SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING
-DEFINITION OF SYSTEM EARTHING
-Comparative Performance For Various Conditions Using Different Earthing Methods
-EQUIPMENT SIZING
- APPENDIX FOR TYPICAL EARTHING TRANSFORMER SIZING
- APPENDIX GIVING GUIDELINE FOR SIZING OF COMMON BUS CONNECTED MEDIUM RESISTANCE EARTHING
The complete list of thyristor family members include diac (bidirectional diode thyristor), triac (bidirectional triode thyristor), SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), Shockley diode, SCS (silicon controlled switch), SBS (silicon bilateral switch), SUS (silicon unilateral switch) also known as complementary SCR or CSCR, LASCR (light activated SCR), LAS (light activated switch) and LASCS (light activated SCS).
SYSTEM NEUTRAL EARTHING
-DEFINITION OF SYSTEM EARTHING
-Comparative Performance For Various Conditions Using Different Earthing Methods
-EQUIPMENT SIZING
- APPENDIX FOR TYPICAL EARTHING TRANSFORMER SIZING
- APPENDIX GIVING GUIDELINE FOR SIZING OF COMMON BUS CONNECTED MEDIUM RESISTANCE EARTHING
The complete list of thyristor family members include diac (bidirectional diode thyristor), triac (bidirectional triode thyristor), SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), Shockley diode, SCS (silicon controlled switch), SBS (silicon bilateral switch), SUS (silicon unilateral switch) also known as complementary SCR or CSCR, LASCR (light activated SCR), LAS (light activated switch) and LASCS (light activated SCS).
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
Loadability of line is defined as the extent of load which can flow through the line without exceeding the limitations. Line Loadability is expressed in percentage of Surge Impedance Loading of line. The limiting factor for line loading are: thermal limit, voltage drop limit and steady state stability.
Introduction to Reliability Evaluation Techniques –
Reliability Models for Hardware Redundancy –
Permanent faults only - Transient faults.
Introduction to clock synchronization –
A Non-Fault-Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm –
Fault-Tolerant Synchronization in Hardware –
Completely connected zero propagation time system –
Sparse interconnection zero propagation time system –
Fault tolerant analysis with Signal Propagation delays.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
Loadability of line is defined as the extent of load which can flow through the line without exceeding the limitations. Line Loadability is expressed in percentage of Surge Impedance Loading of line. The limiting factor for line loading are: thermal limit, voltage drop limit and steady state stability.
Introduction to Reliability Evaluation Techniques –
Reliability Models for Hardware Redundancy –
Permanent faults only - Transient faults.
Introduction to clock synchronization –
A Non-Fault-Tolerant Synchronization Algorithm –
Fault-Tolerant Synchronization in Hardware –
Completely connected zero propagation time system –
Sparse interconnection zero propagation time system –
Fault tolerant analysis with Signal Propagation delays.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Power System Analysis was a core subject for Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Based On Anna University Syllabus. The Whole Subject was there in this document.
Share with it ur friends & Follow me for more updates.!
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. CHAPTER NO # 4
FAULT LOCATION ON POWER SYSTEM
NETWORKS
3. • If a fault occurs on any section of a power system network it is likely that the intermediate
effect will be to interrupt, the supply to a section of the consumers
• It may be possible to restore the supply by using alternative routes in the network, but this
may in turn mean that the circuit involved become overloaded , resulting in these, too,
becoming faulty.
• It is important that any faults which do arise be located and repaired as quickly as possible
and various techniques have been adopted for this purpose
4. Fault Resistance
• Under normal conditions there will be a finite resistance between the conductors of a distribution
system & between each conductor and earth due to the fact that the system insulation will not be
perfect, also the current will flow to the earth under working conditions.
• When a fault occurs on the system this insulation resistance will be substantially reduced to such a
value that will permit the flow of large current earth, & in order to locate the position of the fault,
some means of measuring the value of this resistance may be necessary
• It also follows that if this resistance can be monitored continuously , or at least at frequent
intervals, any gradual reduction observed may show that system insulation is beginning to
deteriorate and a fault is about to develop, while a sudden large reduction will indicate that a fault
actually occured
5. The Murray Loop Test
• Common method to locate a fault to earth
• Requires a presence of a sound conductor between the terminations of the faulty cable, the
faulty conductor being connected to the sound cable at the end remote from that at which the
test is to be made
• The ends of the sound and faulty cables, A and B are then connected at the testing end as
part of a Wheatstone’s bridge
• A Galvanometer with the usual key is connected across AM and a d.c. source is used to supply
the bridge, one end of this source being earthed and therefore in electrical contact with the
fault.
• At balance Resistance of cable between A and F = P
Resistance of cable AD and DF Q
6. • First assume that the sound and faulty cores have the same cross section a, length l thus
each has the same resistance r per unit length, then if x is the distance of the fault from A we
have and therefore
• Hence if l is known the distance x may be calculated. If the cables are of different cross-
sections and lengths the values for the second cable being r’ and l’ the expression become
• The resistance/length of the cores are inversely proportional to their cross-sectional areas
and therefore:
r x = P
r(2l – x) Q
r x = P
r(l – x) + r’ l’ Q
x = P(l + (r’/r )l’)
P +Q
r = a
r a’
x = 2 l P
P +Q
7. Fault Localising Bridge
• In order to avoid the necessity for any calculation direct-reading bridges have been developed; one
such being the Raphael bridge
12. Location of Overhead Line Faults
• Overhead line faults usually take the form of a broken conductor or a damaged insulator, and since
both of these effects may be observed from the ground the general procedure in the past has been
to send our squad of men to walk along the length of a line and inspect it visually
• For a high voltage line of between 80 -160 km in length which is not common in Britain, the time to
carry out its inspection can be very lengthy and for these cases an improved technique has been
developed which shows that if a voltage pulse travels along a line it will proceed at a definite speed
depending on the line parameters and will be reflected at discontinuities in the line
• This principle is utilized by connecting a pulse generator to the line after a fault has occurred and
transmitting pulse along the line. These are reflected back from the fault to the sending end. The
time taken for this transmission to the fault and back is measured and, knowing the pulse velocity,
this is used to calculate the distance of the fault from the testing end
• This method is not capable of high accuracy but it serves to locate the fault to within a few span
lengths, the actual position then being found by visual inspection as before
Editor's Notes
FOR HELP VISIT : http://electrical4u.com/blavier-test-murray-loop-test-varley-loop-test/