This course is about different types of organisms and their taxonomical position . This discusses, how is science of identification, nomenclature and classification developed during the course of time. This course also covers all the essential topics like types of classification and systems of classification in a nut shell. All the information is authentic and will help to understand the subject very well in an easy and interesting way. The innovative approach to this topic is to explain the topics by pictorial diagrams and tables, which is a comparative account of all the respective and related topics. Please feel free to comment and give your suggestions.
This course is about different types of organisms and their taxonomical position . This discusses, how is science of identification, nomenclature and classification developed during the course of time. This course also covers all the essential topics like types of classification and systems of classification in a nut shell. All the information is authentic and will help to understand the subject very well in an easy and interesting way. The innovative approach to this topic is to explain the topics by pictorial diagrams and tables, which is a comparative account of all the respective and related topics. Please feel free to comment and give your suggestions.
Species delimitation - species limits and character evolutionRutger Vos
Lecture slides for the program orientation Evolutionary Biology at the Institute of Biology Leiden, the Netherlands. Thursday, September 7th, 2017.
Lecture notes are here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRIv5mKK1fjBby--u97emC7hrqXUbxFQZe63P1FpguuhHLG6xykbwXKeKXCUE5W-LSpakXYCI621xCK/pub
BOTANY IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEAL WITH THE LIVING THING (PLANT), IN THE PHARMACY , THIS SCIENCES IS SO SPECIAL AS IT IS HELPFUL IN IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT TO HUMAN , APPLIED IN TRADTIONAL MEDICINES
Species delimitation - species limits and character evolutionRutger Vos
Lecture slides for the program orientation Evolutionary Biology at the Institute of Biology Leiden, the Netherlands. Thursday, September 7th, 2017.
Lecture notes are here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRIv5mKK1fjBby--u97emC7hrqXUbxFQZe63P1FpguuhHLG6xykbwXKeKXCUE5W-LSpakXYCI621xCK/pub
BOTANY IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEAL WITH THE LIVING THING (PLANT), IN THE PHARMACY , THIS SCIENCES IS SO SPECIAL AS IT IS HELPFUL IN IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECT TO HUMAN , APPLIED IN TRADTIONAL MEDICINES
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Finding Order in Nature
• People have classified the natural world for
thousands of years based on traits such as:
• edibility - “We can eat these plants, but
not these.”
• cultural meaning - “These animals are
sacred, these are evil.”
• utility - “These animals pull our plows,
those we shear for wool.”
3. Naturalistic Systematics
• Around the 18th century, naturalists
sought to classify nature in a way that
reflected nature, rather than the way
humans use nature.
• Of course, there was disagreement
about what constituted a “natural”
system, or even if a “natural” system was
necessary.
4. Linnaeus • In 1735, Carl von Linnae
(“Linnaeus”) published Systema
Naturae, a new approach to
classifying nature that used
nested hierarchies. Today’s
system is grounded in this
method.
• 1736: Linnaeus published a
system of binomial nomenclature,
still in use today.
• 1753: Linnaeus published Species
Plantarum, describing and
classifying known organisms.
There’s no
systematic
organization of
anything! I’m
going to fix that!
5. Linnaean System
• Three Kingdoms of
nature: Plants,
Animals, Minerals.
• Within each
Kingdom, organisms
are organized into
nested hierarchies.
6. Linnaeus’ system was considered “artificial,” based on
observable external features. However, it was so useful for
identifying organisms that most people preferred it over
other systems, even though some naturalists disagreed with
Linnaeus’ approach - and each other.
Cuvier
Buffon
Hierarchical
classification is
fine, but it must
be natural.
Oui, mon professeur,
classification should be
natural, but a hierarchy
is not natural.
7. 2 Kingdom system
• Linnaeus divided all
living things into two
kingdoms: Plants
and Animals.
• Up until the 1960’s,
textbooks used the
2 Kingdom System
to describe the
living world.
8. However...
• Linnaeus developed
his system at a time
when the microbial
world was a new
discovery.
• Many one-celled
organisms, such as
Euglena, don’t fit
well in a 2 Kingdom
system.
Moves, consumes food =
animal-like
Has chloroplasts,
photosynthesizes =
plant-like
Am I a plant?
Am I an
animal?
9. Let’s vote!
1 2
54%
46%
1. Euglena should be
classed as an animal
because it moves and
can eat food particles.
2. Euglena should be
classed as a plant
because it
photosynthesizes and
makes its own food.
10. Another problem…
• What are some
other issues that
you can think of with
a classification
system that is
based on
appearance?
We both fly!
Are we
related?
11. Which pair of organisms is
genetically most similar?
1 2 3
33% 33%
33%
A B C
1. A is most like B
2. B is most like C
3. A is most like C
13. Classifying by Common
Descent
• Darwin’s contribution,
the Theory of Natural
Selection, suggested
that all living
organisms are related
by descent.
• If we can understand
patterns of descent,
we can design better
nature-based
classification systems.
That’s right! Lots
of people think I
was the first to
come up with the
idea of Evolution,
but my theory
was Natural
selection.
It was that
Lamarck fellow
before me who
first used the
term “Evolution”
to talk about
living things.
14. Clues of evolutionary history and common ancestry
Clues: Unique & shared features
• Fossils
• Anatomy of extant species
• Genetic code
15. Whittaker
• Robert Whittaker,
working in the 1940s-70s,
was dissatisfied with the
old 2-kingdom systems.
• Developed first a 3-
kingdom system (Fungi,
Plants, Animals) and later
a 5-kingdom system.
The outdated
2-Kingdom
system has
got to go!
But what is a
better system
that really
reflects
nature?
16. • Whittaker’s system was
still essentially
hierarchical - with “lower”
or “primitive” organisms
at the bottom.
• 3 Kingdom system -
Plant, Animal, Fungi -
was based on nutrition.
• However, Whittaker was
reaching for a system
based on phylogeny:
evolutionary ancestry.
17. Domains • More recently, a new
taxonomic level has been
added above Kingdoms:
Domains.
• Living things are divided
into three non-hierarchical
Domains:
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya
Domains
Domain
Kingdoms
within
Domain
Eukarya
18. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
No peptidoglycan in
cell walls; 3 RNA
polymerases;
enzymes similar to
Eukaryotes;
extremophiles.
Peptidoglycan in cell
walls; 1 RNA
polymerase; react to
antibiotics in a
different way than
Archaea do.
Membrane-bound
organelles; linear
chromosomes; larger,
more complex cells.
Kingdoms within Bacteria and Archaea are as yet
undecided. Eukaryotic Kingdoms, too, may change.
19. Which of these groups is prokaryotic?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0% 0%
6%
16%
49%
29%
0%
1. Plants
2. Animals
3. Protists
4. Fungi
5. Bacteria
6. Answers 3, 4, and 5
7. All except the
Animals
20. To what Domain do moss plants and
ferns belong?
1 2 3
2%
92%
6%
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
21. Based on the diagram we looked at earlier, which
group of organisms is most diverse?
1 2 3
12%
72%
16%
1. Animals
2. Plants
3. Bacteria
22. Classifying Organisms
• Systematists develop classifications
based on evolutionary relationships.
They tend to look at:
• anatomy - a traditional method.
• molecular data - to examine genetic
similarities and differences.
23. Anatomy
•Anatomical comparisons
help identify organisms and
can suggest relationships.
Anatomy can be see in
fossils as well as modern
organisms.
•Drawback: Analogous traits
in unrelated organisms can
be misleading.
Both microscopic and macroscopic
features may be important.
24. Molecular
•DNA analysis can
determine how closely two
populations are related
and show what genes are
shared.
•Drawback: Requires
intensive, often expensive
lab work; difficult for field
workers. Rare to find DNA
in fossils.
25. Which of these is a good phylogenetic definition
of what a species is?
1 2 3
6% 8%
86%
1. A population of
organisms whose
members look alike.
2. The smallest
distinguishable group
that contains all the
descendants of a single
common ancestor
3. A group of organisms
living in the same place
and using the same
sources of food.
26. • When evolutionary biologists say,
“Humans and chimpanzees share a
common ancestor,” which of these do
they mean?
• Chimpanzees stopped evolving long
ago, but humans continued to evolve.
• Humans came from chimpanzees.
• Both humans and chimpanzees
descend from an extinct primate that
lived several million years ago.
W
O
R
K
T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
27. Which of these qualify as living
organisms?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. Viruses
2. Viroids
3. Prions
4. None of these
28. Constructing Trees
• Systematists compare as many features
as possible when constructing
phylogenetic trees.
• Computers are often used to compare
relatedness between different species.
• New data or new understanding of data
may change the trees.
30. DNA sequences are often used in constructing
phylogenetic trees. Ancestral DNA may be inferred from
living species. In rare instances, DNA may be recovered
from fossils.
31. Systematists try to identify groups that are
monophyletic: modern species that all appear to
have descended from one common ancestor.
32. Plants, Animals, and Fungi form distinct groups on the
Eukaryotic branch of the phylogenetic tree.
“Kingdom Protista” turns out to be polyphyletic. This
group may end up being divided into several Kingdoms.
33. Molecular data have show than some well-known groups,
thought to be well-defined, are not monophyletic.
We may have to re-think our ideas about what
birds and reptiles really are!
34. Do these phylogenies show the
same hypotheses?
1 2
50%
50%
1. Yes
2. No
Archaea
Bacteria Eukaryotes Eukarya
Bacteria Archaea
35. True or False: Derived (more recent)
organisms are always more complex,
better, and more advanced than ancestral
organisms.
1 2
50%
50%
1. True
2. False
36. What’s happening at the marked
spots on this tree?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. Extinction
2. Speciation
3. Selection
4. Mutation
37. • Suppose a systematist has these DNA sequences
from the hemoglobin gene. Which of these species
are most closely related to the proposed ancestor?
Which are the least related to the ancestor?
• Chimpanzee:
AGG CCC CTT CCA ACC GGA TTA
• Gorilla:
AGG CCC CTT CCA ACC AGG CC
• Human:
AGG CAT AAA CCA ACC GAT TA
• Proposed ancestor:
AGG CCG GCT CCA ACC AGG CC
W
O
R
K
T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
38. • If these primate groups are all related,
the systematist knows there are three
ways to express the relationships. Which
of the following trees best fits the data?
G C H
A A A
G C H G H C
1 3
2
W
O
R
K
T
O
G
E
T
H
E
R
40. Not only can we find
evolutionary relationships
between organisms, we
can also find relationships
between the diseases
that affect them. This tree
shows relationships
between AIDS-causing
viruses in humans and
several modern primates,
which helps us
understand the host-
jumping disease itself.
41. Remember, trees such as these do not say that
humans descend from other modern primates. “Man
came from monkeys” is a common misperception of
what evolution means. Phylogenetic trees trace
common shared genes between groups, and infer
shared ancestors based on relationships between
modern organisms.
So - humans do not descend from modern apes or
monkeys. Trying to discover where humans do come
from has been difficult.
42. One difficulty in working out human phylogeny is that
there is only one modern species of humans. Also,
hominid fossils are rare. The human family tree has many
question marks on it!
43. Chimp and human genomes have been
accumulating genetic change since their
ancestral group split at:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%
25%
25%
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
A
B
C
D
44. Recap
• Modern Systematics seeks to classify
organisms according to evolutionary
relationships.
• Anatomical and molecular data are used
to infer relatedness between modern
organisms.
• Data from fossil evidence is also used to
build phylogenetic trees.