The document discusses recent advances in sterilization methods, focusing on plasma and gas plasma sterilization. Plasma sterilization uses ionized gas or plasma to kill microorganisms rapidly through UV photons, ions, electrons and chemical reactions. It has advantages over conventional methods like steam sterilization in being faster, safer and more versatile. However, challenges include weak penetration and material compatibility issues. Gas plasma systems like STERRAD use vaporized hydrogen peroxide and plasma to sterilize in under an hour without residues. Pulsed light also uses brief high intensity UV flashes to destroy microbes. Research continues to improve understanding and applications of non-thermal sterilization methods.
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
Autoclave, types of autoclave, horizontal autoclave, vertical autoclave, vacuum type autoclave, pressure cooker type autoclave. their purpose, precaution, etc....
Sterilization (or sterilisation) referring to any process that eliminates (removes) or kills (deactivates) all forms of life and other biological agents (such as prions, as well as viruses which some do not consider to be alive but are biological pathogens nonetheless), including transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, prions, spore forms, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium, etc.) present in a specified region, such as a surface, a volume of fluid, medication, or in a compound such as biological culture media
There have many methods of sterilization.,there have also sterilization with aseptic techniques for help to education. Easy to learn about of sterilization, and how to sterile easy to learn way. So i hope you'll enjoy and learn easily and to read about this slide.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
There have many methods of sterilization.,there have also sterilization with aseptic techniques for help to education. Easy to learn about of sterilization, and how to sterile easy to learn way. So i hope you'll enjoy and learn easily and to read about this slide.
The above PPT includes different methods of sterilization- Dry heat, Moist heat, Radiation and Chemical methods. It also includes the basic knowledge on sterilization and tests for sterility.
Cold plasma sterilization is a non-thermal sterilization technique that can revolutionize the sterilization of food and food products without causing any appreciable or no changes in the sensory and nutritional aspects and characteristics changes in food quality. The name cold plasma is given because plasma, that is used here has a temperature similar to room temperature so this is a non-thermal technology. The best part, the food sterilized through this technique has no or minimal effects in its characteristics and leaving no chemical residues behind.
Sterilization can be defined as any process that can effectively kill or eliminate transmissible agents (such as fungi, bacteria, viruses and prions) from a surface, equipment, foods, medication or biological culture medium.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Recent Advances in Sterilization
• Sterilization, as a specific discipline, has
been with us for approximately 120 years,
since the invention of the steam autoclave
by Charles Chamberland in 1879
• We have seen progressive refinement in
steam sterilizers: from the early, manually
operated equipment to modern
microprocessor-controlled, automatic
machines.
• Although the efficiency, reliability, and
performance monitoring of modern
equipment is continually improving, the
fundamental process remains essentially
the same.
3. Plasma Sterilization
• Sterilization is defined as any process that
destroys all micro-organisms
• Conventional methods (autoclaving and
ethylene oxide fumigation), though proven
effective, do have their disadvantages
such as long sterilization times, tenuous
operating conditions and lack of versatility.
• Plasma sterilization is fast evolving into a
promising alternative to standard
sterilizing techniques.
4. Plasma Sterilization
• Research on plasma sterilization started
way back in 1960. Since then, extensive
studies are being performed.
• Not future technology! Plasmas are used
today!
• Plasmas are currently employed in many
industries to accomplish both highly
effective, and delicate sterilization.
5. Plasma Sterilization
First discovered
by Sir William
Crookes, in 1879
But it wasn’t
called “plasma”
until 1928, when
Irving Langmuir
coined the term.
7. Plasma Sterilization
• Plasma is basically ionized gas. When you
apply an electric field to a gas, it gets
ionized into electrons and ions.
• Plasma is usually comprised of UV
photons, ions, electrons and neutrals.
• A plasma is a quasi-neutral collection
capable of collective behavior
• Their combined photolytic, chemical and
electric action efficiently kills most micro-
organisms.
9. Plasma Sterilization
• Electrical Plasma, used in sterilization, can
be classified into two types broadly:
Volume plasma & Surface plasma.
10. Plasma Sterilization
• Initial literature that worked on establishing
plasma sterilization as a safe, viable
method of sterilization used mostly volume
plasma generated from gases such as He,
N2, O2.
• However recent literature has started
leaning towards using Dielectric Barrier
Discharge (DBD) Plasma, which is surface
plasma.
11. Volume Plasma
• Plasma is classified as volume plasma
when it is generated by injecting a gas at a
specific flow rate into a chamber fitted with
electrodes and grounded sufficiently.
• When the circuit was closed, the gas
inside the chamber would be subjected to
an electric field and hence ionized,
creating plasma.
12. Volume Plasma
• Most of the research in plasma
sterilization pertains to volume discharge.
Triphasic behavior was observed in
these experiments.
UV irradiation
Photo-desorption
Chemical etching
13. Surface Plasma
• Surface plasma is usually when the
electrodes (power & ground) are
embedded into a dielectric and hence
plasma is generated on the surface of the
dielectric itself.
• DBD discharge is generated between two
electrodes with a dielectric barrier in
between them, about a few mm is a
surface plasma.
14. Methods
• Dielectric Discharge Barrier (DBD)
• Inductively Coupled Plasmas (ICP)
• Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (AAPJ)
• Microwave (MW) Plasmas
• MW plasma most effective
• All methods < 10 min treatment time
(much less than conventional methods!)
15. Plasma Sterilization
• Plasma sterilization operates
synergistically via three mechanisms:
Free radicals interactions
UV/VUV radiative effects
Volatilization
16. Plasma - Volatilization
• It is able to vaporize microbiological
matter, causing physical destruction of
spores.
• The spores are basically made up of
simple atoms like C, O, N, H etc.
• Charged particles react with cellular
atoms/chemical bonds of microbiological
layer to form gaseous compounds.
• When the organism loses such atoms that
are intrinsic to its survival, it dies
19. Plasma - Mechanism
• Damaged DNA/RNA causes microbial
death by 4 mechanisms:
1.Apoptosis – Nucleus programmed to
shrink and cause cell to commit suicide.
2.Autophagy
3.Necrosis
4.Mitotic Catastrophe – radiation causes
mis-segregation of chromosomes, leading
to Apoptosis
20. Why Plasma sterilization?
• The process is usually at room
temperature and hence poses no dangers
associated with high temperatures (unlike
autoclaves)
• Doesn’t involve any chemicals and hence
is non-toxic (unlike EtOH)
• Time of treatment is fast and of the order
of 1 min or less.
• Is versatile and can sterilize almost any
material and any shape
21. Disadvantages of Plasma Sterilization
• Weak penetrating power of the plasma.
Complications arise in:
Presence of organic residue
Packaging material
Complex geometries
Bulk sterilization of many devices
• Solutions: Introduce preferentially
targeting UV/VUV radiation of proper
wavelength
22. Disadvantages of Plasma Sterilization
• Cannot be used on paper, cellulose or
linen
• Can corrode certain materials
• Inability to process liquids, powders, or
strong absorbers (cellulosics)
• Lumen restrictions
23. Gas Plasma
• Low-Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Gas
Plasma (LTHPGP)
• Gas Plasma (vaporized hydrogen
peroxide) is a relatively new option that
can provide low heat sterility cycles with
none of the off-gassing concerns present
with EtO.
• Gas plasma sterilization technology based
of Plasma was patented in 1987, and
marketed in US 1993.
24. Gas Plasma - Steps
• The Vacuum Phase
The chamber is evacuated, reducing
internal pressure in preparation for the
subsequent reaction.
• The Injection Phase
A measured amount of liquid peroxide is
injected into the chamber, evaporating the
aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution and
dispersing it into the chamber, where it
kills bacteria on any surface it can reach.
25. Gas Plasma - Steps
• The Diffusion Phase
The hydrogen peroxide vapor permeates
the chamber, exposing all load surfaces to
the Sterilant and rapidly sterilizes devices
and materials without leaving any toxic
residues. At the completion of this phase,
the chamber pressure is reduced and the
plasma discharge is initiated.
26. Gas Plasma - Steps
• The Plasma Phase
An electromagnetic field is created in
which the hydrogen peroxide vapour
breaks apart, producing a low-temperature
plasma cloud that contains ultraviolet light
and free radicals. Following the reaction,
the activated components lose their high
energy and recombine to form oxygen and
water.
27. Gas Plasma - Steps
• Phases 1, 2, and 3 are then run a second
time for added efficacy. This built-in
reprocessing assures optimal sterilization
for even the most difficult-to-sterilize
devices.
• The Vent Phase
The chamber is vented to equalize the
pressure enabling the chamber door to be
opened. There is no need for aeration or
cool-down. Devices are ready for
immediate use.
28. Gas Plasma
• The Sterrad system offers a
short cycle (averaging 75 minutes),
low temperature and humidity,
no aeration requirement,
no chemical residues,
negligible environmental impact, and
wide compatibility with materials.
Its drawback is an inability to process
liquids, powders, or strong absorbers
(e.g., cellulosics).
30. Gas Plasma
• The Biological indicator used with system
is Bacillus atrophaeus spores and Bacillus
sterothermophilis.
• The newer version of Sterrad, which
employs a new vaporization system that
removes most of the water from hydrogen
peroxide, has a cycle time from 28-38
minutes.
31. Gas Plasma - Prions
• The effectiveness of low-temperature
STERRAD® technology against the prion
threat confirmed that it is possible to
eliminate these deadly pathogens while
helping to preserve the integrity of medical
devices, including heat sensitive surgical
instruments
32. Plasma - Current Research
• The fundamental underlying physics in the
process of plasma sterilization is to a large
extent not understood.
• Sporadic research efforts & a lot of
conflicting opinions
Importance of UV photons over neutrals
Failure criterion
33. Plasma - Current Research
• To harness the ability of plasma
sterilization to produce fast, easy, non-
toxic sterilization that can be applied to a
wide variety of materials
• Major challenge
Huge amount of power that goes into
operating these devices (voltages of 12
kV)
35. Pulsed light sterilization
• Pulsed light is a non-thermal sterilization
method that uses brief intense pulses or
flashes of white light to kill micro-
organisms.
• The basic principle of Pulsed Light
sterilization is to destruct microorganisms
with short intense light flashes generated
by Xenon lamps.
36. Pulsed light sterilization
• Energy, needed for product decontamination is
accumulated in a capacitor.
• A high-voltage signal initiates the so called ‘arc
formation’.
• An ‘arc’ is highly ionized gas with strong
currents. Xenon gas is used, because of its
capacity to convert electrical energy into light
energy. This arc starts the flash of intense
luminosity.
• The peak power of one flash is around 1
megawatt.
37. Pulsed light sterilization
• The flashes present a continuous
spectrum, rich in UV light that lasts a few
hundred of microseconds.
• The housing of the lamp is made of
quartz, so almost no optical energy is
wasted.
• The flashes are controlled and
concentrated by aluminum reflectors,
specifically designed for each application.
38. Pulsed light sterilization
• Each flash produces an enormous amount
of energy. With a lamp energy of 300 J
and a flash time of 0.3 mS that’s 1Mwatt.
Or, 1 kW per square cm of the treated
object.
• The microorganisms absorb all the energy,
mainly that of the further UV domain.
39. Pulsed light sterilization
• Pulsed light has a complete destructive effect on
microorganisms, a combination of two
phenomenon :
Sterilizing effect of UV : the DNA in the cells of
microorganisms absorbs the UV rays. This
ruptures the double strands of DNA and
provokes the formation of abnormal single-
strand bonds. This prevents DNA replication.
The microorganism’s protein production and cell
metabolism is blocked: and it dies.
Power of the flash : intense energy delivered in a
very short time increases this lethal effect.
40. Pulsed light sterilization
• The pulsed UV light causes formation of
Pyrimidine dimers in DNA, resulting in
genetic damage to cells and their ultimate
destruction. Types of damage induced by
pulsed UV light are:
Photolysis
Loss of colony-forming ability
Inability to support phage growth (enzyme
inactivation)
Destruction of nucleic acid.
42. Pulsed light sterilization - CLARANOR
1. Electronics bay: powered by the main
current it generates the electrical pulses.
The integrated cooling system regulates
the temperature of the water in the lamp
circuit.
2. Optical cavity: here the light is generated,
powered by the electronic bay. It has flash
lamps associated to the reflector that
focusses the light towards the surface that
needs to be treated.
43. Pulsed light sterilization - Benefits
• The most important reasons for considering
pulsed UV light systems for sterilization are:
Total DNA destruction
Safety - No mercury, VOC
Inline production
Temperature integrity
Process effectiveness
Process speed - 1-3 pulses 6log reduction
Process flexibility
Free of toxic substances
Worker-friendly (safe and easy to use)
Minimum space requirements
44. Pulsed light sterilization
• Pulse light sterilization technology has a
promising application potential in areas
requiring a high level of sterilization
without residual problems and without
heat application and contact.
46. Hydroclave
• Newer regulations (Environmental and
Medical Waste Regulations) require a
non-incineration technology, which is easy
and safe to operate & has no harmful
emissions & also sterilizes at low cost.
• Hydroclave offers a remarkably simple,
affordable, patented, proven
medical/Infectious waste treatment
process which achieves the highest waste
sterility, at an incredibly low treatment
cost.
47. Why Hydroclave?
• Performance
Guaranteed high level of sterilization,
including wet waste, metals, liquids and
sharps.
Automatic operation, and not dependent on
operator skill for sterility.
No infectious or harmful emissions.
Mechanical destruction of the waste, and
safe for land-fill.
48. Why Hydroclave?
• Economic
Low operating cost with low energy
consumption.
Low maintenance costs.
No costly bags, filters or chemicals in the
process.
Very large weight and volume reduction of
the waste.
49. • Medical Waste is
deposited in the
Hydroclave vessel.
• The Hydroclave can
process:
Bagged waste, in
ordinary bags
Sharps containers
Liquid containers
Cardboard
containers
Metal objects
The Hydroclave Process – Stage one
50. The Hydroclave Process – Stage two
1. Powerful rotators
mix the waste and
breaks it into
small pieces.
2. Steam fills the
double wall
(jacket) of the
vessel and heats
the vessel interior.
3. The liquids in the
waste turn to
steam.
4. After 20 minutes
the waste and
liquids are sterile.
The waste
fragmentation and
sterilization
51. The Hydroclave Process – Stage three
1. The vent is opened, and
the vessel de-
pressurizes.
2. Steam heat and mixing
continue until all the
liquids are evaporated
and the waste is dry.
Vessel venting and
dehydration
52. A. The unloading door is
opened.
B. The mixer now rotates in
the opposite direction,
so angled blades on the
mixer can push the
waste out the unloading
door.
C. The dry, sterile waste
can be fine-shredded
further or dropped in a
waste disposal bin.
The Hydroclave Process – Stage four
Unloading the Waste
- The waste is now
ready for safe
disposal!
53. Dry waste, regardless of its
original water content.
Low odor, due to the dryness.
Volume reduction to 85%
Weight reduction to 70%
Accepted as harmless waste
Sterility of 6log10 achieved
sterility under any waste load
conditions – even high liquid
load.
The Hydroclave Result
54. Hydroclave of Needles & Sharps
• The Hydroclave achieves a high degree of
sterility due to a vigorous mixing and
fragmenting of the waste inside the hot vessel:
– it breaks apart the sharps container …
– sets free the sharps into the vessel …
– where they are thoroughly exposed to the
required temperature and pressure.
• It is IMPOSSIBLE for a needle or sharp to be
shielded from the temperature as there are no
“cold spots”, assuring total sterility.
55. Hydroclave of Needles & Sharps
• If for any reason temperature and pressure
parameters are not met, the Hydroclave
automatically resets and initiates a repeat
sterilization cycle.
• How does the Hydroclave achieve the high
sterility?
By a vigorous mixing and fragmenting of the
waste inside the hot vessel.
• How does the Hydroclave make the waste very
dry?
By applying dry heat from the jacket to the
waste, instead of injecting hot, wet steam into
the waste.
56. Hydroclave vs Autoclave
• Hydroclave
• Low operating cost by
recycling steam.
• No special bags required
• Treats wet or liquid loads
easily
• Strong weight reduction
• Strong volume reduction
• Consistent high sterility
•Autoclave
• Higher operating cost, no
steam recycling
• High temp/ bags req’d
• Cannot treat wet or liquid
loads
• Weight increase
• No volume reduction
• Spotty sterility
57. Tata Memorial Hospital 1999-2001
This unit ran 2,200 cycles, has treated 88,000 Kg of
medical waste, and never failed a sterility test on
any cycle.
Downtime was less than 1%, and maintenance cost
minimal
59. Washer - Disinfector
• Washer disinfectors have a double function
First a thorough cleaning process using water ,
detergents & enzymes followed by
Heat disinfection where the water temperature
is elevated almost to boiling point.
• Another key feature of washer-disinfectors is
the extremely high flow of water, in terms of
both volume and pressure
The massive flow of water spraying all items in
the washer-disinfection process results in very
effective physical (mechanical) cleaning.
60. Washer – Disinfector Warning
• Not intended or recommend that
Washer/Disinfector be used for the
terminal disinfection or sterilization of any
regulated medical device.
• Washers/ Disinfectors are intended only to
perform an initial step in the processing of
soiled, reusable medical devices.
• If medical devices will be contacting blood
or compromised tissues, such devices
must be terminally processed.
61. Washer - Disinfector
• Washer/Disinfector is intended for use in
the cleaning and disinfecting of reusable
utensils, trays, glassware, bedpans and
urinals.
• It can also be used for rubber and plastic
goods, simple hard-surfaced rigid surgical
instruments, such as forceps and clamps,
and other similar and related articles
found in healthcare facilities.
62. Washer - Disinfector
• Different default cycle modes
• Customizable modes also available
• Three injection pumps are provided with a
standard washer/disinfector.
One enzyme pump,
One detergent pump
One lubricant pump (for Thermal Rinse
phase)
63. Washer - Disinfector
• Each preprogrammed cycle is equipped
with
Pre-Wash
Enzyme Wash
Rinse
Thermal Rinse phases
65. Washer - Disinfector
• Pre-Wash
Cold water enters the sump from the
building supply.
Once the sump fills, pre-wash water is
recirculated and sprayed over the load for
two minutes (factory-setting).
On completion of the phase, water is sent
to the drain.
Recirculation time is adjustable from 15
seconds to15 minutes
66. Washer - Disinfector
• Pulsed Enzyme
Hot tap water enters sump from the building
supply, where a selected amount of enzyme
detergent is added automatically.
The load is sprayed with enzyme solution for 4.0
seconds, then allowed to soak on instruments
for 26 seconds. Spray/soak pattern is repeated
for the selected time interval (4.0 to 15 minutes).
On completion of the phase, the solution is sent
to drain, and the load is rinsed with hot water.
67. Washer - Disinfector
• Wash
Hot tap water enters the sump from the building
supply, where a selected amount of detergent is
added automatically.
Detergent solution is heated and maintained at a
temperature ranging from 140 to 180F (60 to
82C)
Once set temperature is reached, solution is
recirculated and sprayed over the load for the
selected time interval (2.0 to 15 minutes).
On completion of the phase, the solution is sent
to the drain.
68. Washer - Disinfector
• Neutralizer & Rinse
Water enters & may be heated and
maintained at a 110 to 180F (43 to 82C)
for 15 seconds.
Once the sump fills, rinse water is
recirculated and sprayed over the load for
the selected time interval (15 seconds to
15 minutes).
On completion of the phase, water is sent
to the drain.
69. Washer - Disinfector
• HEPA-Filtered Drying
Hot air is recirculated over the load for 6 to
60 minutes at low temperature
(180F/82C), or 6 to 30 minutes at high
temperature (240F /116C).
During the Drying phase, a small quantity
of air is exhausted which is replaced by
HEPA-filtered fresh air.
70. Newer Disinfectants
• Persistent antimicrobial-drug coating that
can be applied to inanimate and animate
objects containing silver (Surfacine)
• A high-level disinfectant with reduced
exposure time (ortho-phthalaldehyde)
• An antimicrobial drug that can be applied
to animate and inanimate objects
(superoxidized water)
• New sterilization methods – a chemical
sterilization process for endoscopes that
integrates cleaning (Endoclens)
71. Newer Disinfectants
• Solutions of chlorine dioxide are also
commercially available as liquid sterilants
—under trade names such as Tristel and
Medicide
• Gaseous chlorine dioxide system is
currently being used in several medical
applications, including the sterilization of
contact lenses and the secondary
sterilization of overwrapped foil suture
packages
72. Recent Research
• Psoralens and UVA (PUVA)
An interesting example of the
development of sterilization techniques for
specific applications is the recently
reported use of ultraviolet light in
combination with psoralens to purge blood
plasma and platelets of pathogenic
organisms.
73. Recent Research
• Ozone - Its use as a sterilant, however,
has been limited because of its instability,
which precludes storing it ready for use,
and because of the difficulty of generating
pure ozone. The Cyclops Co. has
introduced a machine for sterilizing
endoscopes that pumps humidified ozone
through the unit.
IR is able to vaporize microbiological matter, causing physical destruction of spores.
Quasi-neutrality - &quot;as if&quot;, &quot;resembling”
Erosion of the microorganism, atom by atom, through etching.
The radicals react with these atoms to form simple compounds like CO2, which can subsequently be flushed out.
Formation of double membrane vacuoles in cytoplasmseparation of mitochondria and ribosomesprotein production stoppedcell death
Since it is generated from air, the ionized particles dissipate fast, making it a non-toxic method
heat sensitive polymers
These include the inability to process liquids, powders, or strong absorbers (cellulosics), and some lumen restrictions
These include the
EO gas was combined with chlorofluorocarbon stabilizing agent in a ratio of 12% EO mixed with 88% chlorofluorocarbon (referred to as 12/88 EO).
Water & co2 left out
Water & co2 left out
Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome, fatal familial insomnia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) in humans. neurodegenerative disorders including
The pulsed UV light process is environmentally benign since it does not create or use volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or create suspended airborne particulates.
Chlorine dio is unstable---hence a mixture
base solution and an activator which, when mixed, yield a solution of approximately 0.1% chlorine dioxide, with a 14-day shelf life. Solutions of this type are increasingly being used for the sterilization of fiber-optic endoscopes.
Psoralens are naturally occurring substances found in a wide range of plants, in which their role is to fight infection from pathogenic fungi
No genetic materials in platelets