Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in waterAnas Maghayreh
Environmental lab
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in water
experiment at JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
by: ANAS MAGHAYREH
Chemistry Lab Report on standardization of acid and bases. Karanvir Sidhu
I hope it might be helpful to you.
Email me on sidhu.s.karanvir@gmail.com to see more work.
Follow me at Linkedln
https://www.linkedin.com/in/karanvir-sidhu-b6995864/
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND LIMIT TESTSUJATA WANKHEDE
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY, INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT TESTS, LIMIT TEST OF IRON, CHLORIDE, SULPHATE, ARSENIC AND THERE DIAGRAMS WITHTHE PRINCIPAL AND PROCEDURE OF ALL THE LIMIT TEST WITH THEIR RESULTS
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Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in waterAnas Maghayreh
Environmental lab
Lab 4 alkalinity –acidity and determination of alkalinity in water
experiment at JORDAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
by: ANAS MAGHAYREH
Chemistry Lab Report on standardization of acid and bases. Karanvir Sidhu
I hope it might be helpful to you.
Email me on sidhu.s.karanvir@gmail.com to see more work.
Follow me at Linkedln
https://www.linkedin.com/in/karanvir-sidhu-b6995864/
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY AND LIMIT TESTSUJATA WANKHEDE
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY, INTRODUCTION TO LIMIT TESTS, LIMIT TEST OF IRON, CHLORIDE, SULPHATE, ARSENIC AND THERE DIAGRAMS WITHTHE PRINCIPAL AND PROCEDURE OF ALL THE LIMIT TEST WITH THEIR RESULTS
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
acidity.pdf
1. 8.0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF WATER
Sl. No. Contents
Preamble
8.1 Aim
8.2 Introduction
8.2.1 Environmental Significance
8.3 Principle
8.4 Materials Required
8.4.1 Apparatus Required
8.4.2 Chemicals Required
8.5 Sample Handling and Preservation
8.5.1 Precautions
8.6 Procedure
8.6.1 Preparation of Reagents
8.6.2 Testing of Water Sample
8.7 Calculation
8.7.1 Table
8.7.2 Data Sheet
8.8 Interpretation of Results
8.9 Inference
8.10 Evaluation
2. 8.0 EXPERIMENT ON DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY OF
WATER
PREAMBLE:
“How to determine acidity in Water and Wastewater”.
Test procedure is in accordance to IS: 3025 (Part 22) - Reaffirmed 2003.
In addition to our Indian Standard, we also discuss in brief regarding the
procedure stated in
(1) APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater - 20th
Edition. Method 2310.
(2) Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-600/4-79-020,
USEPA, Method 305.1.
8.1 AIM
To determine the acidity of given water sample sample with the stipulations as
per IS: 3025 (Part 22) - Reaffirmed 2003.
8.2 INTRODUCTION
Acidity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralise bases. Acidity is the
sum of all titrable acid present in the water sample. Strong mineral acids, weak
acids such as carbonic acid, acetic acid present in the water sample contributes
to acidity of the water. Usually dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major acidic
component present in the unpolluted surface waters.
The volume of standard alkali required to titrate a specific volume of the sample
to pH 8.3 is called phenolphthalein acidity (Total Acidity).
The volume of standard alkali required to titrate a specific volume of the water
sample (wastewater and highly polluted water) to pH 3.7 is called methyl orange
acidity (Mineral Acidity).
8.2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE
Acidity interferes in the treatment of water. Carbon dioxide is of important
considerations in determining whether removal by aeration or simple
neutralisation with lime /lime soda ash or NaOH will be chosen as the water
treatment method.
The size of the equipment, chemical requirements, storage spaces and cost of
the treatment all depends on the carbon dioxide present.
3. Aquatic life is affected by high water acidity. The organisms present are prone to
death with low pH of water.
High acidity water is not used for construction purposes. Especially in reinforced
concrete construction due to the corrosive nature of high acidity water.
Water containing mineral acidity is not fit for drinking purposes.
Industrial wastewaters containing high mineral acidity is must be neutralized
before they are subjected to biological treatment or direct discharge to water
sources.
8.3 PRINCIPLE
Hydrogen ions present in a sample as a result of dissociation or hydrolysis of
solutes reacts with additions of standard alkali (NaOH). Acidity thus depends on
end point of the indicator used.
The colour change of phenolphthalein indicator is close to pH 8.3 at 25ºC
corresponds to stoichiometric neutralisation of carbonic acid to bicarbonate.
8.4 MATERIALS REQUIRED
8.4.1 APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. Burette with Burette stand
2. porcelain tile
3. 500 mL conical flask
4. Pipette with elongated tips
5. Pipette bulb
6. Conical flask
7. Measuring cylinders
8. Wash Bottle and Beakers
8.4.2 CHEMICALS REQUIRED
1. Sodium Hydroxide
2. Phenolphthalein
3. Methyl Orange
4. Ethyl alcohol
5. Distilled Water
4.
5.
6. 8.5 SAMPLE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION
• Preservation of sample is not practical. Because biological activity will
continue after a sample has been taken, changes may occur during
handling and storage.
• To reduce the change in samples, keep all samples at 4º C. Do not allow
samples to Freeze.
• Analysis should begin as soon as possible.
• Do not open sample bottle before analysis.
8.5.1 PRECAUTIONS
• Colored and turbid samples may interfere in end point. Those samples
may be analyzed electrometrically, using pH meter.
• Do not keep the indicator solution open since it contains the alcohol which
tense to evaporate. The mixed indicator solution is containing die in it.
Care should be taken so that it is not spill to your skin. If it spills on your
skin the scare will remain for at least 2 to 3 days.
• Presence of residual chlorine may interfere in the colour response, which
can be nullified by addition of small amount of sodium thiosulphate or
destroy it with ultraviolet radiation.
• Presence of iron and aluminum sulphate may interfere in the colour
response while titrating in room temperature, which can be nullified by
titrating the sample at boiling temperature.
• Dissolved gases contributing to acidity such as CO2, H2S may interfere in
the titration, hence avoid vigorous shaking.
• Samples suspected to have hydrolysable metal ions or reduced forms of
polyvalent cations need hydrogen per oxide treatment.
8.6 PROCEDURE
8.6.1 PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
Sodium Hydroxide (0.02 N)
• Take 1000 mL standard measuring flask and fill 3/4th
of it with distilled
water.
• Accurately measure 20 mL of 1N sulphuric acid solution using a pipette
and transfer to 1000 mL standard flask containing the distilled water. Make
up to 1000 mL using distilled water.
7. Phenolphthalein Indicator
• Weigh accurately 1 g of phenolphthalein and dissolve it in 95% ethyl
alcohol.
• Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
• Transfer it to the 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 mL using
95% ethyl alcohol.
Methyl Orange Indicator
• Weigh accurately 1 g of methyl and dissolve it in distilled water.
• Take 100 mL standard measuring flask and place a funnel over it.
• Transfer it to the 100 mL standard flask and make up to 100 mL using
distilled water.
8.6.2 TESTING OF SAMPLE
• Rinse the burette with 0.02N sodium hydroxide and then discard the
solution.
• Fill the burette with 0.02N sodium hydroxide and adjust the burette.
• Fix the burette to the stand.
• A sample size is chosen as the titre value does not exceed 20mL of the
titrant. For highly concentrated samples, dilute the sample. Usually, take
100 mL of a given sample in a conical flask using pipette.
• Add few drops of methyl orange indicator in the conical flask.
• The colour changes to orange. Now titrate the sample against the 0.02N
sodium hydroxide solution until the orange colour faints.
• Note down the volume (V1) consumed for titration 0.4mL. This volume is
used for calculating the mineral acidity.
• To the same solution in the conical flask add few drops of phenolphthalein
indicator.
• Continue the titration, until the colour changes to faint pink colour.
• Note down the total volume (V2) consumed for titration 2.3 mL. This
volume is used for calculating the total acidity.
• Repeat the titration for concordant values.
8. 8.7 CALCULATION
8.7.1 TABLE
Table -1 Mineral Acidity:
Burette Solution: Sodium Hydroxide
Pipette Solution: Sample
Indicator: Methyl Orange
End Point: Faint of Orange Color
For the calculation of Mineral Acidity:
• The Sodium Hydroxide is taken in the burette.
• For the First titration the volume of water sample taken is 100 mL.The
initial reading is 00, the final reading is 0.5 mL.
• The volume of NaOH consumed to get the end point is 0.5mL.
• For Second titration the volume of water sample taken is 100 mL.The
initial reading is 00, the final reading is 0.4mL.
• The volume of NaOH consumed to get the end point is 0.4 mL.
• For third titration the volume of water sample taken is 100mL.The initial
reading is 00, the final reading is 0.4 mL.
• The volume of NaOH (V1) consumed to get the end point is 0.4 mL.
• For second and third titration the burette reading is same so we have
achieved concordant values. We can go for the calculations.
Sl.No.
Volume of
Sample (mL)
Burette Reading (mL) Volume of
NaOH (mL)
Initial Final
1.
2.
3.
9. Table -2 Total Acidity:
Burette Solution: Sodium Hydroxide
Pipette Solution: Sample
Indicator: Phenolphthalein
End Point: Faint Pink Color
For the calculation of Total Acidity:
• The Sodium Hydroxide is taken in the burette.
• For the First titration the volume of water sample taken is 100 mL.The
initial reading is 00, the final reading is 2.2 mL.
• The volume of NaOH consumed to get the end point is 2.2 mL.
• For Second titration the volume of water sample taken is 100 mL.The
initial reading is 00, the final reading is 2.3 mL.
• The volume of NaOH consumed to get the end point is 2.3 mL.
• For third titration the volume of water sample taken is 100 mL. The initial
reading is 00, the final reading is 2.3 mL.
• The volume of NaOH (V2) consumed to get the end point is 2.3 mL.
• For second and third titration the burette reading is same so we have
achieved concordant values. We can go for the calculations.
Sl.No.
Volume of
Sample (mL)
Burette Reading (mL) Volume of
NaOH (mL)
Initial Final
1.
2.
3.
10. 8.7.2 DATA SHEET
DETERMINATION OF ACIDITY
DATA SHEET
Date Tested : August 30, 2010
Tested By : CEM Class, Group A
Project Name : CEM, NITTTR Lab
Sample Number : BH1
Sample Location : Perungudi (Lat 12’ 57’’ 31.74 & Long 80’14’’ 8.82)
Sample Description : Surface water
Table - 1 for Mineral Acidity:
Table - 2 for Total Acidity:
Model Calculation:
Volume of NaOH for Mineral Acidity (V1) = 0.5 mL
Volume of NaOH for Total Acidity (V2) = 8.3 mL
Normality of Sulphuric Acid = 0.02 N
Volume of Sample = 100.0 mL
Equivalent weight of CaCO3 = 50
Mineral Acidity =
Sl.No.
Volume of NaOH (V1) * N * 50 * 1000
Volume of sample taken
Volume of
Sample (mL)
Burette Reading (mL) Volume of
NaOH (mL)
Initial Final
4. 100 0 0.5 0.5
5. 100 0 0.4 0.4
6. 100 0 0.4 0.4
Sl.No.
Volume of
Sample (mL)
Burette Reading (mL) Volume of
NaOH (mL)
Initial Final
1. 100 0 2.2 2.2
2. 100 0 2.3 2.3
3. 100 0 2.3 2.3
11. To convert the sample size from mL to L, multiply the result by 1,000 mL/L
Mineral Acidity as CaCO3 equivalent (mg/L) = 0.4 x 0.02 x 50 x 1000/100
= 4 mg/L as CaCO3 equivalent
Total Acidity = Volume of NaOH (V2) * N * 50 * 1000
Volume of sample taken
To convert the sample size from mL to L, multiply the result by 1,000 mL/L
Total Acidity as CaCO3 equivalent (mg/L) = 2.3 x 0.02 x 50 x 1000/100
= 23 mg/L as CaCO3 equivalent
12. 8.8 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
The Mineral Acidity as CaCO3 equivalent is = 4 mg/L
The Total Acidity as CaCO3 equivalent is = 23 mg/L.
8.9 INFERENCE
Acidity is a measure of an aggregate property of water and can be interpreted in
terms of specific substances only when the chemical composition of the sample
is known. Acidity may contribute to corrosiveness and influence chemical
reaction rates, chemical speciation and biological process. The measurement
also reflects a change in the quality of the source water. Strong mineral acids,
weak acids such as carbonic acid, acetic acid and hydrolyzing salts such as iron
or aluminum sulphates may contribute to the measured acidity
.
8.10 EVALUATION
1. Acidity is _____.
a) Base neutralizing capacity
b) Acid neutralizing capacity
c) Quantity of acid present
d) Quality of acid present
2. An Indicator is a substance that facilitate colour change at the end point.
a) True
b) False
3. The indicators used in the titration are
a) Methyl orange and phenolphthalein
b) Methyl red and phenolphthalein
c) Methyl orange and Methyl red
d) Bromocresol green and Methyl red
4. To prepare 100 mL of 0.02 N of NaOH from 1 N NaOH, dilute ________ of
NaOH.
a) 20 mL
b) 2 mL
c) 0.2 mL
d) 0.02 mL
13. 5. The major acidic component of surface water is
a) Dissolved oxygen
b) Dissolved carbon di oxide
c) Dissolved sulphur di oxide
d) Dissolved nitrous oxide
6. The end point determination in titration will be based on the __________.
a) Temperature
b) Hardness
c) Residual Chlorine
d) Conductivity
7. The methyl orange acidity is at pH ______.
a) 3.7
b) 3.9
c) 4.5
d) 4.7
8. The phenolphthalein acidity is at pH is 8.3
a) 8.3
b) 9.3
c) 4.3
d) 7.3
9. For dilution purposes, ____________ type of distilled water is used.
a) Organic free
b) CO2 free
c) O2 free
d) Ordinary
10. Acidity can be electrometrically measured by_______________
a) pH meter
b) Conductivity meter
c) Turbidity meter
d) Spectrometer
14. KEY TO ITEMS:
1) a
2) True
3) a
4) b
5) b
6) c
7) a
8) a
9) b
10) a