This is a PowerPoint to supplement chapter 18 in Miller and Levine's Dragonfly book.

1. Phylogeny & Classification All of chapter 18. Yup, the whole thing in one class.

2. Linnaean Classification This system was created long before scientists understood that organisms evolved. Because the Linnaean system is not based on evolution, most biologists are switching to a classification system that reflects the organisms' evolutionary history. K ing P hilip C ame O ver F or G ood S oup.

4. Binomial Nomenclature Homo sapien Oncorhynchus keta human chum salmon Genus species

6. Different ways of drawing trees All of these state the same relationships!

7. When a lineage splits (speciation), it is represented as branching on a phylogeny.

8. Clades A clade is a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendents (living and extinct) of that ancestor. Using a phylogeny, it is easy to tell if a group of lineages forms a clade. Imagine clipping a single branch off the phylogeny—all of the organisms on that pruned branch make up a clade.

9. Identifying Clades Are reptiles a clade? No! That means that either "reptile" is not a valid phylogenetic grouping or we have to start thinking of birds as reptiles.

11. Practice Question* Note that the previous example gives four statements about the relationships: one for each ancestral species on the tree. See if you can give the same kind of description of relationships for each of the phylogenies pictured above. * Information for this practice question comes from: http://www.utm.edu/departments/cens/biology/rirwin/391/391Phylog.htm

12. Homologies help determine how species are related.

15. Molecular Clocks

17. Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote E.coli halophiles Amoeba Mushroom, yeast Moss, ferns, flowering plants Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals