This is the Powerpoint presentation that we use with the last chapter that we teach in our Biology B course. This chapter has to do with the history and development of the classification system as we know it. This presentation has been developed to cover all of the necessary content that the students will need to know in order to be successful on the Kentucky End of Course Assessment for Biology.
classify organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system
create mnemonic device on biological taxonomic system
3.discuss the quotation “Where there is unity there is victory”-Publilius Syrus
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This is the Powerpoint presentation that we use with the last chapter that we teach in our Biology B course. This chapter has to do with the history and development of the classification system as we know it. This presentation has been developed to cover all of the necessary content that the students will need to know in order to be successful on the Kentucky End of Course Assessment for Biology.
classify organisms using the hierarchical taxonomic system
create mnemonic device on biological taxonomic system
3.discuss the quotation “Where there is unity there is victory”-Publilius Syrus
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
3. “Science (from the Latin Scientia, meaning
knowledge or knowing) is the effort to
discover, and increase human understanding
of how the physical world works.”
“Any system of knowledge that is concerned
with the physical world and its phenomena
and that entails unbiased observations and
systematic experimentation.”
4. “Science is the knowledge
gained from using observations
and experiments to describe
and explain the world around
us.”
5. All scientists observe things, try to explain their
observations and then conduct experiments to
test their ideas. This process is known as the
scientific method.
6. Scientific Method
- it is way to solve a problem.
Make an observation and
develop an idea about why it
happens Modify ideas if
predictions were wrong
Observe what actually happens
Think of experiments to test the
ideas Predict what will happen
in the experiments
7. Steps of the Scientific Method:
1.Ask a Question
2.Do Background Research
3.Construct a Hypothesis
4.Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
5.Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
6.Communicate Your Results
9. There are some kinds of questions for which scientific
problem solving is unsuited.
There are some areas for which science can't help us
answer our questions. The questions they present
don't have testable answers. Since testability is so vital
to the scientific process, these questions simply falls
outside the venue of science.
11. When is euthanasia the right thing to do?
What universal rights should humans have?
Should other animals have rights?
Questions like these are important, but scientific research will
not answer them. Science can help us learn about terminal
illnesses and the history of human and animal rights — and that
knowledge can inform our opinions and decisions. But
ultimately, individual people must make moral judgments.
Science helps us describe how the world is, but it cannot make
any judgments about whether that situation is right, wrong,
good, or bad.
13. Science can reveal the frequency of a G-flat and how
our eyes relay information about color to our brains,
but science cannot tell us whether a Beethoven
symphony, a Kabuki performance, or a Jackson
Pollock painting is beautiful or dreadful. Individuals
make those decisions for themselves based on their
own aesthetic criteria.
15. Do gods exist? Do supernatural entities intervene in
human affairs? These questions may be important,
but science won't help you answer them. Questions
that deal with supernatural explanations are, by
definition, beyond the realm of nature — and hence,
also beyond the realm of what can be studied by
science. For many, such questions are matters of
personal faith and spirituality.
16. Moral judgments, aesthetic judgments, decisions about
applications of science, and conclusions about the
supernatural are outside the realm of science, but that
doesn't mean that these realms are unimportant. In
fact, domains such as ethics, aesthetics, and religion
fundamentally influence human societies and how those
societies interact with science.
19. • Classification-The process of grouping things
based on their similarities.
• Scientists use classification to organize living
things into groups so that they are easier to
study.
• Taxonomy-The scientific study of how living
organisms are classified.
20. • What are the Values of Classification?
• It aids in the identification of species
• Shows links between organisms,
• Predicts characteristics shared by similar species
Example:
If I tell you there is a newly discovered animal that
looked like an alligator, what would that animal
look like?
22. Early Classification Systems
• Aristotle was the first scientist to develop a classification
system for organisms.
• He divided animals into three groups: Those that fly,
those that swim, and those that walk, crawl or run. • He
then further divided these groups into subgroups such as
by where they live.
• Which groups would the previous three animals fall
under?
• What is the problem with this system?
23. As you could see that even though all the
organisms in a group moved in a similar way,
they were different in many other ways.
Aristotle then used their differences to
further divide each group into subgroups.
Smaller groups of organisms that shared
other similarities.
24. Early Classification Systems continued.
• Carolus Linnaeus was a Swedish scientist who
expanded on Aristotle’s idea of classification. • He
placed them in groups based on their observable
features.
• He devised a naming system called Binomial
nomenclature where each organism is given a two-
part name.
25. Binomial Nomenclature
(by NOH mee ul NOH men klay chur)
• This two-part naming system is made up of the
genus and species name.
• The genus name is always capitalized, and the
species name is either written in italics or
underlined. • EX: Felis domesticus
• Most scientific names are Latin. Why do you think
they are written this way?
26. What are the Seven Levels of Classification?
The seven levels of classification are:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
27. First an organism is placed in a broad group (Kingdom is
the broadest level), which in turn is divided into more
specific groups.
The more classification levels that two organisms share;
the more characteristics they have in common.
We are going to classify a brown squirrel.
28. Kingdom
• Kingdom (Animalia, or “animal”).
• Largest groups that living things are sorted into.
• Kingdom Animalia is composed of all animals. The animal
kingdom is the largest kingdom among the five kingdoms.
Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. But they don't have a
cell wall or chlorophyll like plants. Hence, members of the
animal kingdom have a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
29.
30. Phylum
• Phylum (Chordata, or “has a backbone”)
• Second largest group classification.
• is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below
kingdom and above class. Traditionally, in botany the
term division has been used instead of phylum, although
the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi,
and plants accepts the terms as equivalent.
31.
32. Class
• Class (Mammalia, or “has a backbone and nurses its
young”)
• As you can see, the more levels of classification we use
the more pictures (or organisms) that are eliminated.
• Animals belonging to class Mammalia are referred to as
mammals. Mammals are one of the most evolved
species in the animal kingdom categorized under
vertebrata.
33.
34. Order
• Order (Rodentia, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, and has long, sharp front teeth)
• Small gnawing animals: porcupines; rats; mice;
squirrels; marmots; beavers; gophers; voles;
hamsters; guinea pigs; agoutis
35.
36. Family
• Family (Scuridae, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, has long, sharp front teeth, and has a
bushy tail)
• The family Sciuridae includes tree squirrels,
ground squirrels, and flying squirrels. Tree
squirrels have long, bushy tails, sharp claws and
large ears.
The family Sciuridae includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, and flying squirrels. Tree squirrels have long, bushy tails, sharp claws and large ears.
The family Sciuridae includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, and flying squirrels. Tree squirrels have long, bushy tails, sharp claws and large ears.
37.
38. Genus
• Genus (Tamiasciurus, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, has long, sharp front teeth, has a bushy tail,
and climbs trees)
• Tamiasciurus - American red squirrels. genus
Tamiasciurus. mammal genus - a genus of mammals.
family Sciuridae, Sciuridae - a mammal family of true
squirrels including: ground squirrels; marmots;
chipmunks; flying squirrels; spermophiles.
39.
40. Species
Species (Hudsonicus, or “has a backbone, nurses its
young, has long, sharp front teeth, has a bushy tail,
and has brown fur on its back and white fur on its
underparts)
41.
42. How can you remember all
of the levels?
A mnemonic phrase is a
creative phrase used to aid
memory.
Have you ever used a
mnemonic device such as
ROYGBIV (Red, Orange,
Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo,
Violet)?
To remember the seven
kingdoms, I could create the
sentence King Phillip Calls
Out, “Fried Great
Swordfish.”
The first letter in each word
represents a different
kingdom. Don’t like this
sentence? Create you own.
Create your own mnemonic
device at the bottom of your
paper. When everyone is
finished we will share your
ideas. Kingdom , Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species
43. Taxonomic and dichotomous keys
A taxonomic key is a series of paired statements used to describe
the physical characteristics of unfamiliar organisms.
A dichotomous key is a detailed key for determining the identity of
something (like the name of a bird, a plant, or a fish) by going
through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name
of the item.