CHELATING RADIOMETRIC TITRATIONS BY ION EXCHANGE FOR DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF METALS. THE DATA IS TAKEN FROM RESEARCH ARTICLE. IF ARTICLE IS NEEDED, JUST WRITE IT DOWN
Polarographic analysis is a voltammetry technique that uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) to measure the current resulting from the electrolysis of electroactive species at controlled potentials. It involves applying a potential between a mercury working electrode and a reference electrode, like a saturated calomel electrode, while measuring the current. The current-voltage curve, or polarogram, reveals information about the species present in solution, including qualitative and quantitative analysis through measurements of diffusion current and half-wave potential. Polarography takes advantage of mercury's wide cathodic potential range and its ability to renew its surface between drops.
This document discusses radiometric titration, which uses a radioactive titrant. It describes the key elements of titration including the standard solution, analyte, equivalence point, and end point. There are four main types of radiometric titration: precipitation-based, complexation-based, redox-based, and those performed in non-aqueous media. Radiometric titration has applications in investigating co-precipitation in nuclear chemistry and determining the specific activity of radioactive preparations.
I. Thermal analysis is a technique used to study the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature. It provides information about phase transitions and thermal decomposition.
II. Common thermal analysis methods include TGA, DTA, DSC, TMA, DMA, dilatometry, and laser flash analysis. TGA measures weight changes upon heating, DTA/DSC detect endothermic and exothermic reactions, and TMA/DMA analyze dimensional changes and viscoelastic properties.
III. Thermal analysis finds applications in materials characterization, stability evaluation, compositional analysis, and determination of properties like glass transition temperatures.
This document summarizes key concepts about adsorption. It discusses adsorption at liquid-gas, liquid-liquid, and solid-gas interfaces. It differentiates between physical adsorption and chemisorption, and describes common adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and BET isotherms. It also discusses measuring gas adsorption through volumetric and gravimetric methods. Finally, it covers adsorption from solutions and compares apparent adsorption isotherms to composite isotherms for solute adsorption from binary liquid mixtures.
Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential of electrochemical cells without drawing current. It involves using a reference electrode with a known potential and an indicator electrode whose potential varies with analyte concentration. The cell potential is measured and related to concentration using the Nernst equation. Common reference electrodes include the standard hydrogen electrode and saturated calomel electrode. Glass membrane and ion-selective electrodes are often used as indicator electrodes to detect specific ions like hydrogen or fluoride ions. Potentiometry finds applications in clinical analysis, environmental monitoring, and titration experiments.
This document provides an overview of binary liquid systems, including vapor pressure, Raoult's law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, solubility of liquids in liquids, and the lever rule. It discusses how vapor pressure works for solids and liquids and introduces Raoult's law, which states that the vapor pressure of a solution decreases based on the mole fraction of the solute. Ideal solutions obey Raoult's law while real solutions can show positive or negative deviations. Positive deviations occur when interactions between like molecules are stronger, while negative deviations occur when interactions between unlike molecules are stronger. The document also covers the different types of solubility between liquids and uses the lever rule to determine the composition and amount of each phase
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as they are heated or cooled under identical conditions. DTA can detect physical or chemical changes in materials by identifying endothermic or exothermic reactions as peaks on a thermogram. The technique is used to determine phase changes, melting points, heat capacity, and decomposition temperatures of materials. Common applications of DTA include identification of materials, pharmaceutical analysis, and studying reactions in cement, minerals, foods, bones, and archaeological samples.
Polarographic analysis is a voltammetry technique that uses a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or static mercury drop electrode (SMDE) to measure the current resulting from the electrolysis of electroactive species at controlled potentials. It involves applying a potential between a mercury working electrode and a reference electrode, like a saturated calomel electrode, while measuring the current. The current-voltage curve, or polarogram, reveals information about the species present in solution, including qualitative and quantitative analysis through measurements of diffusion current and half-wave potential. Polarography takes advantage of mercury's wide cathodic potential range and its ability to renew its surface between drops.
This document discusses radiometric titration, which uses a radioactive titrant. It describes the key elements of titration including the standard solution, analyte, equivalence point, and end point. There are four main types of radiometric titration: precipitation-based, complexation-based, redox-based, and those performed in non-aqueous media. Radiometric titration has applications in investigating co-precipitation in nuclear chemistry and determining the specific activity of radioactive preparations.
I. Thermal analysis is a technique used to study the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials as a function of temperature. It provides information about phase transitions and thermal decomposition.
II. Common thermal analysis methods include TGA, DTA, DSC, TMA, DMA, dilatometry, and laser flash analysis. TGA measures weight changes upon heating, DTA/DSC detect endothermic and exothermic reactions, and TMA/DMA analyze dimensional changes and viscoelastic properties.
III. Thermal analysis finds applications in materials characterization, stability evaluation, compositional analysis, and determination of properties like glass transition temperatures.
This document summarizes key concepts about adsorption. It discusses adsorption at liquid-gas, liquid-liquid, and solid-gas interfaces. It differentiates between physical adsorption and chemisorption, and describes common adsorption isotherms like Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and BET isotherms. It also discusses measuring gas adsorption through volumetric and gravimetric methods. Finally, it covers adsorption from solutions and compares apparent adsorption isotherms to composite isotherms for solute adsorption from binary liquid mixtures.
Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential of electrochemical cells without drawing current. It involves using a reference electrode with a known potential and an indicator electrode whose potential varies with analyte concentration. The cell potential is measured and related to concentration using the Nernst equation. Common reference electrodes include the standard hydrogen electrode and saturated calomel electrode. Glass membrane and ion-selective electrodes are often used as indicator electrodes to detect specific ions like hydrogen or fluoride ions. Potentiometry finds applications in clinical analysis, environmental monitoring, and titration experiments.
This document provides an overview of binary liquid systems, including vapor pressure, Raoult's law, ideal and non-ideal solutions, solubility of liquids in liquids, and the lever rule. It discusses how vapor pressure works for solids and liquids and introduces Raoult's law, which states that the vapor pressure of a solution decreases based on the mole fraction of the solute. Ideal solutions obey Raoult's law while real solutions can show positive or negative deviations. Positive deviations occur when interactions between like molecules are stronger, while negative deviations occur when interactions between unlike molecules are stronger. The document also covers the different types of solubility between liquids and uses the lever rule to determine the composition and amount of each phase
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) measures the temperature difference between a sample and an inert reference material as they are heated or cooled under identical conditions. DTA can detect physical or chemical changes in materials by identifying endothermic or exothermic reactions as peaks on a thermogram. The technique is used to determine phase changes, melting points, heat capacity, and decomposition temperatures of materials. Common applications of DTA include identification of materials, pharmaceutical analysis, and studying reactions in cement, minerals, foods, bones, and archaeological samples.
The document discusses array detectors used in spectroscopy. It describes photodiode array detectors and charged coupled device (CCD) detectors. Photodiode array detectors contain an array of silicon photodiodes on a single chip that can simultaneously measure radiation intensities at all wavelengths. CCD detectors contain an array of linked capacitors that can transfer electric charges between neighboring capacitors, allowing detection of low intensity light signals. Both detector types offer advantages like low noise, wide spectral response, and simultaneous detection of emissions at different wavelengths.
Moisture content determination by karl fischer titrationDaman Pandey
Karl Fischer titration is a method for determining water content. It works by titrating a sample with Karl Fischer reagent, which contains iodine, sulfur dioxide, and a base, causing a reaction where water and iodine are consumed in a 1:1 ratio. There are two main types - volumetric titration for higher water content samples, and coulometric titration for very low water content samples, which generates iodine via electrolysis. Factors like sample pH, impurities, and atmospheric moisture can affect the results. The method is accurate, specific to water, and suitable for solids, liquids, and gases.
Dynamic light scattering, also known as photon correlation spectroscopy or quasi-elastic light scattering, is a technique that primarily measures the Brownian motion of macromolecules in solution that arises due to bombardment from solvent molecules, and relates this motion to the size
Thermal methods of analysis involve measuring physical properties of substances as a function of temperature under controlled heating. Techniques commonly used in pharmacy include thermogravimetry, thermo-microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetry measures the mass of a substance as a function of temperature using a furnace, microbalance, and recorder to heat the substance and record weight changes. It can reveal details about decomposition temperatures and reactions.
Polarography is an electrochemical technique used to analyze reducible or oxidizable substances in solution. It involves varying the electric potential between a dropping mercury electrode and a reference electrode while monitoring the current. A polarogram is generated by plotting the current readings against the applied voltage. Key features of polarography include applied voltages between 0-2.5V and current values between 0.12-100 microamperes. Polarography finds applications in pharmaceutical analysis such as determining dissolved oxygen, trace metals in drugs, vitamins, hormones, antibiotics, and diagnosing cancer from blood serum.
A primary standard is a pure compound that can be directly weighed and dissolved to make a standard solution of known concentration. It must be stable, easy to obtain, and testable for impurities. A secondary standard is a solution whose concentration is determined by comparing it to a primary standard solution. Volumetric analysis involves determining the volume of a standard solution needed to completely react with the titrand. The endpoint is where the reaction between the titrant and titrand is complete, and indicators are used to identify the endpoint visually. Concentration represents the amount of substance actually present in a medium per unit of solvent or solution.
The document discusses reaction kinetics and methods for determining reaction rates. It defines reaction rate and explains how to express reaction rates using concentration changes over time. It also discusses calculating reaction rates from experimental data and determining the rate laws and orders of reactions. Integrated rate laws that relate concentration to time for first-order reactions are also covered, including calculating rate constants and half-lives. The Arrhenius equation, which relates reaction rate to temperature, is introduced.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a sample as it is heated. It can be used to detect decomposition, oxidation, and solvent loss. Some key applications of TGA include analyzing ceramics, metals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods, and printed circuit boards. For example, TGA can measure the thermal stability and oxidation kinetics of ceramic materials like silicon carbide, determine the composition of metal alloys, and analyze the effects of additives and optimization of polymer materials.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique that measures the heat flow into a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC curves show endothermic or exothermic reactions as peaks or dips. DSC is used to determine glass transition temperatures, crystallization and melting points, purity, and heat capacity. It has applications in pharmaceutical analysis, polymer curing processes, and general chemical analysis. DSC provides information about physical and chemical changes by measuring the difference in heat flow between the sample and reference.
This document discusses thermal analytical techniques, specifically thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It provides details on the principles, instrumentation, factors affecting results, and applications of TGA and DSC. TGA measures the mass of a sample as the temperature changes and is used to determine decomposition temperatures. DSC measures the heat flow into a sample relative to a reference as temperature changes and can detect phase transitions like melting. Both techniques provide thermal data through continuously recorded curves.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a technique used to analyze thermal transitions in materials. There are two main types of DSC instruments: heat-flux DSC and power-compensated DSC. Heat-flux DSC measures the difference in heat flow into the sample and reference, while power-compensated DSC maintains the sample and reference at equal temperatures while measuring the power difference required. DSC can be used to analyze properties such as glass transitions, melting points, crystallization kinetics, and heat of reactions. It has applications in fields such as materials science, polymers, and pharmaceuticals.
This document discusses amperometric titration, which is an electrochemical titration method that measures current under a constant applied voltage. It explains the principle that the current passing through an indicator electrode is measured during titration as the concentration of electroreducible ions changes. The document outlines the conditions, apparatus used including dropping mercury and rotating platinum microelectrodes, types of amperometric titrations, advantages such as ability to analyze reducible and non-reducible ions, applications including HPLC detection, and disadvantages like inaccurate results from foreign substances.
This document discusses thermometric titration, where the endpoint of a titration reaction is determined by measuring the temperature change. Key points:
- Titrant is added continuously and the temperature change is measured, with the endpoint identified by an inflection point on the temperature curve.
- The temperature change observed is directly related to the enthalpy change of the reaction.
- Factors like heat losses, temperature differences between titrant and analyte, and stirring must be controlled for accurate results.
- Automated systems use burets for precise titrant addition, a thermistor probe for temperature measurement, and software for data collection and endpoint determination.
- Parameters like mixing, probe placement,
This document discusses supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). It defines supercritical fluids and explains that SFC uses supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. This allows SFC to combine advantages of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. The document outlines various topics in SFC including stationary phases, instrumentation, and applications in areas like separations and purification. It provides details on commonly used supercritical fluids, instrumentation components, and stationary phase materials like silica for SFC.
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique invented by Jaroslav Heyrovsky in 1922. It involves using a dropping mercury electrode and measuring the current in the solution at different applied potentials to generate a current-voltage curve called a polarogram. There are four main types of current measured: residual, migration, diffusion, and limiting current. The construction includes a dropping mercury electrode, supporting electrolyte, mercury reservoir, and capillary tube. Polarography can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples without separation and allows analysis of small amounts of inorganic and organic substances.
This document discusses various materials testing techniques, including thermal testing methods like differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis. It focuses on thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), where a sample is heated in a furnace while a probe applies and measures stress to detect deformation from thermal expansion or softening. TMA uses different probe types depending on whether compression, penetration, or tension measurements are needed. It can control force dynamically or statically to analyze properties like stress-strain, creep, and stress relaxation.
Atomic emission spectroscopy involves converting a sample into excited gaseous atoms and ions that emit light at characteristic wavelengths. The sample is identified by its emission wavelengths and concentration is determined from emission intensity. Samples can be excited by high temperatures from flames or plasmas. Emission lines are analyzed using monochromators and detected using photomultiplier tubes. An internal standard method is often used to compensate for fluctuations in emission intensity by dividing analyte emission intensities by the internal standard intensity. Common excitation sources include flames, plasma torches, and electrical arcs or sparks.
Amperometry refers to the measurement of current under a constant applied voltage and under these conditions it is the concentration of analyte which determine the magnitude of current.
In Amperometric titrations, the potential applied between the indicator electrode (dropping mercury electrode) and the appropriate depolarizing reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode) is kept constant and current through the electrolytic cell is then measured on the addition of each increment of titrating solution. It is a form of quantitative analysis.
Otherwise called as Polarographic or polarometric titrations.
This document describes a procedure for determining the acidity of water samples. It involves titrating an aliquot of the water sample with a sodium hydroxide solution of a known normality until the color change endpoint is reached using either phenolphthalein or methyl orange indicators. The volume of sodium hydroxide used is then used to calculate the total or mineral acidity levels present in the water sample expressed as mg/L of calcium carbonate equivalent. Precise sample handling, chemical preparation steps, a data sheet format, and calculation equations are provided to standardize the acidity determination.
• A chelate is formed when a metal ion coordinates with two (or more) donor groups of a single ligand. Tertiary amine compounds such as ethylenadiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are widely used for the formation of chelates.
• Complexometric titrations with EDTA have been reported for the analysis of nearly all metal ions The endpoint of the titration is determined by the addition of Eriochrome Black T, which forms a colored chelate with Mg 2+ and undergoes a color change when the Mg 2+ is released to form a chelate with EDTA
The document discusses array detectors used in spectroscopy. It describes photodiode array detectors and charged coupled device (CCD) detectors. Photodiode array detectors contain an array of silicon photodiodes on a single chip that can simultaneously measure radiation intensities at all wavelengths. CCD detectors contain an array of linked capacitors that can transfer electric charges between neighboring capacitors, allowing detection of low intensity light signals. Both detector types offer advantages like low noise, wide spectral response, and simultaneous detection of emissions at different wavelengths.
Moisture content determination by karl fischer titrationDaman Pandey
Karl Fischer titration is a method for determining water content. It works by titrating a sample with Karl Fischer reagent, which contains iodine, sulfur dioxide, and a base, causing a reaction where water and iodine are consumed in a 1:1 ratio. There are two main types - volumetric titration for higher water content samples, and coulometric titration for very low water content samples, which generates iodine via electrolysis. Factors like sample pH, impurities, and atmospheric moisture can affect the results. The method is accurate, specific to water, and suitable for solids, liquids, and gases.
Dynamic light scattering, also known as photon correlation spectroscopy or quasi-elastic light scattering, is a technique that primarily measures the Brownian motion of macromolecules in solution that arises due to bombardment from solvent molecules, and relates this motion to the size
Thermal methods of analysis involve measuring physical properties of substances as a function of temperature under controlled heating. Techniques commonly used in pharmacy include thermogravimetry, thermo-microscopy, differential thermal analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Thermogravimetry measures the mass of a substance as a function of temperature using a furnace, microbalance, and recorder to heat the substance and record weight changes. It can reveal details about decomposition temperatures and reactions.
Polarography is an electrochemical technique used to analyze reducible or oxidizable substances in solution. It involves varying the electric potential between a dropping mercury electrode and a reference electrode while monitoring the current. A polarogram is generated by plotting the current readings against the applied voltage. Key features of polarography include applied voltages between 0-2.5V and current values between 0.12-100 microamperes. Polarography finds applications in pharmaceutical analysis such as determining dissolved oxygen, trace metals in drugs, vitamins, hormones, antibiotics, and diagnosing cancer from blood serum.
A primary standard is a pure compound that can be directly weighed and dissolved to make a standard solution of known concentration. It must be stable, easy to obtain, and testable for impurities. A secondary standard is a solution whose concentration is determined by comparing it to a primary standard solution. Volumetric analysis involves determining the volume of a standard solution needed to completely react with the titrand. The endpoint is where the reaction between the titrant and titrand is complete, and indicators are used to identify the endpoint visually. Concentration represents the amount of substance actually present in a medium per unit of solvent or solution.
The document discusses reaction kinetics and methods for determining reaction rates. It defines reaction rate and explains how to express reaction rates using concentration changes over time. It also discusses calculating reaction rates from experimental data and determining the rate laws and orders of reactions. Integrated rate laws that relate concentration to time for first-order reactions are also covered, including calculating rate constants and half-lives. The Arrhenius equation, which relates reaction rate to temperature, is introduced.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measures the change in weight of a sample as it is heated. It can be used to detect decomposition, oxidation, and solvent loss. Some key applications of TGA include analyzing ceramics, metals, polymers, pharmaceuticals, foods, and printed circuit boards. For example, TGA can measure the thermal stability and oxidation kinetics of ceramic materials like silicon carbide, determine the composition of metal alloys, and analyze the effects of additives and optimization of polymer materials.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a thermoanalytical technique that measures the heat flow into a sample as it is heated, cooled, or held at constant temperature. DSC curves show endothermic or exothermic reactions as peaks or dips. DSC is used to determine glass transition temperatures, crystallization and melting points, purity, and heat capacity. It has applications in pharmaceutical analysis, polymer curing processes, and general chemical analysis. DSC provides information about physical and chemical changes by measuring the difference in heat flow between the sample and reference.
This document discusses thermal analytical techniques, specifically thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It provides details on the principles, instrumentation, factors affecting results, and applications of TGA and DSC. TGA measures the mass of a sample as the temperature changes and is used to determine decomposition temperatures. DSC measures the heat flow into a sample relative to a reference as temperature changes and can detect phase transitions like melting. Both techniques provide thermal data through continuously recorded curves.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is a technique used to analyze thermal transitions in materials. There are two main types of DSC instruments: heat-flux DSC and power-compensated DSC. Heat-flux DSC measures the difference in heat flow into the sample and reference, while power-compensated DSC maintains the sample and reference at equal temperatures while measuring the power difference required. DSC can be used to analyze properties such as glass transitions, melting points, crystallization kinetics, and heat of reactions. It has applications in fields such as materials science, polymers, and pharmaceuticals.
This document discusses amperometric titration, which is an electrochemical titration method that measures current under a constant applied voltage. It explains the principle that the current passing through an indicator electrode is measured during titration as the concentration of electroreducible ions changes. The document outlines the conditions, apparatus used including dropping mercury and rotating platinum microelectrodes, types of amperometric titrations, advantages such as ability to analyze reducible and non-reducible ions, applications including HPLC detection, and disadvantages like inaccurate results from foreign substances.
This document discusses thermometric titration, where the endpoint of a titration reaction is determined by measuring the temperature change. Key points:
- Titrant is added continuously and the temperature change is measured, with the endpoint identified by an inflection point on the temperature curve.
- The temperature change observed is directly related to the enthalpy change of the reaction.
- Factors like heat losses, temperature differences between titrant and analyte, and stirring must be controlled for accurate results.
- Automated systems use burets for precise titrant addition, a thermistor probe for temperature measurement, and software for data collection and endpoint determination.
- Parameters like mixing, probe placement,
This document discusses supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). It defines supercritical fluids and explains that SFC uses supercritical fluids like carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. This allows SFC to combine advantages of gas chromatography and liquid chromatography. The document outlines various topics in SFC including stationary phases, instrumentation, and applications in areas like separations and purification. It provides details on commonly used supercritical fluids, instrumentation components, and stationary phase materials like silica for SFC.
Polarography is an electroanalytical technique invented by Jaroslav Heyrovsky in 1922. It involves using a dropping mercury electrode and measuring the current in the solution at different applied potentials to generate a current-voltage curve called a polarogram. There are four main types of current measured: residual, migration, diffusion, and limiting current. The construction includes a dropping mercury electrode, supporting electrolyte, mercury reservoir, and capillary tube. Polarography can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples without separation and allows analysis of small amounts of inorganic and organic substances.
This document discusses various materials testing techniques, including thermal testing methods like differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal analysis. It focuses on thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), where a sample is heated in a furnace while a probe applies and measures stress to detect deformation from thermal expansion or softening. TMA uses different probe types depending on whether compression, penetration, or tension measurements are needed. It can control force dynamically or statically to analyze properties like stress-strain, creep, and stress relaxation.
Atomic emission spectroscopy involves converting a sample into excited gaseous atoms and ions that emit light at characteristic wavelengths. The sample is identified by its emission wavelengths and concentration is determined from emission intensity. Samples can be excited by high temperatures from flames or plasmas. Emission lines are analyzed using monochromators and detected using photomultiplier tubes. An internal standard method is often used to compensate for fluctuations in emission intensity by dividing analyte emission intensities by the internal standard intensity. Common excitation sources include flames, plasma torches, and electrical arcs or sparks.
Amperometry refers to the measurement of current under a constant applied voltage and under these conditions it is the concentration of analyte which determine the magnitude of current.
In Amperometric titrations, the potential applied between the indicator electrode (dropping mercury electrode) and the appropriate depolarizing reference electrode (saturated calomel electrode) is kept constant and current through the electrolytic cell is then measured on the addition of each increment of titrating solution. It is a form of quantitative analysis.
Otherwise called as Polarographic or polarometric titrations.
This document describes a procedure for determining the acidity of water samples. It involves titrating an aliquot of the water sample with a sodium hydroxide solution of a known normality until the color change endpoint is reached using either phenolphthalein or methyl orange indicators. The volume of sodium hydroxide used is then used to calculate the total or mineral acidity levels present in the water sample expressed as mg/L of calcium carbonate equivalent. Precise sample handling, chemical preparation steps, a data sheet format, and calculation equations are provided to standardize the acidity determination.
• A chelate is formed when a metal ion coordinates with two (or more) donor groups of a single ligand. Tertiary amine compounds such as ethylenadiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are widely used for the formation of chelates.
• Complexometric titrations with EDTA have been reported for the analysis of nearly all metal ions The endpoint of the titration is determined by the addition of Eriochrome Black T, which forms a colored chelate with Mg 2+ and undergoes a color change when the Mg 2+ is released to form a chelate with EDTA
The document provides instructions for performing an assay of calcium gluconate by complexometry, including preparing standard EDTA and magnesium sulfate solutions, titrating calcium gluconate against EDTA while using magnesium and an indicator to identify the endpoint, and calculating the percentage purity of calcium gluconate based on the titration results. The titration is a replacement complexometric titration that uses the stable magnesium-indicator complex to indirectly determine the endpoint of the calcium-EDTA reaction.
Complexometric TITRATION FOR PG IST SEM prakash64742
This document discusses complexometric titration, which involves titrating a metal ion with a complexing agent or chelating agent. It provides examples of different types of complexometric titrations including direct titration, back titration, and replacement titration. Assays for several substances using complexometric titration methods are described, such as magnesium sulfate using EDTA as the titrant, and calcium carbonate where the carbonate is dissolved using acid prior to titration.
A Study on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tannery Effluent Collected ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that characterized the physicochemical properties of tannery effluent collected from Chennai, India. The effluent was found to be grey colored with an unpleasant odor and acidic pH. It had high levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, chlorides, and sulfates. These findings indicate the effluent had a high organic and inorganic load. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to standards set by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study aimed to analyze the effluent characteristics and identify the pollutants present.
This document discusses complexometric titration, which involves titrating a metal ion with a complexing or chelating agent. It describes different types of complexometric titrations including direct titration, back titration, and replacement titration. It also discusses metal ion indicators, masking and demasking agents, and provides examples of standardizing EDTA and estimating magnesium sulfate and calcium gluconate through complexometric titration.
Biosoption of heavy metals by orange peelAbbas Kazi
Biosorption uses biological materials like bacteria, fungi, and orange peel to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Orange peel is a good biosorbent because it contains cellulose and pigments with hydroxyl groups that can adsorb metals. This document outlines experiments examining orange peel's ability to remove copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, and nickel. The effects of pH, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and ionic strength on adsorption were studied. Adsorption increased with pH and adsorbent amount and reached equilibrium within 20 minutes. Adsorption also fit the Langmuir isotherm model well, indicating monolayer adsorption onto the
This document provides instructions for determining the concentration of magnesium (Mg) in an unknown sample by titrating with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The EDTA solution is standardized against a zinc standard solution. Magnesium in the unknown sample forms a complex with Eriochrome Black T indicator, changing color. When all the magnesium has been chelated by EDTA, the indicator changes to a clear blue, signaling the titration endpoint. Students will titrate the unknown sample with standardized EDTA and calculate the percentage of magnesium in the prepared unknown sample diluted to 100 mL.
This document describes a procedure to determine the acidity of a water sample through titration with sodium hydroxide solution. The acidity is measured as both mineral acidity at pH 3.7 using methyl orange indicator and total acidity at pH 8.3 using phenolphthalein indicator. Dissolved carbon dioxide is usually the major contributor to acidity in surface waters. The titration results are used to calculate and report the acidity levels in the sample as mg/L of calcium carbonate equivalent. High acidity can interfere with water treatment and affect aquatic life.
The pptx on complexometric titrations, EDTA titration, Why EDTA is used in complexometric titration, Classification of EDTA titration, EDTA titration curve etc.
This document summarizes a project comparing the photocatalytic properties of CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles in degrading Basic Green 3GN and Basic Red 2A dyes. CeO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized. Dye degradation experiments using the nanoparticles as photocatalysts showed that TiO2 was highly effective in degrading the dyes, with up to 99% degradation of 100 ppm dye concentration. Kinetic studies showed pseudo-first order degradation behavior for TiO2. In contrast, CeO2 did not show any dye degradation. The document concludes that TiO2 is a superior photocatalyst for degrading these dyes compared to CeO2.
The document discusses water treatment and its importance. It provides information on water sources and common impurities. Standards for drinking water quality according to BIS and WHO are listed. Hardness of water is defined as the characteristic that prevents soap lathering. Types of hardness including temporary and permanent hardness are described. Methods for determining water hardness, including the complexometric titration method using EDTA, are outlined. Issues caused by hard water in industries and households are summarized. Boiler troubles from hard water like scaling, corrosion and foaming are explained along with their causes and prevention methods.
The document discusses water treatment and the importance of water. It provides information on water sources and common impurities. Standards for drinking water parameters according to BIS and WHO are listed. Hardness of water is defined and types are described. Methods for determining hardness including complexometric titration are outlined. Issues caused by hard water in industries and domestic use are explained. Boiler troubles from hard water like scaling, corrosion and carryover are discussed along with their causes and prevention methods.
This document describes two methods for determining available micronutrients in soil: colorimetric and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). It focuses on the AAS method using diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) extractant at pH 7.3 to extract available iron, manganese, zinc and copper. The extracted elements are then measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Standards are prepared and used to create calibration curves to determine micronutrient concentrations in samples. Critical limits for each micronutrient are provided below which deficiency may occur.
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration:
1. Organic acids and bases insoluble in water can be soluble in non-aqueous solvents allowing them to be titrated.
2. A non-aqueous solvent may help separate two or more acids in a mixture so they can be titrated individually.
3. More substances can be titrated as the solubility and application ranges are enlarged for weak acids/bases that cannot be titrated in water.
Some common non-aqueous solvents used include acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohols, DMF. Indicators suitable for specific titrations must be selected to indicate the endpoint
Non-aqueous titration has several advantages over aqueous titration including enabling the titration of organic acids and bases that are insoluble in water. Key types of non-aqueous solvents used in titration include aprotic, protogenic, protophillic, and amphiprotic solvents. Common indicators used in non-aqueous titration include crystal violet and oracet blue B. Example applications of non-aqueous titration include determination of active ingredients in pharmaceutical preparations like ephedrine and codeine. Proper preparation and standardization of titrants such as perchloric acid in acetic acid or potassium methoxide in toluene-methanol is important for accurate non-aqueous tit
This document discusses cooling water treatment at a fertilizer plant in India. It provides details on the plant's cooling towers and water chemistry parameters. Cooling water treatment is needed to prevent corrosion, scaling, and microbial fouling of the system. Common issues like corrosion, scaling, and biofouling are discussed along with the mechanisms of corrosion inhibition, scale inhibition, and microbial control through chemical treatment.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
chemical oxygen demand -analysis using APHA manualSHERIN RAHMAN
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2. Some BasicTerms
• Titration and its elements
• RadiometricTitration
• Types Of RMT
I. Titration based upon Precipitate Formation
II. Titration based upon Complex Formation
III. Titration based upon Redox Reaction
IV.Titration in Non-aqueous Media
3. Precipitation titrations
• the second phase is a precipitate,
• the end-point can be determined
by the appearance of the activity in
the aqueous phase, or by its
disappearance from the aqueous
phase,
• Precipitation titrations are difficult
to apply, because of necessity for
handling precipitates, to less than
milligram amounts, impossible at
the submicrogram level.
Complexometric titrations
• formation of metal chelates which
can be separated from the
unreacted metal ions by solvent
extraction.
• The end-point is determined
similarly from the change in
activity either of the aqueous
phase or of the organic phase.
• far more sensitive, but has been
applied only to a limited number of
determinations.
4. RADIOMETRICTITRATIONS USING EDTA
• EDTA titrations are widely used for determination of many metals.
• Determination of submicrogram amounts of metals
• Formation of negatively charged or neutral chelates which can easily be
separated from the excess of the unreacted metal ions on a cation
exchanger.
• The end-point is determined from the activities of the eluates obtained.
• In radiometric titration, isotopic and non-isotopic tracer can be used.
• the determination of metals forming very stable chelates (e.g., Co (III), Zr
(IV) , Fe(lI), In(IIl),Th (IV), etc.) can be carried out at pH 2-3 using 10^-6 to
10^-7M EDTA solutions.
5. DETERMINATION OFTRACES OF INDIUM USING
ISOTOPICTRACER
Procedure:
• The pH of a series of equal, known volumes of analysed solution of indium
(2.0 ml containing about 1 µg/ml), labelled with a known amount of radio-
indium (t(1/2) = 50 days), is adjusted approximately to a value of 2-3.
• Any iron (III) present, which can interfere, is reduced to iron(II) by adding 2
drops of 10% ascorbic acid.
• The solutions thus prepared are carefully mixed with known, increasing
amounts of titrating solution (lO+M EDTA) and are simultaneously passed
through a series of cation-exchanger columns.
• Each value of activity measured represents a point on the titration curve
6.
7. Curve Indium Added
(µg)
Radioindium
added (µg)
Total Indium
present (µg)
Total Indium
found (µg)
A 0.00 1.02 1.02 1.00
B 0.22 1.02 1.24 1.23
C 0.44 1.02 1.46 1.46
D 0.88 1.02 1.90 1.94
Traces of indium uni- and bivalent metal cations will not interfere, because of
their lower stability constants.This has been verified in the present work.
However, titrations using isotopic tracers are limited to instances where suitable
radioisotopes are available.
8. DETERMINATION OFTRACES OF COBALT
USING NON-ISOTOPICTRACER
• Because of much higher stability with EDTA of the cobalt (lI) complex than of the indium
complex it is possible to use radio-indium as non-isotopic tracer for the determination of
traces of cobalt.
• Procedure:
• To the series of solutions containing equal, known volumes of the analysed solution
(slightly acid), known, increasing amounts of EDTA (10^-5 M) are added.
• Each of these solutions is carefully mixed in a polyethylene flask with 0.5 ml of 0.0lM
aqueous ammonia containing 1.5% hydrogen peroxide.
• The pH of the solutions thus prepared should be 6-8.
• The solutions are heated on a boiling water bath for 5 min (formation of Co(III)--EDTA
complex).
• After cooling to room temperature the pH of all the solutions is readjusted to
approximately 2-3, and the radio-indium tracer is added.The remainder of the
procedure is carried out as before.
9.
10. Curve Cobalt Added(µg) Cobalt found (µg)
A 0.00 0.00
B 0.29 0.27
C 0.58 0.56
The non-isotopic tracer most suitable for achieving the highest selectivity can also
be chosen using the stability constants of the EDTA complexes.The stability
constant of the EDTA complex of the tracer must be lower than that of the metal to
be determined, but higher than the stability constants of interfering metals which
might be present. Compared with extractive titrations, radiometric titrations using
EDTA have the advantage of high stability of the titrant even in very dilute
solutions.