This chapter discusses the fundamental concepts of chemistry including the structure of atoms, phases of matter, physical and chemical properties and changes, elements and compounds. It explains that chemistry is the study of matter and its transformations, and covers topics such as the submicroscopic nature of atoms and molecules, the three phases of matter, and how to distinguish physical and chemical changes. It also provides guidelines for naming common chemical compounds using prefixes and suffixes based on the elements present.
Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of matter and all the chemical reactions taking place in a matter.
It also deals about the changes taking place in matter.
Due to concern with different methods and changes, chemistry is divided into 8 branches.
All of these eight branches has been discussed in above slides.
John Dalton was the first who discoered the atomic theory.
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. This video will introduce you to the world of ATOMS & MOLECULES. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: WHY DO WE WEIGH LESS ON THE MOON ?
Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of matter and all the chemical reactions taking place in a matter.
It also deals about the changes taking place in matter.
Due to concern with different methods and changes, chemistry is divided into 8 branches.
All of these eight branches has been discussed in above slides.
John Dalton was the first who discoered the atomic theory.
For more such informative content, go to https://scifitechify.blogspot.com/. This video will introduce you to the world of ATOMS & MOLECULES. HOPE YOU ENJOY IT. NEXT POST ON: WHY DO WE WEIGH LESS ON THE MOON ?
CH1000
Fundament
als of
Chemistry
Module 1 – Chapter 3
Elements and Atoms
• What is an element?
• An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical
means into a simpler substance.
• Elements are the building blocks of matter.
• Elements can occur naturally or be synthesized in labs.
• The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties and chemical
behavior is called an atom.
• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles, but they do not have the properties of the
element
Elements
•Ten elements make up
almost 99 % of the mass of
the Earth’s crust, seawater
and atmosphere.
•Oxygen accounts for about
20 % of the atmosphere
and is found in nearly all
rocks, sand and soil.
Symbols
of the
Elements
•Each element has an
abbreviation called a symbol.
•The first letter of a symbol
must always be capitalized.
•If a second letter is needed, it
should be lowercase.
Introduction to
the Periodic Table
•Elements with similar
chemical properties are placed
in columns called groups.
•Four groups have special
identifying names, like Noble
Gases, in group 8A, which are
all unreactive gases.
Introduction to
the Periodic
Table
•The eight tall columns are called representative elements, or main group
elements. These are shown in red.
•The elements in the center are called the transition metals, or sometimes
the “inner transition metals.” These are shown in purple.
Introduction to the Periodic
Table
•Elements can be further classified
as metals, metalloids and
nonmetals.
•Notice the bold, black “staircase”
on the table. Everything to the left
of the staircase is a metal and
everything to the right of the
staircase is a non metal.
• The exception is Hydrogen,
which is why some periodic
tables will show hydrogen
disconnected from the main
body of the table.
•The elements in grey touching the
“staircase” are called metalloids, or
semiconductor metals. These metals
are used in the semiconductor
industry.
Metals,
Nonmetal
s and
Metalloids
• Solid at room temperature (except mercury)
• Shiny
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Malleable (can be shaped)
• Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
• Most metals have a high melting point and density
Metals
• Not shiny
• Have fairly low melting points and densities
• Are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Non
Metals
• Metalloids have properties between metals and
nonmetals.
• These elements are positioned diagonally on the Periodic
Table separating the metals and nonmetals.
Metalloid
s
Diatomic Elements
•Diatomic molecules
contain exactly two atoms
•Seven elements exist as
diatomic molecules and are
shown in the table to the
left
•Diatomic elements can be
separated.
Compounds
•A compound is a substance
containing two or more
elements that are chemically
combined in a definite
proportion by mass
•Compounds, unlike elements,
can be decomposed chemically
into simpler substances
...
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What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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2. This lecture will help you understand:
• Chemistry: The Central Science
• The Submicroscopic World
• The Phases of Matter
• Physical and Chemical Properties
• Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
• Elements to Compounds
• Naming Compounds
3. Chemistry: The Central Science
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
transformations it can undergo.
5. Chemistry: The Central Science
• Chemistry is a "materials" science.
– Most of the material items in any modern
house are shaped by some human-devised
chemical process.
7. Chemistry: The Central Science
• More than 70% of all legislation placed before
the U.S. Congress addresses science-related
questions and issues.
8. The Submicroscopic World
• Roughly 250,000 dunes of this size contain
about 125 million trillion grains of sand.
• Yet, that's how many atoms there are in a single
grain of sand. (Atoms are small.)
9. What are atoms?
• Atoms are the smallest particles of matter
• Atoms make up everything around us
• Molecules are combinations of atoms
• Elements are only one type of atom
• Compounds are made up of different types of
atoms
10. The Phases of Matter
• One of the most evident ways
we can describe matter is by its
physical form, which may be
one of three phases (also
sometimes described as
physical states):
11. • The gaseous phase of any material occupies
significantly more volume than either its solid or
liquid phase.
• Frozen carbon dioxide, CO2, "dry ice"
The Phases of Matter
13. Physical and Chemical Properties
• A physical property describes the look or feel of
a substance.
14. Physical and Chemical Properties
• A chemical property describes the tendency of a
substance to transform into a new substance.
15. It is a chemical property of iron to transform into rust.
Physical and Chemical Properties
16. Physical and Chemical Properties
A physical change is a change in the physical
properties of a substance.
17.
18. • Chemical properties are properties that characterize
the ability of a substance to react with other
substances or to transform from one substance into
another.
Physical and Chemical Properties
19. • Any change in a substance that involves a
rearrangement of the way atoms are bonded is
called a chemical change.
Determining Physical and Chemical
Changes
21. Determining Physical and Chemical
Changes
• A physical change is a change in the physical
properties of a substance.
• A chemical change is the transformation of one
or more substances into others.
– A substance is identified not only by the kinds
of atoms it contains but also by how those
atoms are connected to one another.
– During a chemical change, a new substance
is formed as atoms rearrange themselves into
new configurations.
22. Determining Physical and Chemical
Changes
• A physical change imposes a new set of
conditions on the same material.
• A chemical change forms a new material that
has its own unique set of physical properties.
• Both physical and chemical changes result in a
change in physical appearance.
24. Physical or chemical change?
Ammonium
dichromate
Ammonium dichromate + Heat Ammonia,
water,
chromium
(III) oxide
25. • An element is a material made of only one kind
of atom. Pure gold is an element because it is
made of only gold atoms.
• An atom is the fundamental unit of an element.
• The term "element" is used when referring to
macroscopic quantities.
• The term "atom" is used when discussing the
submicroscopic.
Elements to Compounds
26. Compound Formula
Oxygen O2
Ozone O3
Sulfur S8
Gold Au
Elements to Compounds
• The elemental formula is used to show the
proportion by which atoms combine to form an
element.
27. Elements to Compounds
A compound is a substance
that consists of atoms of
different elements.
28. Elements to Compounds
• Compounds have properties uniquely different
from the elements from which they are made.
29. Compound Formula
Sodium chloride NaCl
Ammonia NH3
Water H2O
Elements to Compounds
• A chemical formula is used to show the
proportion by which elements combine to form a
compound.
30. • Guideline 1
– Start with the element farthest to the left in the
periodic table.
– For the element to the right, add the suffix -ide.
Example:
NaCl
Naming Compounds
