3. Learning Competencies
The learner:
2. cites related literature using standard style (APA, MLA or
Chicago Manual of Style) CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2
5. follows ethical standards in writing related literature
CS_RS11-IIIf-j-5
4. What is a citation?
Citation
• a way of giving credit to sources from which we use ideas,
words, and images
• can also be used to locate particular sources and combat
plagiarism
5. What is a citation?
Two basic approaches to citation:
• In-text citations + a list of references at the end of the
paper
• Endnotes or footnotes +/- a bibliography at the end of the
paper
6. What is a citation style?
A citation style
• dictates the information necessary for a citation and how the
information is ordered, as well as punctuation and other
formatting.
7. Common Citation Styles
• APA (American Psychological Association)
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
• Chicago/Turabian style
8. Common Citation Styles
APA (American Psychological Association)
• based on the Publication Manual of the Americal
Psychological Association
• focuses on writing style and source citations
• emphasis on writing about data and presenting quantitative
and qualitative results in tables and figures
• used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences ( social and
behavioral sciences)
9. Common Citation Styles
MLA (Modern Language Association) style
• based in part on the MLA Handbook
• is used by the Arts and Humanities (i.e. literature, theater,
film)
10. Common Citation Styles
Chicago/Turabian style
• based on The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)
• covers everything from style and usage to source citations
and the mechanics of editing and proofreading
• is generally used by Business, History, and the Fine Arts
(humanities and social sciences)
• Turabian is synonymous to Chicago Style
11. The Basics of In-Text Citation
| APA, MLA, Chicago Style
12. What are in-text citations?
• a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote
or take information from a source in academic writing
• points the reader to the source
• most commonly take the form of short parenthetical
statements indicating the author and publication year of the
source, as well as the page number if relevant
13. What are in-text citations for?
• Avoids plagiarism by acknowledging the original author’s
contribution
• Allows readers to verify your claims and do follow-up
research
• Shows you are engaging with the literature of your field
14. In-text citation examples
• Quote with APA Style in-text citation
Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short
and slow steps” (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).
• Paraphrase with APA Style in-text citation
The evolutionary process consists of a series of incremental
changes over a long period of time (Darwin, 1859).
15. When to not cite?
• common knowledge doesn’t need to be cited
• For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is
the capital city of France, and including one would be
distracting.
16. Types of In-text Citation
Author-date citations
• used in APA, Harvard, and
Chicago
• include the author’s last
name, the year of
publication, and a page
number when available
Author-page citations
• used in MLA
• include the author’s last
name, and a page number
when available
18. How does in-text citation appear in text?
Two options for in-text citations for Chicago style:
1. Author-date: you put your citations in parentheses within
the text itself.
Example: (Woolf 1921, 11)
2. Notes and bibliography: you put your citations in
numbered footnotes or endnotes.
Footnote citation example: 1. Woolf, “Modern Fiction,” 11.
19. How does in-text citation appear in text?
Chicago Style
footnote endnote
21. References/Works Cited/Bibliography
• contains detailed information about a source
• contains all the sources cited in the paper
• help reader find the materials you used
• each entry must be complete and accurate
22. A List of References: 4 Basic Components
• Author
• Date
• Title
• Source
23. Comparison of the Citation Styles
Citation Style: American Psychological Association (APA)
Example (Journal Article in print)
Frank, H. (2011). Wolves, dogs, rearing and reinforcement:
Complex interactions underlying species differences in
training and problem-solving performance. Behavior
Genetics, 41(6), 830-839.
24. Comparison of the Citation Styles
Citation Styles: Modern Language Association (MLA)
Example (Journal Article in print)
Frank, H. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement: Complex
Interactions Underlying Species Differences in Training and
Problem-Solving Performance." Behavior Genetics 41.6
(2011): 830-39. Print.
25. Comparison of the Citation Styles
Citation Styles: Chicago
Example (Journal Article in print)
Frank, H. 2011. "Wolves, Dogs, Rearing and Reinforcement:
Complex Interactions Underlying Species Differences in
Training and Problem-Solving Performance." Behavior
Genetics 41 (6):830-839.
26. Quiz 4.2 Date: Score:
True or False. Write CHECK if the statement is correct, BORLOG
if otherwise.
27. Quiz 4.2 Date: Score:
1. Citation is a way of giving credit to sources from which we
use ideas, words, and images.
2. A reference entry is a short acknowledgement you include
whenever you quote or take information from a source in
academic writing.
3. An in-text citation contains detailed information about a
source.
4. APA citation style uses in-text citations and a list of
references at the end of the paper.
28. Quiz 4.2 Date: Score:
5. In citing a qouted information(APA style), the source
information that must be stated are: author’s name and year
of publication.
6. In writing the author’s name in an APA in-text citation, only
the author’s surname is stated.
7. There should be at least four authors in an article to use the
“et. al” in an APA in-text citation.
8. In an APA narrative in-text citation with two authors, we
mention both authors and connect them with the symbol “&”.
29. Quiz 4.2 Date: Score:
9. In an APA reference entry, we mention all of the author up
to 21 authors.
10. In an APA reference entry for a journal article, the journal
title is in sentence case and is italicized.
30. Quiz 4.2 v2 Date: Score:
True or False. Write CHECK if the statement is correct, BORLOG
if otherwise.
31. Quiz 4.2 Date: Score:
1. There is a maximum of 2 source information that should
appear in an in-text citation of a paraphrased information.
2. In an in-text citation of a quoted text, you should provide
the author’s name, date of publication, and a locator.
3. We only provide the last name for the author’s name in an
in-text citation.
4. In an in-text citation of a paraphrased text, we put the
paraphrased text in quotation marks.
32. Quiz 4.2 Date: Score:
5. A maximum of three authors can appear in an in-text
citation.
6. The date of publication should always appear after the
author, in a parenthesis.
7. We write the author as part of the sentence in a
parenthetical in-text citation.
8. In an APA reference entry, we write the author’s surname,
first name initials and middle name initial (example: Caceres,
M.Z.).
33. Quiz 4.2 Date: Score:
9. In an APA reference entry of articles with 21+ authors, we
write the first 20 authors followed by an elipsis and then the
last author.
10. In an APA reference entry for a journal article, the article
title is in title case.
Editor's Notes
Typically, a citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
There are many different ways of citing resources from your research. The citation style sometimes depends on the academic discipline involved. For example:
Turabian named after Kate L. Turabian the original author of a Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
The Turabian Manual is based on The Chicago Manual of Style, advises students on researc writing from topic selection to finished paper
a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing.
It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information.
In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant.
Quoting means including the original author’s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase. Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found.
Paraphrasing means putting information from a source into your own words. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found.
However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered common knowledge and doesn’t need to be cited. For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting.
Endnotes are sometimes confused with footnotes. Footnotes are also used to provide citations and/or supplementary information, but they appear at the bottom of the relevant page instead of all together at the end.
Note: Footnote citations like those used in Chicago notes and bibliography are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text.
