan Pooja ritual is described in the Skanda and Bhavishya Puranas as focusing on the principles of bhakti (devotion), karma (duty), dharma (righteousness) and moksha (liberation). It involves prayers, offerings, storytelling and aims to popularize spiritual concepts through allegorical tales emphasizing moral values.
The Zhou Dynasty ruled China from 1029 to 258 BCE. They came from the north and displaced the previous Shang Dynasty. The Zhou extended Chinese territory south into the Yangtze River valley. However, the Zhou rulers lacked strong central control and relied on alliances with regional noblemen.
The Qin Dynasty began in 221 BCE under Qin Shi Huangdi, the First Emperor. He forcibly centralized power by weakening regional nobles and standardizing administration. Qin Shi Huangdi built the Great Wall and believed independent thinking threatened his autocratic rule.
The Han Dynasty ruled from 202 BCE to 220 CE. They retained the Qin centralized government but lessened repression. The Han expanded China's territory
This document provides information about three key concepts in Chinese philosophy and mythology: Confucianism, Taoism, and Yin and Yang. Confucianism focuses on ethics, social hierarchy, and ritual practices. Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature and achieving eternal life by understanding natural laws. Yin and Yang refers to the complementary duality in nature between feminine/passive/dark forces and masculine/active/light forces.
This document discusses various cultural explanations of life and death through different worldviews and religions. It provides overviews of several major religions and philosophies including Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. For each, it outlines their origins, core beliefs, sacred texts, and cultural expressions. It also discusses notions of death within each system, noting that they provide explanations for the purpose and meaning of life as well as what happens after death.
The document provides an overview of the life and teachings of Confucius. It states that Confucius was born in 551 BCE to a poor but noble family in China and died in 479 BCE. As a teacher and government official, he developed the philosophy of Confucianism which focused on human relationships and virtue. Confucianism teaches that social order stems from individuals cultivating good character through education and fulfilling their roles within five key relationships of ruler-subject, father-son, husband-wife, older brother-younger brother, and older friend-younger friend. Confucius' most influential work is the Analects which provides guidance on practical ethics and good governance.
Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BC and was founded by Confucius. It influenced Chinese society by promoting ethics, social responsibility, and ancestor worship. During the Song dynasty, Neo-Confucianism emerged, attempting to merge Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist ideas. The Song military was weak because Confucianism did not value the military, while the Mongol empire led by Kublai Khan was very powerful militarily. Under Mongol rule and after, Neo-Confucianism continued to be influential.
Daoism originated in China as a philosophy and religion. It is based on the Daodejing, a text attributed to the philosopher Laozi. The Daodejing focuses on living in harmony with the Dao, which represents the natural order of the universe. Daoism teaches that happiness is found by following the natural flow of yin and yang and practicing wuwei, or non-action. The core principles are living simply, in harmony with nature, and letting natural processes occur without interference.
Taoism is one of the main religions in China that first started in 206 B.C. during the Han Dynasty. It focuses on finding the appropriate way to behave and lead others through emphasizing a harmonious relationship between nature, humanity, and the divine.
Neo-Confucianism emerged in response to the rise of Buddhism and Daoism in China. It sought to integrate Confucianism with elements of these philosophies. Two main schools developed - the School of Principle focused on li (principle or law) and qi (material force) and was led by Zhu Xi, while the School of Mind focused on gaining knowledge through reflection and action and was led by Wang Yangming. Zhu Xi's synthesis established Neo-Confucianism as the dominant ideology and his Four Books became the standard texts for civil service exams, spreading Neo-Confucian influence throughout East Asia over subsequent centuries.
This is a presentation/report I made for my Philosophy of Man subject. credits to this website : http://www.faithology.com/confucianism/overview for the content and wikipedia for confucius' photo.
1. The document provides an overview of the major cultural and religious developments that occurred in Eurasia and North Africa between 500 BCE and 500 CE. It discusses the philosophies that emerged in China like Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism and how they addressed social order.
2. In India, it outlines the development of Hinduism and Buddhism, including their core beliefs like samsara, karma, and achieving nirvana. It also examines the social roles prescribed for women.
3. In the Middle East, it introduces the monotheistic traditions of Zoroastrianism and Judaism that emerged, emphasizing concepts like the struggle between good and evil.
The document summarizes three belief systems that developed in China during a time of war and unrest:
1) Legalism advocated for strong central government control through strict laws and harsh punishments to force obedience.
2) Confucianism promoted social harmony through proper conduct based on five basic human relationships of ruler-subject, father-son, older brother-younger brother, husband-wife, and friend-friend.
3) Daoism taught that people should accept and live in harmony with nature by understanding complementary forces like yin and yang.
China has a long history with a series of dynastic rulers. The document outlines some of the major dynasties including the Zhou Dynasty which established feudal rule and Confucianism, the Qin Dynasty which first unified China, and the Han Dynasty which expanded China's territory and established important cultural and technological advances. Classical China was governed by a hierarchy with emperors, nobles, peasants, and merchants and was influenced by philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism as well as achievements in science, art, and economics.
Understanding The Self: The Self in Confucian ThoughtKyleHydenManalo
Confucius. You recognize his name because he is famous for saying things. During the time he was born, he exemplified benevolence and integrity. He was known as China’s Greatest Philosopher.
-
SOURCE:
Understanding The Self Book
Written by:
Jo-ann Porillo, Leslie Gazzingan, Linafe Guillen, Nilda Banzon-Woolsey, Michael Hermogenes, Gerald Estoperez, Conchita Yumol, Gerald Hilario, Agnes Crisostomo, Raymundo Faustino, Kristel Marie Punzalan, Christopher Manaois, Vicente Castillo
Daoism is a philosophy, religion, and way of life that originated in China over 2000 years ago. It emphasizes living in harmony with the natural flow of the universe through concepts like wu wei (non-action) and yin and yang. The founder was said to be Laozi, author of the seminal text the Tao Te Ching. Daoism differs from Confucianism in its focus on nature over human society and institutions.
Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BCE through the teachings of Confucius. It emphasizes learning, ethics, and virtue as a way to achieve social-political stability. Some key Confucian concepts include filial piety, proper social behavior and etiquette, and achieving balance in all things according to complementary forces like yin and yang.
Three key philosophies emerged in ancient China to promote stability:
1. Confucianism taught ethics and morality, emphasizing respect for authority and tradition.
2. Daoism focused on living in harmony with nature and minimizing interference.
3. Legalism advocated a system of harsh laws and punishments to maintain order.
Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, unified the country through conquest and implemented reforms based on Legalism, including standardization of currency, script, and measurements. He also initiated construction of the Great Wall to defend against invaders. However, his harsh rule led to a backlash and overthrow of the Qin dynasty after his death.
This document provides information about Chinese art, culture, and symbolism. It includes links and descriptions of various artistic traditions in China like calligraphy, knot tying, lantern making, as well as explanations of cultural concepts like the use of color, symbolism, and traditions around holidays like Chinese New Year. The document was created by Paige Vitulli, PhD and Cui Jie, MA for an arts in education event focusing on introducing Chinese culture.
Beijing is the capital city of China with over 15 million people. It has a long history dating back 700 years. Culturally, China values collectiveness over individualism. In Beijing, etiquette like waiting to be seated for meals and not making noises with chopsticks is important. Public transportation includes trains, subways, buses and bicycles. The climate is continental with cold, dry winters and hot, rainy summers. Mandarin is the national language and traditional dress and modern fashion reflect Chinese culture.
This document provides an overview of East Asian geography and the history of China from ancient times to modern eras. Key points include geographic barriers that isolated ancient China, the rise and fall of dynasties like Shang and Zhou which established Confucianism, and the establishment of communist rule under Mao Zedong including the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution. It also briefly discusses modern events like the Opium Wars and economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping.
Chinese art has a long history dating back to 10,000 BC consisting of pottery and sculptures. Major dynasties like Qin, Han, and Tang shaped Chinese art with developments in sculpture, painting, calligraphy, and ceramics. Famous artists from different dynasties like Gu Kaizhi and Dong Yuan were renowned painters, while Wang Xizhi and Wei Shuo produced famous calligraphy works. In modern times, comics and contemporary art have grown as new forms of Chinese art. Traditional art forms like mountain-water paintings reflecting Daoist principles of yin and yang also remain influential today.
Chinese art and painting places great emphasis on nature, balance, and harmony between humanity and the natural world. Landscape painting is considered the highest form, and paintings often feature landscapes, flowers, birds, and other natural subjects. Key principles that guide Chinese painting include observing rhythm and movement in nature, using space and brushwork effectively, and drawing from artistic traditions. Calligraphy, paper cutting, kite making, and knot tying are examples of Chinese folk art forms that live on today.
The document provides an overview of Chinese civilization, including its geography, climate, political history, religions, architecture, and traditional house designs. It notes that China ranges from plateaus and mountains in the west to lower land in the east, with major rivers running through central and eastern regions. Politically, China transitioned through various dynasties from 2100 BC to 1911 AD, developing a centralized government and national identity. Religions included Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism. Traditional Chinese architecture featured courtyard houses organized around a southern-facing entrance and enclosed layout.
China ,chinese language & chinese culturelearnerashish
The document provides information about China, the Chinese language, and Chinese culture. It notes that China has a population of over 1 billion people and borders many countries in Eastern Asia. It also discusses the main ethnic group, the Han Chinese, as well as China's ethnic and religious diversity. Additionally, it summarizes some key aspects of Chinese culture like cuisine, literature, architecture, music, and the Chinese language itself including its writing system and dialects like Mandarin.
This document provides a catalogue of 17 units that summarize key aspects of Chinese culture. The units cover topics such as Chinese geography, history, ethnic groups, festivals, language, zodiac signs, religions, Confucianism, kung fu, tea culture, food, calligraphy, paintings, music, traditional medicine, opera, and names. Each unit provides subsections that delve deeper into the cultural topic at hand.
The document provides an overview of early Chinese civilizations including its geography, the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and new philosophies. It describes how China's rivers deposited rich soil and its isolation protected early civilizations. The Shang dynasty established the first Chinese dynasty around 1766 BC and developed writing, bronze work, and ancestor worship. The Zhou dynasty introduced iron technology, which led to population growth and the development of cities, roads, and canals. Conflict during the late Zhou period led to new philosophies like Confucianism, which focused on improving society through traditions, and Daoism, which emphasized retreating from laws and living in harmony with nature.
The Chinese civilization began along the Huang He and Chang Jiang rivers in northern China, where the fertile soil supported farming. The first dynasty, the Shang, established China's early social order between 1500 BC and 1050 BC. Confucius later promoted an ethical philosophy that emphasized family, society, and strong leadership, which influenced future Chinese empires. The Qin dynasty in the 3rd century BC unified China under a centralized government and established policies that led to cultural advances. Trade also expanded during this period through the Silk Road, connecting China to other civilizations.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social studies including:
1) Definitions of various social science fields like history, economics, geography, and their practitioners.
2) Distinctions between primary and secondary sources.
3) Concepts of cultural diffusion and ethnocentrism with examples.
4) Influences of geographic features on river valley civilizations and trade.
5) Characteristics of early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley.
China developed along major rivers like the Yellow River and Yangtze River. Chinese culture began around 1500 BC and was governed by dynastic rulers who held a "Mandate of Heaven". Confucianism and Taoism were influential philosophies that emphasized order, harmony with nature, and respect for elders. The Great Wall was constructed to protect against northern invaders. Contributions included paper, porcelain, silk, and the Silk Road which facilitated trade. Confucius advocated for order through relationships and education while Laozi sought harmony with nature's way or Tao. Yin and yang represented balancing opposing forces.
- Ancient Chinese civilizations first developed along major rivers like the Yellow River and Yangtze River, which deposited rich soil for agriculture. The Shang Dynasty ruled from around 1600 BC to 1100 BC and was the first Chinese dynasty to be confirmed by historical records. Religion influenced Shang culture through rituals for ancestors, oracle bones connected to early writing, and bronzework. The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang around 1100 BC and introduced new concepts like the Mandate of Heaven to justify dynastic changes. Population and agriculture grew under the Zhou while new philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism emerged during the later Zhou period.
The Shang Dynasty ruled China from around 1766 BC to 1122 BC. Writing developed during this time using oracle bones with carved symbols. The Shang were also skilled bronze workers who created vessels and tombs. The Zhou Dynasty then overthrew the Shang around 1100 BC and ruled until 256 BC, a period known as the Classical Age. The Zhou developed ironworking and new military technologies like the catapult. Philosophies like Confucianism and Daoism emerged during the later Zhou in response to societal conflicts. Confucius taught about treating others with respect and honoring tradition. Daoism focused on finding harmony with nature through balance.
The document provides information about early river valley civilizations in China that developed along the Huang He (Yellow River) beginning around 4000 BC. It discusses the geography of China, including natural barriers like mountains and deserts that protected settlements along the river but also isolated Chinese civilization. The Yellow River was important for developing fertile soil but also caused unpredictable flooding. Early Chinese civilization established systems of writing, government, agriculture, and social hierarchies. Religions like Daoism, Confucianism, and later Buddhism became influential. The Chinese achieved advancements in areas like paper, printing, gunpowder, the compass, and porcelain. Eventually China adopted a policy of isolationism to protect its culture from foreign influence.
MEDIEVAL CHINA The West & The World Key Enviro.docxARIV4
MEDIEVAL CHINA
The West & The World
Key Environmental Features
o Like India, China enjoyed a relative geographical isolation
which allowed it to develop a very distinctive culture.
Physical barriers separated China from the rest of the Asian
continent:
• SW: Himalayan Mts.
• W: Taklimakan (Takla Makan) Desert
• N: Gobi Desert and Mongolian Plateau
E & SE: the Pacific Ocean in east and southeast.
This led to:
• remarkable level of cultural continuity.
• a conscious effort of new ruling dynasties to conform to
past cultural traditions & to Sinicize all conquered
people.
• the belief in Chinese cultural superiority (rest of the
world was made up of “barbarians”).
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Central area is the cradle of Chinese civilization.
Earliest settlements developed in agricultural-friendly areas.
• Fertile plains and river valleys:
Yellow River (Huang Ho), also called “river of sorrows” –
flooded frequently and in unpredictable patterns; its
waters carried a fine yellow soil (the loess), very fertile
and easy to work.
Yangtze River, the longest in Asia and third largest in
the world.
Pearl River in the south.
• In modern times, the Manchurian plain in the N also
became part of China.
Main staples:
• wheat and millet in center and north
• rice in the south
Key Environmental Features, ct’d
o Other natural resources:
12 % of world’s mineral resources: iron, tin, copper, lead, zinc,
aluminum, etc.
Energy resources: coal, oil, natural gas
Gemstones: amber, amethyst, jade, opal, ruby, sapphire, topaz
Forests
Including medicinal and precious woods such as gingko
tress, golden larch, red sandalwood, lacquer tree
Largest areas of grassland in the world (N and W)
Tea (SW and N)
• China is the world’s first exporter of tea
Silk-worms
o Major premodern Chinese exports:
Silk - developed ca. 6500 y.a.; one of the most sought-after
products in premodern era.
Lacquered furniture – developed ca 3000 y.a.
Porcelain – developed ca. 2000 y.a.
Main Historical Developments
o Zhou Dynasty (1122-221 B.C.): Golden Age of China
A mythical time of great prosperity and excellent government.
• Rulers associated with this dynasty were considered great
sages (i.e. exemplars of wisdom).
Religious beliefs: polytheistic.
• The gods and the spirits of the ancestors were in control of
humans’ well-being.
To avoid misery and hardships, people had to keep these
celestial beings happy (through daily prayers and sacrifices).
• The spirits of the ancestors could act as mediators between
mortals and the gods. To do so in a positive way, ancestors had
to be honored daily through offerings of food, prayers and pious
reference to their memory.
A good, easy life was a sign of happy ancestors.
Misfortunes were signs of displeased ancestors.
Ancestor Worship: At Home
...
Ancient China developed a unique culture due to its isolated geography along major river valleys and surrounded by natural barriers like mountains and deserts. The geography influenced the development of political and social structures, including the philosophy of the Mandate of Heaven and the emphasis on filial piety. Major religious and philosophical traditions that emerged in China and gained popularity included Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, and Legalism. The Great Wall of China was constructed starting in the 3rd century BCE and reconstructed during the Ming Dynasty to protect against nomadic tribes from the north.
Ancient China was shaped by its geography. The Yellow and Yangtze Rivers supported agriculture and civilization, while surrounding deserts and mountains isolated China. Three influential philosophies emerged during a period of conflict: Legalism emphasized strong government and law; Confucianism focused on social harmony through respect and proper conduct; Daoism viewed nature and individual harmony as most important. The Qin and Han dynasties unified China under centralized rule, expanding the empire while adopting elements of Chinese culture. The Silk Road opened trade routes that spread goods, ideas, and religions like Buddhism across Asia and into Europe. Chinese innovations in agriculture, paper, and silk had lasting global impacts.
Ancient China was shaped by its geography. Civilization centered along two major river systems which supported agriculture. China was also isolated by deserts and mountains, limiting outside influences. Three major philosophies emerged during a period of war and disorder: Legalism emphasized strong central government and strict laws; Confucianism focused on social harmony through ethics and proper conduct; Daoism taught living in harmony with natural forces. The Qin dynasty first unified China under a powerful emperor, while the Han stabilized rule and expanded the empire through bureaucracy and military conquest.
The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
The document discusses the origins and development of major world religions. It begins by explaining how prehistoric humans practiced early forms of religion and how geography and culture influenced the establishment of religions. It then provides a timeline of important dates in the origins of religions like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and Shintoism. It also summarizes the commonalities between the Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam which have over half the world's population. The document concludes by examining the geographical contexts of religions in the Western Frontier (West Asia), the Indian Subcontinent, and Eastern End (East Asia).
The document provides an overview of ancient history from early humans through the rise of Christianity. It describes how early humans were hunter-gatherers and the development of agriculture and permanent settlements. It then discusses the early civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China and some of their major accomplishments and innovations. Finally, it summarizes the rise of ancient Greece and Rome and the origins and spread of Christianity.
This document provides an overview of ancient Chinese religions including Taoism and Confucianism. It discusses how ancient Chinese were polytheistic and animistic, focusing on gods of heaven and earth. By the 8th century, China moved toward monotheism worshipping the high god Shang Ti. Taoism emerged in the 6th century BC based on the teachings of Laozi who wrote the Tao Te Ching. Taoism focuses on living simply and blending with the undefinable Tao force. Confucianism established by Kongzi focuses on proper relationships and behavior between people based on love and respect.
The Zhou Dynasty overthrew the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BCE claiming they had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Zhou period was divided into the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou. The Eastern Zhou was a time of philosophical growth and included the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. This era saw the development of Confucianism, Daoism, Mohism, Legalism and other schools. The Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE was the first to unify China under a centralized legalist system, though it collapsed shortly after. This period established lasting influences on Chinese culture, government and society.
Religion and philosophy in ancient chinaDarren Terry
The Ancient Huang Ho River in China provided water and fertile soil that led to the development of early Chinese civilization. The first dynasty was the Xia Dynasty in the Huang Ho River valley, followed by the Shang Dynasty from 1750-1045 BC. The Shang people's earliest religious beliefs included spirit appeasement through offerings to keep gods and ancestors happy, as well as ancestor worship and respect for deceased family members. Between 500-200 BC, Chinese thinkers developed three major philosophies to restore social order: Legalism advocated for strong laws and punishment, Confucianism promoted ethical relationships and duties, and Daoism taught living in harmony with nature.
This document provides an overview of human history from 2.5 million BCE to 500 BCE. It describes how early humans lived in small hunter-gatherer bands and were mostly nomadic, though some permanent settlements emerged. Neanderthal and Cro-Magnon man inhabited caves and left behind cave paintings. From 8000-3000 BCE, permanent agricultural settlements developed along with technologies like farming and pottery-making. Some of the earliest cities like Catal Huyuk and Jericho emerged during this period. The document then focuses on the major early civilizations that arose, including those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, outlining their key geographic features, beliefs, achievements and influences.
East Asian Civilization - China, Japan, Mongoliaderickbalbarosa
1. China is the largest country in East Asia, covering one-fourteenth of the Earth's land area. It has the second largest population after India.
2. Confucianism originated in China in the 6th-5th century BCE as a philosophy developed by Confucius that focused on ethics and relationships between individuals and society. It emphasized virtues like righteousness, loyalty, and filial piety.
3. Daoism originated as a philosophy in ancient China that focused on living in harmony with the natural order of the universe through wu wei (non-action) and achieving long life and immortality. Key concepts include yin and yang, qi, and the Dao as the
This document outlines the key components of middle school English Language Arts/Literacy curriculum, including reading, writing, and research. It describes strategies and activities for developing skills in reading literature and informational texts, argumentative, informative, narrative, and research writing. Speaking and listening, language, and vocabulary are embedded across all areas to support students in developing proficiency in these critical areas.
The document summarizes the history of Ancient Rome from its origins as a collection of small settlements united around the Forum in the 8th century BC, through the establishment of the Roman Republic in 509 BC and the struggles between patricians and plebeians, to the transition to the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC. It discusses Roman political institutions, society, economy, engineering practices, philosophy, expansion through warfare, and the transition from a republic to an autocratic empire under Augustus.
This document provides an overview of the history and geography of ancient Rome from its founding in 750 BCE to the fall of the Western Roman Empire. It discusses Rome's transition from a monarchy to a republic, the influence of the Etruscans, the establishment of consuls and assemblies, and the creation of laws to protect plebeians. Key events included the expansion of the empire under military leaders like Julius Caesar and emperors like Augustus, the rise of Christianity, and later divisions and invasions that contributed to Rome's decline. The legacy of Rome's government, law, language, engineering and architecture continued to influence Europe for centuries.
The document summarizes the history and government of ancient Rome and the Roman Republic. It describes Rome's founding and growth as a city located strategically on the Tiber River across seven hills. Over centuries, Rome transitioned from a monarchy to a republic with two consuls and a senate dominated by patricians. Rome then expanded across the Italian peninsula through conquest and defeated Carthage in the Punic Wars to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean.
This document compares and contrasts ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture. It discusses key differences in preferred structures, wall construction, column styles, sculpture subjects, and painting techniques between the two cultures. Specific examples are provided of both Greek and Roman temples, portraits, and other artworks to illustrate the defining characteristics of each civilization's artistic legacy.
The ancient Chinese invented many important technologies including:
1. Sericulture (silk production) which began around 2700 BCE when an empress discovered how to harvest and weave silk threads.
2. The decimal system which was in use by the 13th century BCE for recording numbers like "Five hundred plus four decades plus seven of days".
3. The first seismograph around 132 CE, designed by Chang Heng, which could detect earthquakes using a weighted bob inside a bronze vessel to trigger the release of a ball.
Natural barriers such as deserts, mountains, and plateaus isolated ancient China from other civilizations. China is geographically divided into densely populated agricultural regions and sparsely populated outer regions. China has over 1 billion people living in an area slightly smaller than the United States. China adopted a one-child policy in the 1980s to balance land and population. Dynasties ruled China over thousands of years, developing a centralized government and civil service system. Confucianism and other philosophies shaped Chinese culture. China developed important technologies like bronze, silk, and iron. After Mao, China adopted economic reforms focused on modernizing agriculture, industry, technology, and the military.
This document provides background information on early Chinese history and culture. It discusses important figures like Peking Man, the Yellow River Civilization, and the mythical creator Pan-Gu. It then outlines the four major river valley cultures and some of the earliest Chinese dynasties like the Hsia, Shang, and Zhou, highlighting important artifacts, inventions, and cultural developments during each period. Finally, it introduces the concept of "T'ien Ming," the Chinese philosophy of the Mandate of Heaven which justified changes in ruling dynasties.
The world population is projected to reach 7 billion people in 2011, and a website is holding a student video contest to raise awareness of how this population milestone may impact the environment and global community, with submissions due by March 1 for a chance to win $1000.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Background
Rivers were important to the development of
China
Landforms and climate also influenced the
culture
There were many differences in climate
throughout China
Monsoons bring rains from the South China
Sea towards the southern half of China
The rain does not reach the northern, cooler part of
China
The climate there is very dry, people depended on
Rivers
3. Background
What is the ―Middle Kingdom?‖
Geographic barriers like mountains and
seas cut China off from other lands
They had no knowledge of other cultures
like Greece, Rome, India, or Egypt
They thought that they were at the
center of the world and called
themselves the ―Middle Kingdom‖
4. China‘s Geography
The development of civilization in early China was aided by features
like long rivers, fertile soils, temperate climates, and isolated valleys.
Rivers, Soils, Climates Loess
• China‘s first civilizations • Annual floods deposited rich
developed in river valleys soil, loess, on flood plains
• Two major rivers supplied • Valley of Huang He particularly
water for earliest civilizations fertile due to loess
– Chang Jiang, also called – Fine dusty soil
Yangzi
– Carried into China by desert
– Huang He, or Yellow River winds
– Both flow east from Plateau of
Tibet to Yellow Sea
5. China‘s Geography
Beginnings of Civilization Xia
• Archaeological • Legend says earliest
discoveries suggest Chinese ruled by Xia
Chinese civilization began dynasty
in Huang He valley
• No written, archaeological
evidence Xia dynasty
• People started growing
existed
crops there 9,000 years
ago • Most historians date
beginning of Chinese
civilization to rise of Shang
dynasty
6. Crops
Most of eastern China covered with fertile soils; some regions better
suited than others for growing certain crops
Southern China—warm, receives plenty of rainfall, excellent region
for growing rice
Further north—climate cooler, drier; suitable for grains, wheat, millet
Isolation
Combination of rivers for irrigation, fertile soil for planting allowed
Chinese to thrive, as did China‘s relative isolation
Mountains, hills, desert protected China from invasion
Himalaya Mountains separate southern China from India, rest of
southern Asia; vast Gobi Desert prevented reaching China from west
7. Background
Early civilizations developed near rivers
China had a few rivers that provided
resources to be successful
Chang Jiang River (longest river)
Huang He River
Yangzi River
China‘s rivers overflowed just like others
we have studied
Provides fertile soil for farming
The Huang He River is also known as the
Yellow River because of the Loess
Loess is yellow-brown soil that the Yellow River
carries along
8. Background
What is ―China‘s Sorrow?‖
The river was unpredictable and
dangerous and often killed
The river also brought life through fertile
soil
Destructive floods would come without
warning
To control the flooding the people built
dikes or walls that hold back water
9. Summarize
What geographic features influenced life in
early China?
Answer(s): Rivers deposited rich soil for farming;
mountains, hills, and desert isolated the area.
10. New Philosophies
The conflicts of the late Zhou period led many Chinese thinkers to
question the nature of society and people‘s roles in it.
Effort to make sense of chaos Of many philosophies created
led to creation of many new during late Zhou period, two
Chinese philosophies, or ways became influential in later
of looking at the world Chinese history:
• Confucianism
• Daoism
11. Confucianism
Confucius
Confucianism based on teachings of scholar named Kongfuzi, better known
as Confucius, who thought people should treat one another humanely
Should express love, respect for others, honor one‘s ancestors
Love and Respect
Believed that love, respect had disappeared and was responsible for
violence in society; restoring respect for tradition would make society stable
Thoughts on how to improve society collected in book, Analects
Analects
Ruler should treat subjects fairly; subjects reward ruler with respect, loyalty
People should respect members of family, devote selves to public service
Confucian ideas spread elsewhere in Asia, including Korea, Japan, Vietnam
12. Confucianism
K‘ung Fu Tze
Born in 551 BC
Lived during Zhou/Chou dynasty
Time of lax morality
Wandered through many states, advising rulers
Writing
Dealt with individual morality
Political power of rulers
Social ethics
Afterlife
Similar to Buddhist or Taoist
13. Confucianism
The Five Relationships
ruler and people
parent and child
older brother and younger brother
husband and wife
between friend and friend
14. Confucianism
Parts of teaching
Li: includes ritual, propriety, etiquette, etc
Hsiao: love within the family
love of parents for their children
Love of children for their parents
Yi: righteousness
Xin: honesty and trustworthiness
Jen: benevolence, humaneness towards others; the
highest Confucian virtue
Chung: loyalty to the state
Important texts – the Si Shu
Lun Yu: the analects of Confucius
Chung Yung: doctrine of the mean
Ta Hsuech: the greatest learning
Meng Tzu: analects of philosopher Meng Tzu
15. Daoism
Definition Yin and Yang
• Unlike Confucianism, which • Daoism embraced Chinese
focuses on improving concept of yin and
society, Daoism encourages people yang, representing balancing
to retreat from laws of society, yield aspect of nature—male, female;
to law of nature dark, light; hot, cold
• Heart of Daoism is concept of the • Neither can exist without other
dao, or the way • Important for two to remain
• Dao is the limitless force that is part balanced for perfect harmony
of all creation • Origins of Daoist teachings
• Through the dao, all things in attributed to philosopher named
nature connected Laozi
• Finding one‘s place in nature • Wrote book called Dao De Jing
allows person to achieve harmony • Laozi worshipped by some as a
with universe god
16.
17. Taoism
Loa Tsu (Lao Tzu, Laozi, Loatze)
Lived approx. 604-531 BC
Lived in a feudal society with lots of
warfare
Wrote book: Tao-te-Chine (the way of
virtue)
Tao (Dao)
The path or the way (undefinable)
Way to avoid conflict (esp feudal conflict)
Power which surrounds and flows
through all things
18. Taoism
Balance – between 2 extremes
no love with out hate
no peace without war
no male without female
no light without dark
Believers goal: be one with the Tao
Gods are manifestations of the Tao
Time is cyclical, not linear
Yin & Yang
Yin formed breath of earth
Yang formed the breath of heaven
Pair of opposites seen through out the universe
Intervention of human civilization has upset
balance
19. Taoism
Chi (air, breath)
Life force that has been entrusted to each person
Developing one‘s virtues nurtures the Chi
Being nice to another means they will reciprocate
the kindness
Believe people are compassionate by nature
Feng Shui (wind & water)
Consult Chinese calendar for birth sign
Use I-Ching (book of changes)
Creates balance between ying/yang, 5 elements
and environment
Seeks to maximize balance of Chi
Simple balance – no clutter
Sharp angles bad – cut the Chi
20. Some Lasting Effects
Daoism eventually proved less influential than
Confucianism in Chinese history
Still played major role in later dynasties
Idea of balance key concept in China for centuries as
result of Daoist teaching
Daoist philosophy led many followers to work for
preservation, protection of natural environment
21. Buddhism
Gautama Siddhartha (63-483 BC)
Born a prince, raised in luxury
Took 3 trips outside the palace
Saw old, sick, and dead
Becomes an ascetic (abandons worldly
pleasures)
Search for enlightenment
Medidates under Bodhi tree
God Mara (death and desire) tries to prevent
Finds the ‗middle way‘ – between deprivation
and gratification
4 noble truths and 8 fold path
22. Buddhism
4 noble truths
1 – all life is characterized by suffering
2 – suffering is caused by
desire/craving
3 – suffering can be stopped if you
stop desire/craving
4 – stop desire/craving w/8–fold path
8 fold path
Right: views intentions Speech
livelihood Effort Conduct
concentration mindfulness
23. Buddhism
Important concepts
Karma: for every action there is a moral
reaction
Dharma: fulfilling your social role – avoids bad
karma
Samsara: cycle of death and rebirth
Nirvana: enlightenment – breaking out of
samsara
Bodhisattvas: people who have achieved
enlightenment, stay on earth to help others
Buddha
Not a god, a man (role model)
Koans – illogical riddles used to gain insight
24. Legalism
Han Feizi, Shangzi
Founders, lived 340-230BC
Han Feizi – student who taught Confucianism
Wrote main text of legalism
Shangzi traced the cause of chaos to growing
population
Strong government is a solution
Philosophy
The law is the supreme authority
Humans are inherently evil – education cannot
make them better
Only punishment and reward will get people to
act correctly
25. Legalism
Elements of legalism
Fa: the law; should be made public and rule the
state (not the whims of rulers)
Shi: legitimacy of rule; the power comes from
the position, not the person
Shu: methods; laws should be strict, there is no
place for benevolence, people need a strong
hand to rule them
Conflicts with other philosophies
Dislikes Confucianism way of praising the past
Believes that people should be working rather
than philosophizing
Persecuted all followers of Confucianism –
even the prince
Banned and burned Confucian texts
26. Legalism
Parts of legalism
Everyone has the same laws – regardless of
origin
Land was privatized and feudalism was done
away with
If you refuse to denounce a criminal, you would
be cut in half at the waist; if you identified a
criminal you got a reward
Families would share the reward or punishment
of an individual
Only the farmers and food producers would be
free – everyone should be slaves
27. Contrast
What is one difference between
Confucianism and Daoism?
Answer(s): Daoism—retreat from society and
commune with nature; Confucianism—improve
society
28. Comparing Philosophies
1. A student knows that they are failing a class. Students from
each of these doctrines know they will be in trouble when
their parents find out. How do they handle this situation?)
2. A student's friends smoke and are trying to get them to start.
How do they handle this situation?
3. A student has just found $20 in the hall. What should they
do?
4. A student's parents have just spent a lot of money on a new
outfit. The student has been playing around and has gotten
ink all over it. What should they tell their parents, or should
they?
5. A student really likes a new student in school, but all the
other students are making fun of the new student's clothes.
How should the first student act?
6. A student knows that an older brother or sister is cheating on
tests. How should the student act?
7. A student sees an opportunity to take something they have
really wanted, without being caught. How should that student
act?
29. The Shang Dynasty
According to ancient Chinese records, the Shang dynasty formed
around 1766 BC, although many archaeologists believe it actually
began somewhat later than that.
Government and Order Agricultural Society
Society
• China ruled by • King‘s governors • Shang China
strong monarchy ruled distant parts largely agricultural
• At capital of kingdom
• Most tended crops
city, Anyang, kings • King also had large in fields
surrounded by army at disposal
• Farmers called on
court • Prevented to fight in
• Rituals performed rebellions, fought army, work on
to strengthen outside opponents building projects—
kingdom, keep safe tombs, palaces, wal
ls
30. Shang Elite
Leisure Artifacts
• Ruling elite had free time to • Much of what is known comes
pursue leisure activities, hunting from studying royal tombs
for sport
• Contained valuable items made
• Wealthy enjoyed collecting of bronze, jade
expensive bronze, jade objects
Afterlife Ancestor Worship
• Tombs held remains of • Shang offered gifts to deceased
sacrificed prisoners of war ancestors to keep them happy
in afterlife
• Believed in afterlife where ruler
would need riches, servants • Steam from ritual meals
nourished ancestors‘ spirits
31. Oracle Bones
As part of worship, Shang asked ancestors for
advice
Sought advice through use of oracle bones
Inscribed bits of animal bone, turtle shell
Living person asked question of ancestor
Hot piece of metal applied to oracle bone resulting in cracks on
bone‘s surface
Specially trained priests interpreted meaning of cracks to learn
answer
32. Shang Achievements and Decline
Writing
Development of Chinese writing closely tied to use of oracle bones
Earliest examples of Chinese writing, questions written on bones themselves
Early Shang texts used picture symbols to represent objects, ideas
Bronze
Shang religion led to great advances in working with bronze
Highly decorative bronze vessels, objects created for religious rituals
Also built huge structures like tombs; created calendar, first money systems
End of Dynasty
Shang ruled for more than 600 years, until about 1100 BC
Ruling China‘s growing population proved too much for Shang
Armies from nearby tribe, Zhou, invaded, established new ruling dynasty
33. Summarize
How did religion influence other aspects of
Shang culture?
Answer(s): ritual meals for ancestors; oracle
bones connected to early writing; bronze work for
rituals; built stable tombs
34. The Zhou Dynasty
Beginning around 1100 BC, the Zhou rules China for several centuries.
The Zhou dynasty is divided into two periods. During the Western
Zhou, kings ruled from Xian in a peaceful period. Later conflict arose,
kings moved east to Luoyang, beginning the Eastern Zhou period.
Government Dynastic Cycle
• When Zhou conquered • Zhou said Shang overthrown
Shang, leaders worried Chinese because they lost gods‘ favor
people would not accept them • Later rulers used Mandate of
• Introduced idea they ruled by Heaven to explain dynastic
Mandate of Heaven cycle, rise and fall of dynasties in
• Gods would support just ruler, not China
allow anyone corrupt to hold power • If dynasty lost power, it obviously
had become corrupt
In that case, they said, it was the will of the gods that that dynasty be
overthrown and a new one take power.
35. Zhou Achievements
• Before Zhou, Chinese metalwork done almost exclusively in bronze
• Zhou learned to use iron, became backbone of economy
• Iron was strong, could be cast more cheaply, quickly than bronze
• Iron weapons strengthened Zhou army, as did new weapons like
catapult and creation of China‘s first cavalry
Growth Decline of the Zhou
• Population grew under Zhou • Conflict arose during latter part of
• Farmers learned new Zhou dynasty
techniques, increased size of • Clan leaders within China rose up
harvest, created food surpluses; against king
cities also grew • As time passed, more and more
• Roads, canals allowed better local leaders turned against Zhou,
transportation, communication further weakening rule
• Introduced coins, use of chopsticks
36. Small States Fight
Result of rebellions was Warring States Period
403 BC to 221 BC, number of small states
fought each other for land, power
Zhou still nominally in charge, but power almost
nonexistent by mid-200s BC
Qin, new dynasty, arose to bring end to Warring
States Period, Zhou dynasty
37.
38. Analyze
How did China change under the Zhou?
Answer(s): iron technology, population grew, new
farm techniques, more food, cities grew, roads
and canals built, coins and chopsticks introduced
39. Silk Culture
Legendary Beginnings
Lady His-Ling-Shih (wife of Yellow
Emperor) began raising silk worms and
invented the loom (believed to have
reigned approx. 3000 BC)
Excavated silkworm cocoon dated
between 2600 to 2300BC
Other evidence suggests silk cultivation
began much earlier
40. Silk Culture
The worm
Many varieties throughout the world
Chinese species is blind, flightless
Lays 500 eggs in 4-6 days
100 eggs weigh less than 1 gram
Silk worm has a smoother, finer filament
than other species
41. Silk Culture
Secrets of Cultivation (sericulture)
Need to be carefully changed from 65 to 77
degrees to hatch
Baby worms are feed night and day until they
are plump
Roomful of worms have to be kept at a constant
temperature – sounds like heavy rain falling in
the roof
Have to be kept warm when cocooning and
isolated from noises and smells
Produce white fluffy looking cocoons
After 8 days in a warm place, worms are
steamed/baked to kill the worms
42. Silk Culture
Cultivation
Entire process of feeding to weaving takes 6
months
Dip puff balls in water to loosen filaments
Unwind filaments onto a spool
One cocoon is between 600-700 meters long
5-8 filaments are twisted together to make
thread
Considered part of household duties for women
43. Silk Culture
Product
Clothes are light weight
Warm in winter
Cool in summer
Silk Privilege
First – reserved only for emperor and family
Wore robe of white inside palace, yellow
outside (color of the earth)
Other classes began wearing silk
Silk developed as an industrial product
Instruments, fishing lines, bowstrings, paper
44. Silk Culture
Tribute paid in rice and silk
Currency – items were priced in lengths of silk
Lost monopoly in 200 AD when Chinese
immigrants began to move to Korea
West gained sericulture in 550AD when two
monks appeared in Justinian‘s court with eggs
in hollowed staffs
Silk Road
Precious commodity to foreigners
Traders traveled the silk road overland – for
months at a time – to get silk
Important artifacts found along the Silk Road
45. Rice Culture
History
Chinese have been cultivating rice for
thousands of years
Strong dependence and work put into rice
added to strong rural essence
Chinese culture can be called ‗rice culture‘
Hunters and gathers left seeds in low-laying
areas and developed system of rice farming
Originated in Yellow (Huang He) and Hanshui
basins
Large areas of land viable for rice planting
46. Rice Culture
Evidence of rice farming as long as 3 to 4
thousand years
Widely accepted by Zhou dynasty (1100-
771BC)
By Han dynasty, rice was a staple (260BC-
220AD)
Developments
Complicated irrigation techniques were
required for farming
Year round – ploughing spring, weeding in
summer, harvesting in autumn, hoarding in
spring
Used to brew wine and offer as sacrifices to
gods and ancestors
47. Rice Culture
Central part of Spring Festival – lunar new year
Gao – specialty rice used for celebrations
Rice dumplings made on 15th night of the 1st lunar month
– for luck
Throw rice in river 5th day of 5th month to prevent
fish from eating the body of legendary leader Qu
Yuan (Chu official)
9th day of 9th month eat double 9 festival cakes
8th day of 12th month people eat porridge with
rice, beans, nuts, and dried fruit
Believed that Sakyamuni achieved Buddha-hood on this
day
48. The Yangtze River, called Chang Jiang in Chinese, is the
longest river in China and becomes well-known by its
Three Gorges scenery.
49. Papermaking
Chinese legend tells that the new invention of paper was
presented to the Emperor in the year 105 AD by Cai Lun.
Archeological evidence, however, shows that paper was in use
two hundred years before then. Either way, the Chinese
were significantly ahead of the rest of the world. The craft
of papermaking relied upon an abundance of bamboo fiber to
produce a fine quality paper. In China the papermaker uses
only the traditional materials and methods to produce fine
art paper.
50. Gunpowder
Imagine their enemy's surprise when the Chinese first
demonstrated their newest invention in the eighth century
AD. Chinese scientists discovered that an explosive mixture
could be produced by combining sulfur, charcoal, and
saltpeter (potassium nitrate). The military applications were
clear. New weapons were rapidly developed, including rockets
and others that were launched from a bamboo tube. Once
again, the raw materials at hand, like bamboo, contributed
ideas for new technologies.
51. Abacus
The abacus is a calculator for adding, subtracting,
dividing and multiplying. Tests have shown that, for
operations of addition and subtraction, the abacus is
still faster than the electronic calculator.
52. Silk
China is the first country in the world that
discovered the use of silk. Silkworms were
domesticated as early as 5000 years ago. The
production of silk thread and fabrics gave rise to
the art of embroidery. Historical documents
record the use of embroidery in China as early as
2255 B.C. Archaeological finds, however, place the
beginnings of embroidery at some point during the
Shang dynasty(1766B.C.-1122 B.C.)
53. Wheelbarrow
The wheelbarrow was invented by the Chinese.
The Chinese wheelbarrow had a single wheel in the
middle of the wheelbarrow. Farmers used the
wheelbarrow to take a load of produce to the
market place. Builders used the wheelbarrow to
carry heavy building supplies. Soldiers used the
wheelbarrow to remove injured or dead people
from the battlefield.
54. The Terra Cotta Army
More than 35 years ago, in 1974, Chinese farmers were
digging a well in central China when they discovered an
important archaeological site. They discovered fragments
from the burial grounds of a Chinese emperor, Shi
Huangdi (Shee-hwang-dee). His name is also spelled
Shihuangdi.
55. Qin was the name of the part of China
he ruled. He had his army of more
than one million soldiers conquer the
entire country in 221 B.C. He united
all the little kingdoms he conquered
and became an emperor. An emperor is
the supreme ruler of an empire.
Like most Chinese, he believed in taking the real world
with him when he died. He wanted his tomb to be
spectacular, and he certainly would need an army to
protect him when he died. Therefore, he ordered a terra
cotta (clay) army be built. He ordered that the terra
cotta soldiers be set up in formation with their backs to
him. The terra cotta soldiers and horses would stand
guard in order to protect him from attack.
56. As many as 700,000 people worked for
more than thirty years to make the 7,000
- 8,000 soldiers, horses and chariots.
When they were first made more than
2,000 years ago, the soldiers were brightly
painted and held real weapons. While molds
were used to make the bodies, no two
soldiers were alike. They had different
hair styles, shoes, expressions and
uniforms.
Over the years, the paint has faded, and vandals have
taken the weapons. Most of the bodies are smashed
because the wooden ceiling that was above them fell, and
terra cotta breaks easily. Therefore, most of the
soldiers are in bits and pieces. Archaeologists carefully
sift through the dirt inch by inch to find the tiniest
parts.
57. Farming,Life
Most of the people of ancient China were peasant
farmers who grew crops on small plots of land. Every
member of the family helped grow and harvest the
crops.
Farmers supplied food to the army and to people in the
city.
Farmers in the north grew wheat, millet, and barley to
eat. Farmers in the south grew rice to eat.
Farmers may have kept pigs and chickens, but dairy
cows were not kept due to a lack of pasture land.
Oxen and water buffalo were used to pull carts and
plows.
58. Farming, Life
Villagers dug ditches and canals to water the fields.
Many farmers used simple wooden or stone tools even after bronze
and iron weapons were invented.
The lives of peasant farmers consisted of many long, back-
breaking hours tending to crops.
Peasant farmers also had to serve in the army and help with
government projects such as building walls and canals.
Poor people spent most of their time growing and preparing food,
or doing heavy work such as digging and carrying large loads.
Farmers use a method known as terracing which is cutting flat
plains into hillsides. They would farm on the flat plains. The flat
plains looked like shelves coming out of the side of a hill. Cutting
flat plains into the hillside would also slow erosion in a hilly area.
59. Food
Poor people ate simple meals. Their main foods were rice, grains,
millet, vegetables, and beans. If they ate meat, it was usually
chicken or wild bird. Once in a while, they ate fish.
Wealthy people ate pork, lamb, venison, duck, goose, pigeon. For
special occasions they might eat snakes, dogs, snails, sparrows, or
bear claws.
Both rich and poor people used spices, salt, sugar, honey, and soy
sauce to add flavor to the food.
Vegetables and fruits were always included in a wealthy person's
diet.
To save fuel, food was chopped into small pieces and cooked quickly
in an iron frying pan, or wok, for a few minutes only.
Steaming was also a common cooking method with the rich and poor.
People usually drank tea.
Water was usually boiled before drinking it.
60. Clothing
Clothing was a mark of class in ancient China. The type of fabric,
the color and decorations on the fabric, jewelry, headgear and
footwear all told something about the wearer's position in society.
High-ranking people dressed in the finest silk in public.
Peasants wore a long, shirt-like garment, made of undyed hemp
fiber. Hemp is a rough fabric woven from plant fibers.
The type of jewelry worn showed the position of that person in
society.
A man almost always wore a hat in public. The hat showed the
wearer's occupation and status in society.
61. Clothing
Women's long hair was arranged in topknots and held in place by
hairpins and other ornaments.
Wealthy women wore elaborate make-up.
People wore thick padded clothing in winter.
From the Sui dynasty onward, only the emperor was allowed to
wear yellow. Ordinary people had to dress in blue and black.
White was for mourning, and children could not wear white while
their parents were alive.
62. Homes
Farmers usually made their homes from mud bricks with reed or tile
roofs. The bottom floor was often built below ground to help keep
the family warmer in the winter and cooler in the summer.
Some Chinese built their house with timber or bamboo poles. A
timber frame held up the roof. The outer walls were sometimes
made of brick. The Chinese preferred wood to stone for building
because it looked more natural and it was less likely to injure people
if the house collapsed during an earthquake.
Poor people often cooked outside in the open air. Wealth people had
a kitchen indoors on the bottom floor. Servants would also live on
the bottom floor.
Charcoal or coal was burned in the fireplace to keep the house
warm.
A traditional home was divided into different sections by
courtyards.
63. Beliefs and Customs
Families in China usually included many generations living together
- often under the same roof. The oldest male was usually in charge
of everyone in the house.
There was little individualism in Chinese families. Decisions were
made that benefited the entire family and family honor and family
achievements were more important than individual needs or
achievements.
Age demanded respect. The old were considered wise and were
treated with honor.
Children were taught to respect and obey their elders.
Children were taught that they must care for their mothers and
fathers in sickness and old age.
Boys learned their family's trade, and girls learned to manage a
household.
64. Social Class
The emperor was at the top of the social system.
Ancient China was divided into four main classes.
Scholars were respected above everyone else because they
could read and write.
Peasants were the next most important because the country
depended on them to produce food.
Artisans (people who worked with their hands) were next
because they used their skills to make things that everyone
needed, such as weapons, tools, and cooking utensils.
The lowest class were merchants because they made
nothing. All they did was trade goods.
Soldiers who made a career of being in the army were not
highly regarded and did not belong to a class of their own.
65. Chinese Zodiac
The Chinese Zodiac is a twelve-year cycle. It started from
Buddhism. According to the story, Buddha called all the
animals of China to his bedside, but only twelve animals came.
Because he wanted to honor the animals for their devotion,
he created a year for each animal. The twelve animals that
appeared were the rat, ox, tiger, hare (rabbit), dragon,
snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and the pig.
Each animal has its own special characteristics. Many people
believe that these characteristics affect events that happen
during the year. In addition, some people believe that people
born in a certain year will have qualities of that year's
animal.
68. Compass
By the third century AD, Chinese scientists had studied
and learned much about magnetism in nature. For
example, they knew that iron ore, called magnetite,
tended to align itself in a North/South position.
Scientists learned to "make magnets" by heating pieces
of ore to red hot temperatures and then cooling the
pieces in a North/South position. The magnet was then
placed on a piece of reed and floated in a bowl of water
marked with directional bearings. These first
navigational compasses were widely used on Chinese
ships by the eleventh century AD.