Charge Regulators: Function and Features
Charge controller functions:
- Avoid overloading the batteries can cause damage.
- Prevents over-discharge of the battery.
Servomechanism in Control systems engineeringNisarg Amin
A servomechanism is a closed-loop control system that uses feedback to accurately control a device. It consists of a controlled device, an output sensor, and a feedback system. The feedback system compares the output signal to a reference input and generates a third signal to control the device. This process continues until the output matches the reference input. A servo motor is a type of servomechanism that uses a DC motor, potentiometer, gearing, and control circuitry to rotate a shaft to a desired position based on feedback. It reduces motor speed through gearing while increasing torque. The potentiometer provides feedback of the shaft position to the control circuitry, which drives the motor until the positions match, stopping
This PowerPoint presentation discusses servomechanism and control systems. It defines a servomechanism as an automatic device that uses negative feedback to correct a mechanism's performance. Servo systems are commonly used for position control and speed control applications. Some examples provided include automatic machine tools, remote control airplanes, and autofocus cameras. The presentation also describes servo control systems, noting they are important forms of control systems that maintain motor speed and vary motor speed according to programmed values. Advantages of servo control systems include efficiency and the ability to reduce errors in output mechanisms.
This course covers electric drive systems controlled by power electronic converters. It discusses DC drives, induction motor drives controlled from the stator side and rotor side, and synchronous motor drives. Students will learn about drive characteristics and modeling, DC drive configurations, closed-loop control of induction motors, efficient speed control methods for induction motors, and control techniques for synchronous motors. The course aims to provide an understanding of electric drive performance and applications in various industries.
This document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It summarizes that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance in series to the armature, and voltage control by varying the supply voltage. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control methods like field and armature diversion, tapped fields, and paralleled fields as well as adding resistance in series with the armature. Series-parallel control is also described for variable speed applications.
This document summarizes an engineering student's project on automatic voltage control. It discusses the need for automatic voltage regulators to maintain constant voltage levels, as utility voltages can fluctuate by up to 13% from nominal levels. It also describes how voltage drops within facilities drive voltages even lower. Precise voltage regulation is important because electrical equipment operates best within a narrow voltage range and fluctuations can cause equipment malfunction or damage. The document outlines different categories of voltage regulators, including their design and whether they regulate AC or DC voltages.
Design of Speed and Current Controller for Two Quadrant DC Motor DriveKaushik Naik
This document discusses the design of a current controller for a two-quadrant DC motor drive system using a model order reduction technique. It first presents the literature on various order reduction methods. It then derives the transfer functions of the DC motor, converter, current and speed controllers. Using the symmetric optimum method, it designs the current controller as a second-order system and the speed controller as a first-order system, reduced from their original higher orders. Simulation results show the performance of the reduced order system matches the conventional system. The document concludes the motor drive control is designed and simulated successfully using the symmetric optimum method.
This document discusses load frequency control (LFC) of a two-area power system. It introduces LFC as a system that maintains uniform frequency, divides load between generators, and controls tie-line interchange. It describes generator, load, prime mover, and governor models used in LFC analysis. It then explains that automatic generation control (AGC) uses an integrator to restore frequency to its nominal value as load changes continuously. Finally, it states that modern power systems often divide generation into coherent groups called control areas for LFC, with each area's LFC loop representing the whole system.
Servomechanism in Control systems engineeringNisarg Amin
A servomechanism is a closed-loop control system that uses feedback to accurately control a device. It consists of a controlled device, an output sensor, and a feedback system. The feedback system compares the output signal to a reference input and generates a third signal to control the device. This process continues until the output matches the reference input. A servo motor is a type of servomechanism that uses a DC motor, potentiometer, gearing, and control circuitry to rotate a shaft to a desired position based on feedback. It reduces motor speed through gearing while increasing torque. The potentiometer provides feedback of the shaft position to the control circuitry, which drives the motor until the positions match, stopping
This PowerPoint presentation discusses servomechanism and control systems. It defines a servomechanism as an automatic device that uses negative feedback to correct a mechanism's performance. Servo systems are commonly used for position control and speed control applications. Some examples provided include automatic machine tools, remote control airplanes, and autofocus cameras. The presentation also describes servo control systems, noting they are important forms of control systems that maintain motor speed and vary motor speed according to programmed values. Advantages of servo control systems include efficiency and the ability to reduce errors in output mechanisms.
This course covers electric drive systems controlled by power electronic converters. It discusses DC drives, induction motor drives controlled from the stator side and rotor side, and synchronous motor drives. Students will learn about drive characteristics and modeling, DC drive configurations, closed-loop control of induction motors, efficient speed control methods for induction motors, and control techniques for synchronous motors. The course aims to provide an understanding of electric drive performance and applications in various industries.
This document discusses various speed control methods for DC motors. It summarizes that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance to the field winding, armature control by adding resistance in series to the armature, and voltage control by varying the supply voltage. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control methods like field and armature diversion, tapped fields, and paralleled fields as well as adding resistance in series with the armature. Series-parallel control is also described for variable speed applications.
This document summarizes an engineering student's project on automatic voltage control. It discusses the need for automatic voltage regulators to maintain constant voltage levels, as utility voltages can fluctuate by up to 13% from nominal levels. It also describes how voltage drops within facilities drive voltages even lower. Precise voltage regulation is important because electrical equipment operates best within a narrow voltage range and fluctuations can cause equipment malfunction or damage. The document outlines different categories of voltage regulators, including their design and whether they regulate AC or DC voltages.
Design of Speed and Current Controller for Two Quadrant DC Motor DriveKaushik Naik
This document discusses the design of a current controller for a two-quadrant DC motor drive system using a model order reduction technique. It first presents the literature on various order reduction methods. It then derives the transfer functions of the DC motor, converter, current and speed controllers. Using the symmetric optimum method, it designs the current controller as a second-order system and the speed controller as a first-order system, reduced from their original higher orders. Simulation results show the performance of the reduced order system matches the conventional system. The document concludes the motor drive control is designed and simulated successfully using the symmetric optimum method.
This document discusses load frequency control (LFC) of a two-area power system. It introduces LFC as a system that maintains uniform frequency, divides load between generators, and controls tie-line interchange. It describes generator, load, prime mover, and governor models used in LFC analysis. It then explains that automatic generation control (AGC) uses an integrator to restore frequency to its nominal value as load changes continuously. Finally, it states that modern power systems often divide generation into coherent groups called control areas for LFC, with each area's LFC loop representing the whole system.
Load Frequency Control of two area Power systemAnimesh Sachan
This document investigates load frequency control in a two area power system with multiple variable loads. It compares pole placement and optimal control techniques for load frequency control and finds that the optimal control technique provides better transient response. PID control is also applied and tuned using particle swarm optimization. Frequency response plots demonstrate the system response under different control approaches.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Security analysis black and white 2007Viren Pandya
The document discusses power system security, which includes maintaining reliability and preventing contingencies from causing violations. It is broken into three main functions: system monitoring, contingency analysis, and security constrained optimal power flow. Contingency analysis models different outages to operate the system defensively. Security constrained optimal power flow seeks optimal dispatches to prevent violations from any contingencies. The document defines different system states like normal, alert, emergency and explains control actions taken to transition between states or restore the system.
The document discusses the control servo system used for the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) in India. It notes that the GMRT uses a nested control loop system to precisely position its large dish antennas. Specifically, it uses an alt-azimuth positioning control system with two motors per axis to move the antennas in both an altitude and azimuth plane in order to point them toward radio sources. Diagrams are provided showing the schematic of this alt-azimuth control system and the overall GMRT servo control block diagram.
The document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It explains that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance in the field winding, or through armature control by adding resistance in series with the armature. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control using field or armature diverters or tapped field control, or through armature resistance control. Ward-Leonard control provides sensitive speed control for applications like elevators.
DC machines can achieve wide range speed control through three main methods - armature resistance control to vary speed below base speed, field flux control to vary speed above base speed, and armature voltage control using systems like Ward-Leonard which combine armature and field control to achieve the widest speed range from below to above base speed. Controlled rectifiers and series-parallel configurations are also used to vary armature voltage for smooth speed regulation.
DC motor and open loop speed control.
Closed loop speed control of DC drives.
Closed loop speed control with inner loop current control
Closed loop field control
Closed loop armature control.
Electromechanical relays are an excellent solution to separate electronic control circuitry and power circuitry. Electromechanical relays are not the best choice in high frequency switching applications and do have a limited life due to wear on the contacts inside the relay. When used in the a proper application, the electromechanical relay provides safe and reliable integration between power circuits and control circuits.
This document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It begins by explaining that DC motors can achieve fine speed control through simple methods, which is their main advantage over AC motors. It then describes the three main speed control methods for DC motors as varying the flux, armature resistance, or applied voltage. Subsequent sections provide more details on speed control for shunt motors and series motors, including flux control, armature control, voltage control, and numerical examples. The document is intended to teach speed control of DC motors through lecture notes.
This document discusses servomechanisms, which are automatic devices that use feedback to correct the performance of a mechanism. It defines servomechanisms as systems that use feedback to control mechanical position, velocity, or acceleration. The basic components of servomechanisms are a controlled device, command device, error detector, error signal amplifier, and servomotor. It provides examples of open loop and closed loop control systems and discusses how positional and velocity feedback are implemented in servomechanisms. Finally, it outlines some common applications of servomechanisms like automotive power steering and aircraft flight control systems.
This document discusses three main methods of controlling the speed of a DC motor: flux control, armature control, and voltage control.
Flux control varies the motor's flux by adjusting the field current, allowing speeds above rated speed. However, it only works above rated speed and has a maximum speed limit. Armature control varies the motor's speed by adjusting the armature circuit resistance, permitting speeds below rated only. It wastes a large amount of power and has poor regulation. Voltage control involves adjusting the applied voltage using various methods like Ward-Leonard drives when the power source is AC or chopper control when it is DC.
Vector control is a more advanced and precise method of controlling AC induction motors compared to scalar control. It involves transforming the motor currents and voltages into a rotating reference frame to obtain decoupled control similar to a DC motor. This allows for independent control of flux and torque for faster dynamic response and better performance than scalar control. The basic implementation of vector control uses Clarke and Park transformations to convert between stationary and rotating reference frames in the controller. It provides DC motor-like precision in speed and torque control of induction motors.
Ward Leonard Control, also known as the Ward Leonard Drive System, was a widely used DC motor speed control system introduced by Harry Ward Leonard in 1891. In early 1900s, the control system of Ward Leonard was adopted by the U.S. Navy and also used in passenger lift of large mines.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
Vector control of AC induction motors provides superior dynamic performance compared to scalar control by decoupling torque and flux control. Vector control represents the stator currents as direct and quadrature components (Ids and Iqs) that independently control flux and torque. This allows precise and independent control of torque and flux to eliminate oscillations for applications requiring high performance like robotics. Vector control implementations determine the orientation of Ids and Iqs either directly by measuring airgap flux or indirectly by measuring slip speed to achieve independent control of the current components.
The document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It describes various types of speed control for DC series and shunt motors, including flux control, armature voltage control, potential divider control, and applied voltage control. It also discusses the Ward-Leonard system of speed control, which uses a motor-generator set to provide smooth and rapid variable speed control and is commonly used for elevators and industrial machinery. The document outlines advantages like smooth wide range speed variation but also disadvantages like low efficiency and high initial cost.
This document discusses different types of control systems, including open loop and closed loop systems. It describes open loop systems as having output that does not affect input quantity and lacks feedback, while closed loop systems have output that affects input and uses feedback to automatically correct variations in output. The document also covers servomotors, including AC and DC servomotors, and synchros which can be used to control angular position remotely or correct changes in position. Signal flow graphs are introduced as an alternative to block diagrams to represent systems.
The document discusses transient stability analysis of a multi-machine power system. It analyzes the system using series and shunt Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The analysis is performed on the WSCC 9 bus system in MiPower and MATLAB software. Various FACTS devices including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC and SSSC are studied to understand their effects on improving the transient stability of the power system. Load flow and transient stability analyses are conducted on the system without and with different FACTS controllers to evaluate their comparative effectiveness.
The document provides information about resume samples, cover letters, interview questions, and other career resources for clinical directors. It lists top resume types including chronological, functional, curriculum vitae (CV), combination, targeted, professional, new graduate, and executive resumes. It also provides links to additional resume samples, cover letter samples, interview questions, career development resources, and suggested fields and job titles related to clinical director roles.
Load Frequency Control of two area Power systemAnimesh Sachan
This document investigates load frequency control in a two area power system with multiple variable loads. It compares pole placement and optimal control techniques for load frequency control and finds that the optimal control technique provides better transient response. PID control is also applied and tuned using particle swarm optimization. Frequency response plots demonstrate the system response under different control approaches.
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROLPreet_patel
LOAD FREQUENCY AND VOLTAGE GENERATION CONTROL
Load frequency control
Automatic Generation Control
Voltage Control
Primary regulation.
Secondary regulation
real power
Why voltage control is important?
Security analysis black and white 2007Viren Pandya
The document discusses power system security, which includes maintaining reliability and preventing contingencies from causing violations. It is broken into three main functions: system monitoring, contingency analysis, and security constrained optimal power flow. Contingency analysis models different outages to operate the system defensively. Security constrained optimal power flow seeks optimal dispatches to prevent violations from any contingencies. The document defines different system states like normal, alert, emergency and explains control actions taken to transition between states or restore the system.
The document discusses the control servo system used for the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) in India. It notes that the GMRT uses a nested control loop system to precisely position its large dish antennas. Specifically, it uses an alt-azimuth positioning control system with two motors per axis to move the antennas in both an altitude and azimuth plane in order to point them toward radio sources. Diagrams are provided showing the schematic of this alt-azimuth control system and the overall GMRT servo control block diagram.
The document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It explains that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the back EMF and inversely proportional to flux. For shunt motors, speed can be controlled through flux control by adding resistance in the field winding, or through armature control by adding resistance in series with the armature. For series motors, speed is controlled through flux control using field or armature diverters or tapped field control, or through armature resistance control. Ward-Leonard control provides sensitive speed control for applications like elevators.
DC machines can achieve wide range speed control through three main methods - armature resistance control to vary speed below base speed, field flux control to vary speed above base speed, and armature voltage control using systems like Ward-Leonard which combine armature and field control to achieve the widest speed range from below to above base speed. Controlled rectifiers and series-parallel configurations are also used to vary armature voltage for smooth speed regulation.
DC motor and open loop speed control.
Closed loop speed control of DC drives.
Closed loop speed control with inner loop current control
Closed loop field control
Closed loop armature control.
Electromechanical relays are an excellent solution to separate electronic control circuitry and power circuitry. Electromechanical relays are not the best choice in high frequency switching applications and do have a limited life due to wear on the contacts inside the relay. When used in the a proper application, the electromechanical relay provides safe and reliable integration between power circuits and control circuits.
This document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It begins by explaining that DC motors can achieve fine speed control through simple methods, which is their main advantage over AC motors. It then describes the three main speed control methods for DC motors as varying the flux, armature resistance, or applied voltage. Subsequent sections provide more details on speed control for shunt motors and series motors, including flux control, armature control, voltage control, and numerical examples. The document is intended to teach speed control of DC motors through lecture notes.
This document discusses servomechanisms, which are automatic devices that use feedback to correct the performance of a mechanism. It defines servomechanisms as systems that use feedback to control mechanical position, velocity, or acceleration. The basic components of servomechanisms are a controlled device, command device, error detector, error signal amplifier, and servomotor. It provides examples of open loop and closed loop control systems and discusses how positional and velocity feedback are implemented in servomechanisms. Finally, it outlines some common applications of servomechanisms like automotive power steering and aircraft flight control systems.
This document discusses three main methods of controlling the speed of a DC motor: flux control, armature control, and voltage control.
Flux control varies the motor's flux by adjusting the field current, allowing speeds above rated speed. However, it only works above rated speed and has a maximum speed limit. Armature control varies the motor's speed by adjusting the armature circuit resistance, permitting speeds below rated only. It wastes a large amount of power and has poor regulation. Voltage control involves adjusting the applied voltage using various methods like Ward-Leonard drives when the power source is AC or chopper control when it is DC.
Vector control is a more advanced and precise method of controlling AC induction motors compared to scalar control. It involves transforming the motor currents and voltages into a rotating reference frame to obtain decoupled control similar to a DC motor. This allows for independent control of flux and torque for faster dynamic response and better performance than scalar control. The basic implementation of vector control uses Clarke and Park transformations to convert between stationary and rotating reference frames in the controller. It provides DC motor-like precision in speed and torque control of induction motors.
Ward Leonard Control, also known as the Ward Leonard Drive System, was a widely used DC motor speed control system introduced by Harry Ward Leonard in 1891. In early 1900s, the control system of Ward Leonard was adopted by the U.S. Navy and also used in passenger lift of large mines.
This document discusses power system stability and microgrids. It defines power system stability and classifies it into several types including rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and frequency stability. It also discusses microgrids, their interconnection to main grids for availability and economic benefits, and methods for connecting microgrids using switchgear or static switches. In conclusion, it states that power system stability is important for normal operation and can be improved through devices like capacitors and FACTS controllers, and that microgrids satisfy local loads while reducing transmission losses through local renewable generation.
Vector control of AC induction motors provides superior dynamic performance compared to scalar control by decoupling torque and flux control. Vector control represents the stator currents as direct and quadrature components (Ids and Iqs) that independently control flux and torque. This allows precise and independent control of torque and flux to eliminate oscillations for applications requiring high performance like robotics. Vector control implementations determine the orientation of Ids and Iqs either directly by measuring airgap flux or indirectly by measuring slip speed to achieve independent control of the current components.
The document discusses speed control methods for DC motors. It describes various types of speed control for DC series and shunt motors, including flux control, armature voltage control, potential divider control, and applied voltage control. It also discusses the Ward-Leonard system of speed control, which uses a motor-generator set to provide smooth and rapid variable speed control and is commonly used for elevators and industrial machinery. The document outlines advantages like smooth wide range speed variation but also disadvantages like low efficiency and high initial cost.
This document discusses different types of control systems, including open loop and closed loop systems. It describes open loop systems as having output that does not affect input quantity and lacks feedback, while closed loop systems have output that affects input and uses feedback to automatically correct variations in output. The document also covers servomotors, including AC and DC servomotors, and synchros which can be used to control angular position remotely or correct changes in position. Signal flow graphs are introduced as an alternative to block diagrams to represent systems.
The document discusses transient stability analysis of a multi-machine power system. It analyzes the system using series and shunt Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The analysis is performed on the WSCC 9 bus system in MiPower and MATLAB software. Various FACTS devices including STATCOM, SVC, TCSC and SSSC are studied to understand their effects on improving the transient stability of the power system. Load flow and transient stability analyses are conducted on the system without and with different FACTS controllers to evaluate their comparative effectiveness.
The document provides information about resume samples, cover letters, interview questions, and other career resources for clinical directors. It lists top resume types including chronological, functional, curriculum vitae (CV), combination, targeted, professional, new graduate, and executive resumes. It also provides links to additional resume samples, cover letter samples, interview questions, career development resources, and suggested fields and job titles related to clinical director roles.
Virtualization Complexities Impact Your Software Licensing PolicyFlexera
The document discusses how virtualization impacts software licensing policies and provides recommendations for software vendors. It notes that virtualization allows multiple operating system instances on one physical machine, which can impact license enforcement. It recommends that software vendors define a virtualization policy, understand how many customers use virtualization, and consider pricing and licensing models for virtual environments. It also describes Flexera Software's approach to help software vendors address these issues through virtualization detection and license binding/permission strategies tailored to different trust levels.
Proyek ini bertujuan membentuk sistem pusat data berbasis web di lingkungan Asdep Komunikasi Politik untuk mengoptimalkan pengumpulan, pengolahan, dan penyebaran data, serta memperluas cakupannya ke lingkungan Deputi Seswapres Bidang Politik dan terintegrasi dengan satuan kerja lain di lingkungan Sekretariat Negara dalam waktu dua tahun.
A solar charge controller regulates electricity flow from solar panels to a battery to extend the battery's life. It stabilizes voltage and allows charging current to flow in only one direction. PWM controllers initially charge the battery to its maximum safe voltage then lower the voltage for trickle charging, which sustains the battery without stress. Solar charge controllers display voltage, current, and battery charge level to monitor the system. They provide protections like overcharge protection, deep discharge protection, reverse polarity protection, and overload protection to prevent damage to batteries and components.
This document discusses several applications of fuzzy logic in electrical systems, including induction motor control, switched reluctance motor control, excitation control in automatic voltage regulators, and fuzzy logic control in an 18 bus power system. It focuses on using fuzzy logic for automatic voltage regulation, describing the typical components of a power system, challenges with conventional controllers, and presenting simulation results that demonstrate how a fuzzy logic controller can effectively regulate the voltage of a synchronous generator.
This document discusses charge controllers, which control the flow of charge to and from batteries in order to protect them from overcharging or deep discharge. It describes the functions of charge controllers, including disconnecting batteries during overcharge or deep discharge conditions based on voltage readings. It also discusses the working of charge controllers, types (PWM and MPPT), features like voltage regulation set points, and provides specifications for a typical 12V/6A PWM charge controller as an example.
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback.
in this presentation charge controller is discussed
with good examples of taking load perfectly explanantion
of the controller according to load MPPT
PWM technique is also explained inthis presentation
power calculations also done for better explanation
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Voltage collapse mitigation by reactive power compensation at the load sideeSAT Journals
Abstract Power system stability may be defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. A general and formal definition is given below. The IEEE/CIGRE Joint Task Force has proposed the following definition-“Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded, so that practically the entire system remains intact.” The challenge faced in the modern power system is the collapse of voltages at heavy loads at the load buses of a power system. The voltage collapse will in turn will effect the stability of the power system. In this paper a novel way of mitigating the voltage collapse by supplying the reactive power at load buses is discussed and encouraging simulation results are obtained. The method employed is as fallows. Simulation is done without SVC and STATCOM at load buses. On comparison of the results at the load buses it is seen that with SVC and STATCOM at the load buses voltage collapse is mitigated in spite of heavily loading the system. Keywords: Voltage Collapse, Reactive Power Management, Load Bus, Power System Stability.
This document describes the design and development of a cost-effective automatic cutoff photovoltaic (PV) charge controller with indicators. The controller uses a buck converter topology with a DC-DC converter circuit to charge batteries from a PV panel in a way that prevents overcharging and optimizes the battery recharging cycle. It was implemented using inexpensive hardware components and tested with different PV cell and battery voltage levels. The proposed system provides regulated voltage and current output suitable for automatic on/off switching. It aims to increase battery lifetime by reducing the number of recharging cycles through optimized charging.
Mppt vs pwm charge controller - which one to take?NeelHope
MPPT vs PWM Solar charge controller ultimate comparison to help you choose the right solar charge controller for the renewable energy power system.
https://zhcsolar.com/mppt-vs-pwm/
Novel Battery Charging Control System for Batteries Using On/Off and Pwm Cont...IOSR Journals
This document describes the simulation of two battery charging control systems for standalone photovoltaic systems using Proteus software. The first system uses an on/off controller to charge two batteries sequentially once their voltages drop below the threshold. The second system uses pulse width modulation control of a transistor to regulate the battery voltage at 13.75V and allow constant voltage charging. Simulation results show the on/off controller switches relays to charge each battery while the PWM controller varies the duty cycle to maintain constant voltage charging. The PWM approach provides more efficient charging with less heating and gassing of the batteries.
This document summarizes a research paper about using sliding mode control to track the maximum power point of a DC-DC boost converter in a photovoltaic system. A sliding mode controller estimates the maximum power point as a reference to force the PV system to operate at this point. The proposed system with sliding mode control is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK under constant and varying solar irradiance conditions. The maximum power is tracked and delivered to charge a battery, increasing the charging current and reducing charging time. Keywords include sliding manifold, solar irradiance, and photovoltaic system.
##CONTENT##
Introduction
Voltage control
Power system control
Control of reactive power and power factor
Interconnected control and frequency ties
Supervisory control
Line compensation
Series compensation
Series and shunt compensation schemes for ac transmission system
A MPPT solar charge controller is the charge controller embedded with MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) algorithm to maximize the amount of current going into the battery from PV module.
This document provides an overview of power system stability, including various types of stability issues like rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and small signal stability. It defines key concepts, classifies stability into different categories, and describes factors that affect stability issues like voltage stability. Analysis techniques for different stability problems are discussed, like transient stability analysis, PV curves for voltage stability assessment, and eigenvalue analysis for small signal stability. The role of controls like power system stabilizers is also mentioned.
The document discusses two types of solar energy power generation systems - grid-off systems that operate independently of the electric grid and grid-on PV systems that are connected to the electric grid. It provides details on the key components, advantages, and disadvantages of each system type, as well as guidance on components like solar panels, batteries, controllers, inverters, and their installation and maintenance.
This presentation mainly focus on the different types of solar charge controllers. Here we try to present the working process of these charge controllers,circuit diagrams, advantages & applications.
Reactive power is necessary to maintain adequate voltage levels to transmit active power across transmission systems. It is required for system reliability and to prevent voltage collapse. Voltage is controlled by managing the production and absorption of reactive power on the system. Both insufficient reactive power and excessive reactive power can cause voltage issues and equipment problems if voltage is not properly regulated. Reactive power reserves are also required to maintain voltage stability under contingency events like generator or transmission line outages.
The batteries used in electric and hybrid vehicles
consists of several cells with voltages between 3.6V battery and
4.2 V in series or parallel combinations of configurations for
obtaining the necessary available voltages in the operation of a
hybrid electric vehicle. How malfunction of a single cell affects
the behavior of the entire battery pack, BMS main function is to
protect individual cells against over-discharge, overload or
overheating. This is done by correct balancing of the cells. In
addition BMS estimates the battery charge status
Resolving disputes out of court can save both parties costs and avoid litigation delays. While threats of litigation are common, there is usually still scope for negotiated settlements. Employers negotiating without legal representation need to be careful not to prejudice their legal position. Under recent reforms, lawyers will have a reduced role in unfair dismissal cases in Australia unless representation enables more efficient handling of complex matters or fairness requires representation for an ineffective self-represented party. Defining issues carefully during legal proceedings can help parties realize disputes may only involve minor matters and see value in compromise over costs and delays of fully litigating weak claims.
When contemplating a dismissal, employers need to be aware of the range of legal claims that can be brought against them arising from the dismissal. Ideally, a dismissal should be conducted in a manner which avoids or minimizes the risk of such claims.
Section 386(1) represents a slight departure from the predecessor provision in the former WR Act (s 642(4)) under which a forced resignation was deemed to be a type of termination at the employers initiative. The two concepts have now been split so that a forced resignation is no longer categorized as a type of termination on the employers initiative. Instead, it is a stand-alone type of dismissal under the FW Act.
Connecting the power section of a battery
Whether it's to preserve the battery for a long time that the car will be parked or to deter thieves, kill switch battery is a convenient feature for any vehicle. By interrupting the current between the battery and the vehicle, a switch will help prevent the loss of cranking amperage as the car, boat or RV is parked. Also makes it difficult for anyone other than the owner start the car. With some basic tools and little preparation, you can install a cutoff switch.
1) The document provides instructions for installing a battery disconnect switch in a vehicle. Such a switch allows the battery to be immediately cut off from power during a rollover or accident.
2) Key steps include finding a suitable location for the switch, drilling a hole for mounting, running battery cable from the switch to the battery and other accessories, and securing all wiring.
3) Proper installation of the switch cable, terminals, and battery connection is described to ensure the switch works properly to cut power when turned off.
Connecting a switch battery disconnect How to create your own Spare Tire Cover
Racing cars is fun, and can provide a good outlet when done in a safe environment. But before going to the ring to break it, you need to make your car insurance. A security feature available to race cars - as well as normal vehicles - is disconnecting the battery. With one of these switches can immediately cut power to the vehicle during a rollover or accident. They are not difficult to install - they just need a little time and preparation.
Lead acid and NiCd batteries will last a long time if they are operated within the proper charge and discharge voltages. A charge controller circuit is a necessity for preventative battery over-charge. Conversely, a low circuit voltage disconnects (LVD) Prevents excessive battery discharge.
Perhaps the most characteristic of all species of sharks’ hammerheads is easily recognized by the unique shape of their head. Worldwide are about 10 species of them some of which grow up to 6 meters in length and are known to attack humans. The Horned is one of the most common species usually vague in large groups in shallow water. No one knows exactly why these sharks have evolved that curious head shape. Some biologists believe gives them a sensory advantage to find their prey while others believe it helps them buoyancy. Hammerhead shark fins are particularly prized as food in eastern Asia although fin hunting these and other sharks is now banned in several countries.
HOW MUCH FOOD IS A SHARK NEEDED?
Most sharks have jaws that are not solidly connected to the skull as often happens in the rest of the animals. Conversely, shark jaws are subject to the skull by muscles and ligaments. When ready to eat, shark jaws can push down and outward to adopt an almost vertical opening. This feature allows the shark catch food from a vertical position, even if the mouth is below the muzzle. The jaws of some sharks can exert a pressure of 19 tons per 2.45 cm2, compared to 68 kilos per 2.45 cm2 of human bite.
Immune System of shark
Sharks do not chew their food at all. Their teeth are designed primarily to capture or tear their prey. The food is stored in the stomach for a variable period of time usually three days (although a study of a tiger shark that died in captivity revealed that at the time of his death had on the inside of his stomach remains undigested 2 weeks). The stomach releases strong acid that breaks down food and passes into the intestine where all the nutrients are absorbed. What cannot be absorbed passes into the colon before being released to the ocean where they serve as food for plants and bacteria?
The short fin mako shark is known for its incredible speed which can reach up to 32 kilometers per hour. Greatly valued by fishermen the mako are famous for their ability to jump and even have been known cases that have jumped into fishing boats and red some fisherman to be hooked . Because swimming speed are able to pursue fish that are too fast for other predators such as tuna, sword fish species and even other sharks. His taste for fish with peaks often gets them in trouble, many sharks caught of this species show wounds inflicted by swordfish. Because of its power and aggression are seen as dangerous to humans and have been5/9 reported several fatal attacks.
Pygmy Shark
Pygmy Shark For a long time it was thought that this was the smallest species of sharks, but fame pygmy shark has been tested recently by the discovery of the dwarf lantern shark, which is closely related to. However, this species is still significant, with a maximum length of about 20 inches, is far from the popular image of huge ocean predator that has the shark.
Saw sharks are among the most distinctive shark, with its snout that resembles a saw (called faces) embedded with teeth. This curious adaptation is effective, as these sharks use it to remove muddy or sandy bottom while searching for prey, which stunned by sudden movements of your saw. The saw shark apart is the only shark eel shark has six gills, instead of the five or seven usually having another. Some saw shark species are highly prized as a food source, especially in Japan.
SHARK CAN HELP US
From the design of new arrival to its impact on the economy, sharks are more helpful than you can imagine... As the oldest living vertebrates sharks can provide information about the origin and evolution of all species of vertebrates including humans. Sharks balance existing quantities of seafood because they consume large numbers of rays and other predators of scallops lobsters crabs and more.
Shark Cartilage and CANCER
The shark fin cartilage has protein, phosphorus, carbohydrates and calcium, which is why it has been added to natural medicine (health food), and con-
has a component that acts as an anti-inflammatory , analgesic and most importantly that stimulates the immune system to stop the formation of blood vessels and this helps not develop tumors and metastases , arthritis , diabetic retinopathy , psoriasis, vascular glaucoma in particular rheumatoid arthritis and all those inflammatory diseases.
If you look inside a shark, observe that features many of the same organs those we: respiratory, circulatory, digestive and reproductive systems.
You'd be surprised to know that sharks have many organs and systems in common with other vertebrates. Organs can vary in size, shape and location relative to the bodies of the dogs or persons, to name a few, but essentially the same function in all vertebrates.
Sharks have a ventral mouth opening with serrated teeth that can operate simultaneously or be gradually replaced. Their gastrointestinal tract includes a stomach and spiral intestine, and they lack salivary glands but have a well-developed liver and pancreas. Sharks have 5-7 pairs of gill slits on the sides of their pharynx and large olfactory lobes and cerebellum in their brain. Their skin has sensory buttons and taste buds in their oral cavity. Sharks have two-chambered hearts and use their gills to breathe by taking in water and releasing it, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in their blood which is then distributed throughout their body.
According to the World Wide Fund for Nature, the number of sharks hunted worldwide for their fins, has increased alarmingly by 200% since 1991. Moreover sharks do not help their defense to hold powerful jaws and "abandon", occasionally a tooth in a marine float chamber for the study of the species in question.
Sound travels five times faster and farther in water than on land, and sharks are perfectly adapted to deal with this phenomenon. Despite having no visible external ears, sensitivity to sound is very developed, so they capture large number of sounds that humans are unable to hear.
Tiger shark as fearsome as the name suggests, tiger sharks are rightly respected for its aggressive nature and its amazing predatory skills. Baptized with that name on your skin patterns these sharks are far the most numerous members of his immediate family. They can be commonly found in shallow tropical waters but also seem to feel at home in marshy estuaries where they hunt almost everything that is edible and many things that are not plastic bottles license plates rubber tires wine bottles and even cans have been found in the stomachs of tiger sharks Its impressive serrated teeth are often used to tear pieces of much larger prey including carcasses of whales and other marine mammals.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
Best Digital Marketing Strategy Build Your Online Presence 2024.pptxpavankumarpayexelsol
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Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
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Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
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Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
1. Charge Regulators: Function and Features
Charge controller functions:
- Avoid overloading the batteries can cause damage.
- Prevents over-discharge of the battery.
- Disconnecting voltage consuming loads Battery voltage below which electricity supply is interrupted to
the consumer loads.
- Final charge voltage. Battery voltage above the connection is broken between the PV generator and
battery, or gradually reduces the average current delivered by the PV array.
- Ensures the operation of the system at the point of maximum efficiency. The voltage regulator
constantly monitors the state of charge of the battery and regulates the load current of the same to
lengthen its life. Also generates alarms depending on the status of the load it is perhaps the linchpin of
the system ensures a constant voltage at the outputs and good operation of all receivers connected to
the system.
As Regulators work load:
This response regulator enables automatic load leveling of storage after a period of time in which the
charge state has been low, reducing maximum gassing otherwise deep load after equalization, and the
adjustment system allows the input to the load current batteries without interruption until the point of
final charge voltage reached that point. Regulation system interrupts charging system and control
passes to the second stage flotation. When the final charge voltage is reached, the battery has reached a
level close load 90% of its capacity, in the next phase the charge is completed.
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