2. BLUETOOTH
Universal radio interface for ad-hoc wireless
connectivity
Interconnecting computer and peripherals,
handheld devices, PDAs, cell phones –
replacement of IrDA
Bluetooth devices operate at 2.4GHz, low power
consumption.
in the globally available, license-free, ISM band
(from 2400-2480 MHZ)and they use FH-CDMA
technique because of its inherent interference
rejection capability.
The Bluetooth radio technology usually uses 79
different channels and can be used at a range of
up to 30 feet.
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3. 10 meters With more power, this range can be increased to up top
100 meters.
Voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data rate
A cable replacement technology
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BLUETOOTH
4. 4
APPLICATIONS AREAS
Data, audio, graphics, video
Data and voice access points, Cable replacement, Ad
hoc networking
Personal Ad-Personal Ad-
hoc Networkshoc Networks
Landline
Data/VoiceData/Voice
AccessAccess
PointsPoints
5. 5
Bluetooth Histroy
Harald Blaatand “Bluetooth” II
King of Denmark 940-981
Son of Gorm the Old (King of Denmark) and Thyra
Danebod (daughter of King Ethelred of England)
• This is one of two Runic stones
erected in his capitol city of
Jelling (central Jutland)
• The stone’s inscription (“runes”) say:
Harald controlled Denmark and
Norway
Harald thinks “notebooks” and
“cellular phones” should
seamlessly communicate
6. Bluetooth
Advantages
Bluetooth: interoperable
IrDA: line of sight needed, point-to-point
WLAN: higher power consumption
Disadvantages
Bluetooth: only up to 1 Mbps
IrDA: much cheaper, faster (up to 16 Mbps)
WLAN: faster (up to 11 Mbps)
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7. 7
Protocol Architecture
Bluetooth has a layered protocol architecture
Core protocols
Cable replacement and telephony control protocols
Adopted protocols
Core protocols
Radio
Baseband
Link manager protocol (LMP)
Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP)
Service discovery protocol (SDP)
11. Baseband
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the physical layer of the Bluetooth that provides
• Error correction
• Flow control
• Hopping sequence
• Security
hopping through 79 channels
data is divided in packets
access code: e.g. timing synchronization
header: e.g. packet numbering, flow control, slave address
payload: voice, data or both
12. Baseband cont…
12
Connection Modes
describes the set of rules by which all bluetooth devices must
abide in order to establish a link a communicate with one
another
STANDBY : not connected in a piconet
ACTIVE : active participation on the channelPower Saving
Modes
SNIFF : slave listens to the channel at a reduced rate
(decreasing of duty cycle ) least power efficient
HOLD : data transfer is held for a specific time period,
medium power efficient
PARK : synchronized to the piconet but does not participate in
traffic
13. HCI (Host Controller Interface)
provides a command interface to baseband controller and link
manager
also to hardware status, control and event register
Bluetooth defined Host Controller Transport Layers:
UART (HCI over serial interface)
RS232(HCI over serial interface)
USB(HCI over USB interface e.g. USB dongle)
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14. SDP (Service Discovery
Protocol)
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discovers which services are available
identifies the characteristics of the services
uses a request/response model where each transaction consists of one
request protocol data unit (PDU) and one response PDU
SDP is used with L2CAP is optimized for the dynamic nature of bluetooth
SDP does not define methods for accessing services
15. Audio
interfaces directly with the baseband. Each voice
connection is over a 64Kbps SCO link.
The voice coding scheme is the Continuous Variable
Slope Delta (CVSD
Link Manager Protocol
link setup and control, authentication and encryption
Host Controller Interface: provides a uniform method of
access to the baseband, control registers etc through
USB, PCI, or UART
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Layer
higher protocols multiplexing, packet
segmentation/reassembly, QoS
Telephony Control Specification
defines the call control signaling for the establishment of
speech and data calls between Bluetooth devices
RFCOMM
provides emulation of serial links (RS232). Upto 60
connections15
16. Usage Models
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File transfer
Internet bridge
LAN access
Synchronization
Three-in-one phone
Headset
18. a: piconet with a single slave
b: piconet with a multi slave
c: scatternet
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Ad-hoc-networking
19. The Bluetooth network topology
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Piconet
Basic unit of Bluetooth networking
Master and one to seven slave devices
Master determines channel and phase
• All devices in a piconet hop together
–Master gives slaves its clock and device ID
• Non-piconet devices are in standby
• Master can connect to 7 simultaneous or 200+ active
slaves per piconet
• Each piconet has maximum capacity (1 MSps)
• Unique hopping pattern/ID
MS
S
SP
P
SB
SB
20. 20
Scatternets
Scatternet
Device in one piconet may exist as master or
slave in another piconet
Allows many devices to share same area
Makes efficient use of bandwidth
Not implemented in COTS equipment
M
M
SS
S
S
P
sb
sb
P
P
22. 22
Frequency Hopping (FH)
Resists interference and multipath effects
Provides a form of multiple access among co-located devices in different
piconets
Total bandwidth divided into 1 MHz channels
FH occurs by jumping from one channel to another in pseudorandom sequence
Hopping sequence shared across entire piconet
Piconet access:
Bluetooth devices use time division duplex (TDD)
Access technique is TDMA
FH-TDD-TDMA
25. Transmit Power
The power steps shall form a monotonic sequence, with a maximum
step size of 8 dB and a minimum step size of 2 dB.
A class 1 equipment with a maximum transmit power of +20 dBm must
be able to control its transmit power down to 4 dBm or less.
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26. Baseband protocol
Standby
Waiting to join a piconet
Inquire
Ask about available radios
Page
Connect to a specific radio
Connected
Actively on a piconet (master or slave)
Park/Hold
Low-power connected states
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Inquiry Page
Connected
AMA
Transmit
data
AMA
HOLD
AMA
PARK
PMA
T =2mstpcl
Low-power
states
Active
states
Standby
Connecting
states
Unconnected:
Standby
Detach
T =2mstpcl
T =0.6stpcl
T =2stpcl
releases
AMA address
28. Bluetooth Frame Fields
Access code
used for timing synchronization, offset compensation,
paging, and inquiry
Header
used to identify frame type and carry protocol control
information
Payload
contains user voice or data and payload header, if present
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29. Bluetooth Frame Structure
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ACCESS CODE - based on identity and system clock of Master
Provides means for synchronization; Unique for channel;
Used by all frames on the channel
Frame
30. Future Usage
Home Automation
Home Entertainment/Games
Electronic Commerce/M-Commerce
Industrial Control
Surveillance
Access Control
Location Based Services
Current Trials: Shopping Malls, Train Stations
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