This paper proposes a new method for locating high impedance fault in distribution systems using phasor measurement units (PMUs) installed at certain locations of the system. To implement this algorithm, at first a new method is suggested for the placement of PMUs. Taking information from the units, voltage and current of the entire distribution system are calculated. Then, the two buses in which the fault has been occurred is determined, and location and type of the fault are identified. The main characteristics of the proposed method are: the use of distributed parameter line model in phase domain, considering the presence of literals, and high precision in calculating the high impedance fault location. The results obtained from simulations in EMTP-RV and MATLAB software indicate high accuracy and independence of the proposed method from the fault type, fault location and fault resistance compared to previous methods, so that the maximum observed error was less than 0.15%.
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
Evaluation of earth fault location algorithm in medium voltage distribution n...IJECEIAES
This paper focused on studying an algorithm of earth fault location in the medium voltage distribution network. In power system network, most of the earth fault occurs is a single line to ground fault. A medium voltage distribution network with resistance earthing at the main substation and an earth fault attached along the distribution network is modeled in ATP Draw. The generated earth fault is simulated, and the voltage and current signal produced is recorded. The earth fault location algorithm is simulated and tested in MATLAB. The accuracy of the earth fault location algorithm is tested at several locations and fault resistances. A possible correction technique is explained to minimize the error. The results show an improvement fault location distance estimation with minimum error.
Errors analysis in distance relay readings with presence of facts devicesAlexander Decker
1) The document analyzes errors in distance relay readings with the presence of FACTS devices like STATCOM and SSSC.
2) It presents models of SSSC and STATCOM and studies their impact on the measured impedance seen by the distance relay for single line to ground faults.
3) The analysis shows how the measured impedance, and the ideal tripping characteristic of the distance relay, are affected by the location and operational conditions of FACTS devices.
Wavelet based detection and location of faults in 400kv, 50km Underground Po...ijceronline
This document presents a method for detecting and locating faults in underground power cables using wavelet transforms. A 400kV, 50km underground cable system is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. Various single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase faults are simulated at distances of 25km and 50km from the measurement point. Voltage and current signals are analyzed using continuous wavelet transforms to detect and locate faults. Simulation results show the method can accurately estimate fault locations, with errors generally under 7%. The method is capable of determining fault type and location for both transmission and distribution cables.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Power System Simulation Laboratory Manual Santhosh Kumar
This document outlines experiments related to power system simulation laboratory. It includes 10 experiments covering topics like computation of transmission line parameters, modeling of transmission lines, formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices, load flow analysis using different methods, fault analysis, stability analysis of single machine and multimachine systems, electromagnetic transients, load-frequency dynamics, and economic dispatch. The document provides theoretical background and procedures for conducting each experiment using MATLAB software. Sample problems are also included for some experiments to demonstrate the modeling and simulation of different power system components and analysis.
This document contains a practical work book for a power system analysis course. It includes 10 experiments on topics like analysis of three phase star and delta connected systems under balanced and unbalanced loads, demonstration of the single phase equivalent of a three phase star connected network, simulation of three phase short circuits using MATLAB, selection of circuit breakers for three phase faults, and analysis of transients in power systems. The experiments are designed to help students learn and apply concepts related to power system modeling, analysis, and protection.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
The transmission overhead line is one of the vital elements in the power system for transmitting the electrical energy. In the transmission, the disturbances are often occurred. In the conventional algorithm, alpha and beta (mode) currents generated by Clarke’s transformation are utilized to convert the signal of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to obtain the Wavelet Transform Coefficient (WTC) and the Wavelet Coefficient Energy (WCE). This study introduces a new algorithm, called Modified Clarke for fault detection and classification using DWT and Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) based on Clarke’s transformation on transmission overhead line by adding gamma current in the system. Daubechies4 (Db4) is used as a mother wavelet to decompose the high frequency components of the signal error. Simulation is performed using PSCAD / EMTDC transmission system modeling and carried out at different locations along the transmission line with different types of fault, fault resistances, fault locations and fault of the initial angle on a given power system model. The simulated fault types are in the study are the Single Line to Ground, the Line To Line, the Double Line to Ground and the Three Phases. There are four statistic methods utilized in the present study to determine the accuracy of detection and classification of faults. The result shows that the best and the worst structures of BPNN occurred on the configuration of 12-24-48-4 and 12-12-6-4, respectively. For instance, the error using Mean Square Error Method. The Error Of Clarke’s, Without Clarke’s and Modified Clarke’s are 0.05862, 0.05513 and 0.03721 which are the best, respectively, whereas, the worst are 0.06387, 0.0753 and 0.052, respectively. This indicates that the Modified Clarke’s result is in the lowest error. The method is successfully implement can be utilized in the detection and classification of fault in transmission line by utilities and power regulation in power system planning and operation.
Evaluation of earth fault location algorithm in medium voltage distribution n...IJECEIAES
This paper focused on studying an algorithm of earth fault location in the medium voltage distribution network. In power system network, most of the earth fault occurs is a single line to ground fault. A medium voltage distribution network with resistance earthing at the main substation and an earth fault attached along the distribution network is modeled in ATP Draw. The generated earth fault is simulated, and the voltage and current signal produced is recorded. The earth fault location algorithm is simulated and tested in MATLAB. The accuracy of the earth fault location algorithm is tested at several locations and fault resistances. A possible correction technique is explained to minimize the error. The results show an improvement fault location distance estimation with minimum error.
Errors analysis in distance relay readings with presence of facts devicesAlexander Decker
1) The document analyzes errors in distance relay readings with the presence of FACTS devices like STATCOM and SSSC.
2) It presents models of SSSC and STATCOM and studies their impact on the measured impedance seen by the distance relay for single line to ground faults.
3) The analysis shows how the measured impedance, and the ideal tripping characteristic of the distance relay, are affected by the location and operational conditions of FACTS devices.
Wavelet based detection and location of faults in 400kv, 50km Underground Po...ijceronline
This document presents a method for detecting and locating faults in underground power cables using wavelet transforms. A 400kV, 50km underground cable system is modeled in MATLAB Simulink. Various single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase faults are simulated at distances of 25km and 50km from the measurement point. Voltage and current signals are analyzed using continuous wavelet transforms to detect and locate faults. Simulation results show the method can accurately estimate fault locations, with errors generally under 7%. The method is capable of determining fault type and location for both transmission and distribution cables.
Fault location and correction are important in case of any power systems. This process has to be prompt and accurate so that system reliability can be improved , outage time can be reduced and restoration of system from fault can be accelerated.
Fault location calculation using Magnetoresistance sensor is described here.
Power System Simulation Laboratory Manual Santhosh Kumar
This document outlines experiments related to power system simulation laboratory. It includes 10 experiments covering topics like computation of transmission line parameters, modeling of transmission lines, formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices, load flow analysis using different methods, fault analysis, stability analysis of single machine and multimachine systems, electromagnetic transients, load-frequency dynamics, and economic dispatch. The document provides theoretical background and procedures for conducting each experiment using MATLAB software. Sample problems are also included for some experiments to demonstrate the modeling and simulation of different power system components and analysis.
This document contains a practical work book for a power system analysis course. It includes 10 experiments on topics like analysis of three phase star and delta connected systems under balanced and unbalanced loads, demonstration of the single phase equivalent of a three phase star connected network, simulation of three phase short circuits using MATLAB, selection of circuit breakers for three phase faults, and analysis of transients in power systems. The experiments are designed to help students learn and apply concepts related to power system modeling, analysis, and protection.
The traction inverter is a crucial power device in the electric vehicle’s powertrain, and its failure is intolerable as it would considerably compromise the system’s safety. For more reliable driving, installing a traction inverter that is sufficiently resistant to electrical failure is inherent. Due to its compact size and the small number of switches incorporated in three-phase four-switch inverter, this modular topology was used to compensate for the open switch’s failure. However, it is known to have manifold weaknesses mainly distinguished in the low-frequency region. This paper introduces a new fault-tolerant indirect control that handles the IGBT’s failure constituting the traction inverter. The fault compensator is designed first based on the Proportional Integral regulator combined with the notch filter to mitigate the current imbalance and restore the DC voltage equilibrium.Furthermore, to conceive a comprehensive fault-tolerant control, there must therefore contain an accurate fault detector. In this regard, an uncomplicated fault diagnosis method based on the current spectral analysis has been performed. The effectiveness of the submitted controller was validated by simulation using Matlab.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )Mathankumar S
This document discusses the computation of parameters for single and double circuit transmission lines. It provides the theoretical background on line parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance. Formulas are given for calculating inductance and capacitance based on the geometric mean distance and radius for different conductor arrangements including single circuit, three phase symmetrical, asymmetrical transposed lines and double circuit transposed lines. Sample exercises are given to calculate the inductance and capacitance of given transmission line configurations and verify the results using software.
Faults Diagnosis in Five-Level Three-Phase Shunt Active Power FilterIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, characteristics of open transistor faults in cascaded H-bridge
five-level three-phase PWM controlled shunt active power filter are
determined. Phase currents can’t be trusted as fault indicator since their
waveforms are slightly changed in the presence of open transistor fault. The
proposed method uses H bridges output voltages to determine the faulty
phase, the faulty bridge and more precisely, the open fault transistor.
Efficiency, reliability, high power quality and continuous operation are important aspects in electric vehicle attraction system. Therefore, quick fault detection, isolation and enhanced fault-tolerant control for open-switches faults in inverter driving systems become more and more required in this filed. However, fault detection and localization algorithms have been known to have many performance limitations due to speed variations such as wrong decision making of fault occurrence. Those weaknesses are investigated and solved in this paper using currents magnitudes fault indices, current direct component fault indices and a decision system. A simulation model and experimental setup are utilized to validate the proposed concept. Many simulation and experimental results are carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed fault detection approach.
Voltage Stability Assessment Using the Concept of GVSMiosrjce
To assessment of voltage stability of multi bus power system, the main requirement is equivalent twobus
network models, which is fulfilled by lumping all the series impedances and shunt admittances of
transmission lines within a series equivalent impedance. This paper shows the development of an equivalent pi
network model using a new technology or methodology called generalized global voltage stability margin
(GVSM). This is used to assess the overall voltage stability status of the system accurately. Simulation results
for IEEE 14 Test bus system, IEEE 30 Test bus system , IEEE 118 Test bus system are establish that the piequivalent
model obtained by the proposed method is highly accurate for assessing voltage stability of any
power system at any operating point in a better way as compared to series equivalent model
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper about using an inverter to correct voltage unbalance in a power grid. It describes how the inverter can absorb a small amount of negative sequence current from the grid to reduce the negative sequence voltage at the point of connection. It presents the circuit diagram and control scheme for the inverter. The control scheme uses symmetrical component analysis and a multiple variable filter to determine the negative sequence current reference. It generates current references in the stationary frame using the voltage unbalance factor and delivers them using a double loop controller with proportional resonant controllers. Simulation results are shown to verify the proposed control method.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
Lecture no 1 power system analysis elc353 et313 convertedFazal Ur Rehman
This document discusses power system analysis and focuses on generalized circuit constants. It provides an overview of topics covered in the course including generalized circuit constants, representation of power systems, symmetrical faults, symmetrical components, and power system stability. It then discusses generalized circuit equations and how the input voltage and current of a transmission line can be expressed in terms of output voltage and current using circuit constants A, B, C, and D. Finally, it shows how to determine the circuit constants for simple series and parallel circuits and combined networks using nominal T, nominal pi, and rigorous methods.
Voltage support to grid under unbalance rodrigujeDeepak Gehlot
This document describes research into using a STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) to regulate voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) in an unbalanced power system. It proposes a novel PCC voltage controller in synchronous reference frame that independently controls the positive and negative voltage sequences. The controller aims to compensate for an unbalanced PCC voltage and improve system performance. Models of the grid under unbalanced conditions are developed, and the control scheme and design are detailed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel PCC voltage control approach.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
Lecture no 1 power system analysis elc353 et313 (1) convertedFazal Ur Rehman
This document provides an overview of power system analysis and generalized circuit constants. It discusses the course objectives, which include generalized circuit constants, power system representation, symmetrical faults, symmetrical components, unsymmetrical faults, and power system stability. The topics covered include the general circuit equation, generalized constants for simple networks like series impedance and parallel admittance circuits, and methods for determining constants for combined networks like medium lines using the nominal T and nominal pi methods and long lines using the rigorous method. The constants A, B, C, and D that define the input voltage and current in terms of output voltage and current are introduced.
Investigation of the Common Mode Voltage for a Neutral-Point-Clamped Multilev...IJPEDS-IAES
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive Investigations and its control on the common mode Voltage (CMV) of the three-phase three-level neutral-point diode-clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter (MLI). A widespread space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique to mitigate the perpetual problem of the NPC-MLI, the CMV, proposed. The proposed scheme is an effectual blend of nearest three vector (NTV) and selected three vector (STV) techniques. This scheme is capable to reduce the CMV without compromise the inverter output voltage and Total harmonics distraction (THD). CMV reduction achieved less than +Vdc/6 using the proposed vector selection procedure. The theoretical Investigations, the MATLAB software based computer simulation and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) supported hardware corroboration have shown the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional SVPWM schemes.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
The document discusses load flow studies in power systems. Load flow analysis is important for planning future expansion and determining optimal operation of existing power systems. It provides key information like voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus and real and reactive power flows. Bus classification depends on which quantities are specified - P,Q buses specify real and reactive power, P,V buses specify real power and voltage magnitude, and the slack bus specifies voltage magnitude and phase angle. Nodal admittance matrix formulation and numerical load flow examples are also presented.
Power System Simulation Lab (Formation of Y-Bus & Z-Bus Matrix)Mathankumar S
This document provides information and instructions for an experiment on power system simulation involving the formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices. It includes:
- The objective to understand the formation of network matrices and solve sample networks.
- Data for a 3-bus, 3-line power system including line parameters, transformer data if present, and shunt element information.
- Instructions for students to input the data, run simulations in power system software to form the bus admittance matrix, and output the results.
The document is about power system analysis and contains the following information:
1. It discusses the advantages of per unit computation such as manufacturers specifying impedance in per unit values and impedances being within a narrow range even for widely different ratings.
2. It asks questions related to load flow analysis, types of buses, Jacobian matrix, need for slack bus, and static load flow equations.
3. It covers topics like power flow solution methods, representation of loads, need for base values, and applications of bus admittance matrix in load flow analysis.
Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document presents an adaptive zone selection algorithm for distance protection of a transmission line with a midpoint connected STATCOM device. The algorithm aims to address challenges to distance protection posed by the presence of the STATCOM. It investigates the impact of the STATCOM on apparent impedance seen by distance relays under different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD software. An adaptive setting is proposed that calculates a new reach based on system and STATCOM parameters to ensure proper operation of distance relays for both underreach and overreach scenarios. The performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm is evaluated through simulations of various single line to ground and three phase fault cases with different fault locations, resistances and system load angles.
The document provides an overview of the SimPowerSystems library in Simulink, which contains blocks for modeling and simulating electrical power systems. It contains nine sublibraries for modeling various electrical components including sources, elements, transformers, breakers, lines, power electronics, machines, measurements and control blocks. The SimPowerSystems library allows modeling and simulation of electrical circuits, electrical machines, drives, static converters and complete power energy systems. It can be used to model and analyze power systems and their dynamic behavior.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
This paper presents a new fault location method for distribution systems that uses voltage sag calculations between two measurement points. The method is analyzed for both radial systems and systems with distributed generation. Simulation results show the method has average errors of 0.59% without distributed generation and 1.17% with distributed generation integrated. While this method aims to improve on previous techniques, its accuracy depends on the number of line sections modeled and it showed higher errors than reported in the analyzed paper when tested on a simulated system. In conclusion, fault location remains an important problem and different methods provide varying accuracy depending on the system configuration.
Online Voltage Stability Analysis using Synchrophasor Technologyijsrd.com
Voltage instability has been a major problem in all the emerging power systems across the world. Several instances of blackouts in North America, including the 1996 Western Interconnection and the 2003 North East US /Canada blackout are primarily due to voltage collapse. So Monitoring and maintaining voltage stability in real-time is extremely important for operating a power system reliably. In this paper Synchrophasor technology is introduced. Synchrophasor technology has the capability to monitor voltage stability over a wide area in real time. In this paper different methods are introduced for finding the voltage collapse point in the system and also one new method given for identification of voltage collapse point.
A Fault Detection and Classification Method for SC Transmission Line Using Ph...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, fault detection and classification for Series Compensated Line (SCL) using phasor measurement unit is presented. The algorithm presented in this paper uses the PMU synchronized measurements and not depends on the data to be provided by the electricity utility. The compensated line parameters and Thevenin’s equivalent (TE) of the system at SCL terminals are calculated online, using three independent sets of pre-fault phasor measurements. The accuracy of fault location is performed with respect to fault location/position, types of fault, fault angle. The accuracy of the algorithm is simulated in MATLAB for 9-bus transmission system.
POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LAB-1 MANUAL (ELECTRICAL - POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING )Mathankumar S
This document discusses the computation of parameters for single and double circuit transmission lines. It provides the theoretical background on line parameters such as resistance, inductance, capacitance. Formulas are given for calculating inductance and capacitance based on the geometric mean distance and radius for different conductor arrangements including single circuit, three phase symmetrical, asymmetrical transposed lines and double circuit transposed lines. Sample exercises are given to calculate the inductance and capacitance of given transmission line configurations and verify the results using software.
Faults Diagnosis in Five-Level Three-Phase Shunt Active Power FilterIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, characteristics of open transistor faults in cascaded H-bridge
five-level three-phase PWM controlled shunt active power filter are
determined. Phase currents can’t be trusted as fault indicator since their
waveforms are slightly changed in the presence of open transistor fault. The
proposed method uses H bridges output voltages to determine the faulty
phase, the faulty bridge and more precisely, the open fault transistor.
Efficiency, reliability, high power quality and continuous operation are important aspects in electric vehicle attraction system. Therefore, quick fault detection, isolation and enhanced fault-tolerant control for open-switches faults in inverter driving systems become more and more required in this filed. However, fault detection and localization algorithms have been known to have many performance limitations due to speed variations such as wrong decision making of fault occurrence. Those weaknesses are investigated and solved in this paper using currents magnitudes fault indices, current direct component fault indices and a decision system. A simulation model and experimental setup are utilized to validate the proposed concept. Many simulation and experimental results are carried out to show the effectiveness of the proposed fault detection approach.
Voltage Stability Assessment Using the Concept of GVSMiosrjce
To assessment of voltage stability of multi bus power system, the main requirement is equivalent twobus
network models, which is fulfilled by lumping all the series impedances and shunt admittances of
transmission lines within a series equivalent impedance. This paper shows the development of an equivalent pi
network model using a new technology or methodology called generalized global voltage stability margin
(GVSM). This is used to assess the overall voltage stability status of the system accurately. Simulation results
for IEEE 14 Test bus system, IEEE 30 Test bus system , IEEE 118 Test bus system are establish that the piequivalent
model obtained by the proposed method is highly accurate for assessing voltage stability of any
power system at any operating point in a better way as compared to series equivalent model
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper about using an inverter to correct voltage unbalance in a power grid. It describes how the inverter can absorb a small amount of negative sequence current from the grid to reduce the negative sequence voltage at the point of connection. It presents the circuit diagram and control scheme for the inverter. The control scheme uses symmetrical component analysis and a multiple variable filter to determine the negative sequence current reference. It generates current references in the stationary frame using the voltage unbalance factor and delivers them using a double loop controller with proportional resonant controllers. Simulation results are shown to verify the proposed control method.
The high penetration of power electronic based distributed energy resources (DERs) has increased the importance and attention given to voltage security of distribution systems. Voltage control in the electrical power system is critical for a proper operating condition. Therefore, distribution systems must have the ability to maintain a secure voltage profile. Using inverters for Volt/VAR control (VVC) can provide a faster response for voltage regulation than traditional voltage regulation devices, such as transformer load tap changers and voltage regulators. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate how smart inverters can be used to eliminate the voltage deviation by solving a mixed-integer quadratic program to determine the amount of reactive power that should be injected or absorbed at the appropriate nodes. The proposed method incorporates capacitor banks connected to the network and determines whether to turn on or off the capacitor bank for voltage regulation. These processes will be demonstrated in several cases that are focused on mitigating voltage-dips and swells.
Lecture no 1 power system analysis elc353 et313 convertedFazal Ur Rehman
This document discusses power system analysis and focuses on generalized circuit constants. It provides an overview of topics covered in the course including generalized circuit constants, representation of power systems, symmetrical faults, symmetrical components, and power system stability. It then discusses generalized circuit equations and how the input voltage and current of a transmission line can be expressed in terms of output voltage and current using circuit constants A, B, C, and D. Finally, it shows how to determine the circuit constants for simple series and parallel circuits and combined networks using nominal T, nominal pi, and rigorous methods.
Voltage support to grid under unbalance rodrigujeDeepak Gehlot
This document describes research into using a STATCOM (static synchronous compensator) to regulate voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) in an unbalanced power system. It proposes a novel PCC voltage controller in synchronous reference frame that independently controls the positive and negative voltage sequences. The controller aims to compensate for an unbalanced PCC voltage and improve system performance. Models of the grid under unbalanced conditions are developed, and the control scheme and design are detailed. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel PCC voltage control approach.
Impact of Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Insertion on Short-circuit Ca...IJAPEJOURNAL
This research paper presents a study on phase to earth fault short-circuit calculation with fault resistance on a single transmission line 400 kV in eastern Algerian transmission networks at Algerian Company of Electricity and Gas (Sonelgaz Group) compensated by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) installed in midline. The facts are used for controlling transmission voltage, power flow, reactive power, and damping of power system oscillations at high power transfer levels. The direct impacts of TCSC insertion on the total impedance, active power and reactive power a electrical transmission line and also parameters of short-circuit : symmetrical currents, line currents, symmetrical voltages and line voltages are carried out. More the effects of injected voltage by TCSC for three case studies are presented.
Lecture no 1 power system analysis elc353 et313 (1) convertedFazal Ur Rehman
This document provides an overview of power system analysis and generalized circuit constants. It discusses the course objectives, which include generalized circuit constants, power system representation, symmetrical faults, symmetrical components, unsymmetrical faults, and power system stability. The topics covered include the general circuit equation, generalized constants for simple networks like series impedance and parallel admittance circuits, and methods for determining constants for combined networks like medium lines using the nominal T and nominal pi methods and long lines using the rigorous method. The constants A, B, C, and D that define the input voltage and current in terms of output voltage and current are introduced.
Investigation of the Common Mode Voltage for a Neutral-Point-Clamped Multilev...IJPEDS-IAES
The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive Investigations and its control on the common mode Voltage (CMV) of the three-phase three-level neutral-point diode-clamped (NPC) multilevel inverter (MLI). A widespread space-vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique to mitigate the perpetual problem of the NPC-MLI, the CMV, proposed. The proposed scheme is an effectual blend of nearest three vector (NTV) and selected three vector (STV) techniques. This scheme is capable to reduce the CMV without compromise the inverter output voltage and Total harmonics distraction (THD). CMV reduction achieved less than +Vdc/6 using the proposed vector selection procedure. The theoretical Investigations, the MATLAB software based computer simulation and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) supported hardware corroboration have shown the superiority of the proposed technique over the conventional SVPWM schemes.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
The document discusses load flow studies in power systems. Load flow analysis is important for planning future expansion and determining optimal operation of existing power systems. It provides key information like voltage magnitude and phase angle at each bus and real and reactive power flows. Bus classification depends on which quantities are specified - P,Q buses specify real and reactive power, P,V buses specify real power and voltage magnitude, and the slack bus specifies voltage magnitude and phase angle. Nodal admittance matrix formulation and numerical load flow examples are also presented.
Power System Simulation Lab (Formation of Y-Bus & Z-Bus Matrix)Mathankumar S
This document provides information and instructions for an experiment on power system simulation involving the formation of bus admittance and impedance matrices. It includes:
- The objective to understand the formation of network matrices and solve sample networks.
- Data for a 3-bus, 3-line power system including line parameters, transformer data if present, and shunt element information.
- Instructions for students to input the data, run simulations in power system software to form the bus admittance matrix, and output the results.
The document is about power system analysis and contains the following information:
1. It discusses the advantages of per unit computation such as manufacturers specifying impedance in per unit values and impedances being within a narrow range even for widely different ratings.
2. It asks questions related to load flow analysis, types of buses, Jacobian matrix, need for slack bus, and static load flow equations.
3. It covers topics like power flow solution methods, representation of loads, need for base values, and applications of bus admittance matrix in load flow analysis.
Distance Algorithm for Transmission Line with Mid-Point Connected STATCOMIRJET Journal
This document presents an adaptive zone selection algorithm for distance protection of a transmission line with a midpoint connected STATCOM device. The algorithm aims to address challenges to distance protection posed by the presence of the STATCOM. It investigates the impact of the STATCOM on apparent impedance seen by distance relays under different fault conditions using EMTDC/PSCAD software. An adaptive setting is proposed that calculates a new reach based on system and STATCOM parameters to ensure proper operation of distance relays for both underreach and overreach scenarios. The performance of the proposed adaptive algorithm is evaluated through simulations of various single line to ground and three phase fault cases with different fault locations, resistances and system load angles.
The document provides an overview of the SimPowerSystems library in Simulink, which contains blocks for modeling and simulating electrical power systems. It contains nine sublibraries for modeling various electrical components including sources, elements, transformers, breakers, lines, power electronics, machines, measurements and control blocks. The SimPowerSystems library allows modeling and simulation of electrical circuits, electrical machines, drives, static converters and complete power energy systems. It can be used to model and analyze power systems and their dynamic behavior.
The Impact of Line Resistance on the Performance of Controllable Series Compe...Editor Jacotech
In recent years controllable FACTS devices are increasingly
integrated into the transmission system. FACTS devices that
provide series control such as Controllable Series Compensator
(CSC) has significant effect on the voltage stability of Electric
Power system. In this work impact of line resistance on the
performance of CSC in a single-load infinitive-bus (SLIB)
model is investigated. The proposed framework is applied to
SLIB model and obtained results demonstrates that line
resistance has considerable effect on voltage stability limits and
performance of CSC.
This paper presents a new fault location method for distribution systems that uses voltage sag calculations between two measurement points. The method is analyzed for both radial systems and systems with distributed generation. Simulation results show the method has average errors of 0.59% without distributed generation and 1.17% with distributed generation integrated. While this method aims to improve on previous techniques, its accuracy depends on the number of line sections modeled and it showed higher errors than reported in the analyzed paper when tested on a simulated system. In conclusion, fault location remains an important problem and different methods provide varying accuracy depending on the system configuration.
Online Voltage Stability Analysis using Synchrophasor Technologyijsrd.com
Voltage instability has been a major problem in all the emerging power systems across the world. Several instances of blackouts in North America, including the 1996 Western Interconnection and the 2003 North East US /Canada blackout are primarily due to voltage collapse. So Monitoring and maintaining voltage stability in real-time is extremely important for operating a power system reliably. In this paper Synchrophasor technology is introduced. Synchrophasor technology has the capability to monitor voltage stability over a wide area in real time. In this paper different methods are introduced for finding the voltage collapse point in the system and also one new method given for identification of voltage collapse point.
A Fault Detection and Classification Method for SC Transmission Line Using Ph...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, fault detection and classification for Series Compensated Line (SCL) using phasor measurement unit is presented. The algorithm presented in this paper uses the PMU synchronized measurements and not depends on the data to be provided by the electricity utility. The compensated line parameters and Thevenin’s equivalent (TE) of the system at SCL terminals are calculated online, using three independent sets of pre-fault phasor measurements. The accuracy of fault location is performed with respect to fault location/position, types of fault, fault angle. The accuracy of the algorithm is simulated in MATLAB for 9-bus transmission system.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
n electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Failure Detection in Energized High Voltage Substation Grounding Grids - A Ca...inventionjournals
An electronic system of measuring and processing surface voltage potentials distributed along the grounding grid was developed. The electronic system is composed of several parts, an embedded computer, signal conditioning circuits and computational routines. The adopted processor was a low-power open-source single-board computer that allows the implementation of routines based on the finite-difference method. It was possible to create two real time dimensional plots using the fall-of-potential method. The electronic system was able to make a correct diagnosis of the aging state of the grounding grid. The results allowed evaluation of the potential behaviour of the ground surface voltage in a consistent manner in a steady state operation. The results obtained from measurements in high voltage substations using the developed embedded system were satisfactory when compared to other measuring devices. This system was capable of easily locating problematic zones, such as high potential concentrations, allowing efficient and fast grounding grid diagnosis.
Performance Analysis of the Distance Relay Characteristics in a Compensated T...MohammadMomani26
The present work investigates the effect of the FACTS devices on distance relay operation. FACTS devices have different power system performance, stability, and load ability advantages. This paper presents FACTS technologies' effect on the distance protective relay using the measured impedance between the fault location and the relaying point. Different factors and parameters are changed to see their impacts on the studied system. It is shown that the measured impedance is affected by the presence of the FACTS devices depending on their type (series, parallel, and hybrid), fault location, and the operation point of the FACTS device. The analyses present that the shunt FACTS devices' effect may cause overreach problems to the relay; however, series FACTS devices may cause underreach problems in distance characteristics. MATLAB 2019b does the simulation test; the simulation results prove the mathematical analysis. The numerical analysis in this paper may be used for researchers in fault analysis and protection coordinators.
In this paper, impedance based method and matching approaches were used separately to detect three phase to ground fault (LLLGF). In order to observe the accuracy of each method, Non-homogeneous distribution network was used as a tested network. Actual data from TNB (Tenaga National Berhad) Malaysia was adopted to model the network by using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation program. Both methods were tested to observe the accuracy of fault distance estimation. The comparison result shows different accuracy for each section which simulated in the middle of section. Based on the complexity of the distribution network, it possible to contribute difficulty to obtain the maximum accuracy. The result was obtained through the complete process which involves the database formation acquired through the PSCAD/EMTDC software simulator and the fault location distance calculation carried out by the MATLAB software.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores using synchrophasor technology for transmission line fault detection via current differential protection. It begins by discussing limitations of traditional current differential protection schemes. It then provides details on implementing a digital current differential protection scheme using synchronized phasor measurements from Phasor Measurement Units at both ends of a transmission line. The paper describes simulating this approach in MATLAB for different fault types, locations, and resistances on a sample transmission system. It is able to compensate for charging currents and achieve nearly 100% reliability in fault detection using synchrophasor-based current differential protection.
The document presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based method for classifying and locating faults on transmission lines. Simulation studies were conducted on two transmission line models - one fed from one end and the other fed from both ends. Different fault types were considered along with variations in fault resistance, inception angle, location and load. Separate ANNs were trained to classify faults involving ground and not involving ground. The ANNs were tested under varying conditions and the results confirmed the feasibility of using the proposed ANN approach for fault classification on transmission lines.
Artificial Neural Networks for ON Line Assessment of Voltage Stability using ...IOSR Journals
This document describes using an artificial neural network (ANN) technique to assess voltage stability online in power transmission systems. The ANN model is trained to correlate voltage stability status with changing load patterns using two stability indices: the fast voltage stability index (FVSI) and line stability factor (LQF). Simulation results on the IEEE 30-bus test system and Indian 72-bus power grid show the ANN method can accurately calculate the stability indices without complex calculations and can effectively monitor voltage stability online.
25 9757 transmission paper id 0025 (ed l)IAESIJEECS
Transmission line is the most important part of the power system. Transmission lines a principal amount of power. The requirement of power and its allegiance has grown up exponentially over the modern era, and the major role of a transmission line is to transmit electric power from the source area to the distribution network. The exploded between limited production, and a tremendous claim has grown the focus on minimizing power losses. Losses like transmission loss and also conjecture factors as like as physical losses to various technical losses, Another thing is the primary factor it has a reactive power and voltage deviation are momentous in the long-range transmission power line. In essentially, fault analysis is a very focusing issue in power system engineering to clear fault in short time and re-establish power system as quickly as possible on very minimum interruption. However, the fault detection that interrupts the transmission line is itself challenging task to investigate fault as well as improving the reliability of the system. The transmission line is susceptible given all parameters that connect the whole power system. This paper presents a review of transmission line fault detection.
Signal-Energy Based Fault Classification of Unbalanced Network using S-Transf...idescitation
This document presents a technique for classifying faults on overhead transmission lines using S-Transform and a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) classifier. Voltage signals are processed using S-Transform to extract energy features from each phase. These 3 features (1 per phase) are used as inputs to a PNN classifier to determine the type of fault (e.g. line-ground, line-line) and faulty phase. The method was tested on a simulated 3-phase transmission line model in MATLAB with different fault conditions. It produced accurate classification results, even when noise was added to the signals. The paper concludes the method provides fast and accurate fault classification.
An Approach for Power Flow Analysis of Radial Distribution Networksresearchinventy
This paper provides an easy and effective approach to the load flow solution of Radial distribution networks. As compared to the various methods proposed in the past, this work presents a new technique consisting of load flow solution of the network, facilitated by the identification of all the nodes beyond a particular branch. The proposed method is quite accurate and reliable for the system having any number of nodes. The primary target of this work is to evaluate the results with high precision and convergence.
A New Under-Frequency Load Shedding Method Using the Voltage Electrical Dista...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper proposes a method for determining location to shed the load in order to recover the frequency back to the allowable range. Prioritize distribution of the load shedding at load bus positions based on the voltage electrical distance between the outage generator and the loads. The nearer the load bus from the outage generator is, the sooner the load bus will shed and vice versa. Finally, by selecting the rate of change of generation active power, rate of change of active power of load, rate of change of frequency, rate of change of branches active power and rate of change of voltage in the system as the input to an Artificial Neural Network, the generators outage, the load shedding bus are determined in a short period of time to maintain the stability of the system. With this technique, a large amount of load shedding could be avoided, hence, saved from economic losses. The effectiveness of the proposed method tested on the IEEE 39 Bus New England has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method.
Simulation and Partial Discharge Measurement in 400kv Typical GIS SubstationIOSR Journals
1) The document simulates partial discharge (PD) in a typical 400kV gas-insulated substation using very fast transients (VFT) modeling.
2) PD models are applied to different points in the substation, including bus bars 91 and 92. Voltage measurements at points in the substation show disturbances from PD.
3) Changing the location of PD between bus bars 91 and 92 alters the voltage waveforms, demonstrating how PD location could potentially be identified through voltage analysis.
A Novel Distribution System Power Flow Algorithm using Forward Backward Matri...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document presents a novel power flow algorithm for solving load flow in balanced radial distribution systems using a forward-backward matrix method. The algorithm utilizes the topological characteristics of radial distribution networks to directly calculate power flow solutions using a simple matrix multiplication. The bus injection to branch current (BIBC) matrix relates bus current injections to branch currents and is used in the forward-backward sweep method instead of traditional techniques. The method was tested on IEEE 7 bus, 12 bus, and 24 bus test systems and achieved converged solutions in fewer iterations and less time compared to other methods.
Modelling and Testing of a Numerical Pilot Distance Relay for Compensated Tra...MohammadMomani26
Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) technologies are wildly used in the high voltage and extra-high voltage AC transmission systems to control the power flow. The existence of FACTS devices in the transmission lines makes a misoperation of the traditional distance relay. In this paper, a new special pilot distance protection scheme is presented for any compensated transmission line. This scheme is valid for any type of FACTS device (shunt, series, and compound) and different operation points (capacitive mode or inductive mode). The proposed scheme is modeled and tested in MATLAB 2020a/Simulink. The model includes a fault detection algorithm, phase selection, measured impedance, and five zones mho characteristic. The proposed scheme includes two additional reversed zones with the three traditional zones. The model is verified under deferent fault scenarios, including single-line to ground faults, double-line faults, double-line to ground faults, and three-phase faults. The results show the model robustness for different FACTS devices, including Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC) as examples on the shunt, series, and compound FACTS devices respectively. All results show that the relay operates correctly under different FACTD device locations, different types of faults, different types of FACTS devices, and different operation points.
In recent days, due to advancement in technology, the end users are facing severe power quality issues. Load flow analysis is one of the fundamental methodologies in solving power network problems. The key importance of Load flow analysis is to improve the performance of distribution network. The main intention of this reserach is to carry out the load flow and voltage stability analysis of 10 bus loop distribution network energized by a generator. Load flow analysis is carried out by using Newton Raphson method. The per unit voltage and angle of the proposed network is determined in all 10 buses by load flow analysis. The voltage stability analysis is implemented by introducing a fault in the network. Here, a power fault is injected at bus 4 between the time interval of 2 to 3 sec to analyse the stability of the system. The voltage stability of the system is analysed for the network with and without automatic voltage regulator (AVR). The AVR unit is tuned by using power system stabilizer (PSS). The results are examined by simulating the network using open modelica connection editor. From the simulation results the per unit voltages and angles at all 10 buses are determined for the network with and without AVR. By comparing both the results it is proved that the network with AVR has better voltage stability than the other. Thus, the voltage stability of the system is improved by connecting the generator with AVR and PSS.
Gauss-Seidel Method based Voltage Security Analysis of Distribution System IJECEIAES
Complexity of modern power network and Large disturbance results voltage collapse. So, voltage security analysis is important in power system. Indicators are helpful in voltage stability analysis, as they give information about the state of the system. In this paper a new indicator namely Distribution System Stability Indicator (DSSI) has been formulated using the information of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU).The proposed indicator (DSSI) is tested on standard IEEE 33 bus radial distribution system. The suggested indicator is also applicable to the equivalent two bus system of a multi-bus power system. The proposed indicator is calculated for different contingent conditions at different system load configurations. The result of DSSI is verified with the standard indicator (VSI) which proves applicability of the proposed indicator. The bus voltages of all the buses at base loading and at maximum loading are evaluated for base data and for tripping of most critical line.
Similar to Permanent Fault Location in Distribution System Using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) in Phase Domain (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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units (PMU) have changed to one of the most important systems for Wide Area Monitoring, Protection and
Control (WAMPC) of power systems [12]-[14]. These equipment, using strong signal processing technology
and a global positioning system (GPS), enables to simultaneously calculate the voltage and current of the
branches on which the PMU is installed [15]. In [16] and [17], PMU placement in the distribution network is
proposed to estimate the network state, and furthermore, this technology is used in fault locating of power
systems [18]-[20].
In this paper, considering the importance of the capacitive effect of line, an algorithm is proposed to
improve the accuracy of impedance-based fault locating methods, using the distributed parameter line model
in phase domain, which, contrary to previous methods [1]-[6], has lower sensitivity to resistance, location
and type of the fault. In the proposed method, using phasor measurement units installed in the distribution
system, voltage and current of all parts of the distribution system is calculated. Then, two buses where the
fault occurred in the line between them is determined and with the other calculations, the fault location is
computed. The proposed method is evaluated on 25 kV network (Saskpower) in Canada [21] in the presence
of literals and static loads. The results showed high accuracy of the algorithm.
In the remaining of the paper, the second part describes the proposed method for calculating the
fault location and determining the type of fault in the line in which the error occurred. The third section
describes the PMUs placement and how to apply the proposed method to the distribution networks. In the
fourth section, the simulations and the results for the evaluation of the proposed method have been
investigated and, finally, a conclusion has been made.
2. PROPOSED METHOD
2.1. Fault classification
In this section, considering the distributed parameter line model in the phase-domain and using
impedance-based method, the article sets to calculate the fault location, type (phase-to-phase and phase-to-
ground) and resistance. One section with ∆x length of the line can be shown in Figure 1. According to Figure
1, the Equation 1 can be written as follows:
𝑽
𝒙
= 𝑧𝐼
𝑰
𝒙
= 𝑦𝑉
(1)
where: ΔV: Voltage drop on series impedance of elemental length of the line
ΔI: Capacitance current of elemental length of the line
z: series impedance matrix of the line per km
y: shunt admittance matrix of the line per km
Figure 1. Elemental section of line with length of Δx
The differentiation of Equation 1 with respect to x leads to Equation 2. In power lines, phases
mutually affect each other due to mutual coupling. Using the method of symmetrical components (matrix
(3)), independent phase components and Equations 4 and 5 can be obtained:
𝟐 𝑽
𝒙 𝟐 = 𝑧𝑦𝑉
2 𝐼
𝑥2 = 𝑦𝑧𝐼
(2)
L.Δx R.Δx
ΔV
I+ΔI
C.Δx
ΔI
I
VV+ΔV
Δx
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2
2
1 1 1
1
1 , 1 120
3
1
a a a
a a
= = Ð
é ù
ê ú
ê ú
ê ú
ê ú
ë û
T (3)
2 𝑉0,+,−
𝑥2 = 𝑇𝑧𝑦𝑇−1
𝑉0,+,− (4)
2 𝐼0,+,−
𝑥2 = 𝑇𝑦𝑧𝑇−1
𝐼0,+,− (5)
Solving Equations 4 and 5 and using Equation 6, the sequence of the voltage and current of each
section can be calculated. K represents the sequences of positive, negative and zero.
cosh( ) sinh( )
sinh( )
cosh( )
=
é ù
é ù ê úé ù
ê ú ê úê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ë ûë û ê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
c
S R
S R
c
K K K
K K
K
KK K
K
z
V V
I I
z
g g
g
g
(6)
c, zg Are defined as follows:
g =
=
k k k
k
k
c k
z y
z
z
y
where: l: the total length of section
VR: voltage of end bus of section
IR: current that is inputted to end bus of section
As will show in subsection 3.2, using phasor measurement units installed in the distribution system,
the voltage and current of the two S and R buses, the fault occurred between them, can be calculated. In
Figure 2 Using Equations 7 and 8, the voltage and current on the two sides of the fault point can be obtained.
Fault
L
D (1-D)Vs
VrVsp Vpr
Ias
Ibs
Ics
Iasp Iapr
Ibsp Ibpr
IcprIcsp
Iar
Ibr
Icr
P
Figure 2. Line between S and R buses that fault is occurred
1K K
K c K
SP SK
KK K
SP K S
c
cosh( D) z sinh( D)
V V
sinh( D)
cosh( D)I I
z
g g
g
g
-+
=
é ù
é ù é ùê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ë û ë ûê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
(7)
K K K
cK K
PR RK
KK K
PR K R
c
cosh( (1 D)) z sinh( (1 D))
V V
sinh( (1 D))
cosh( (1 D))I I
z
- -
= -
-
é ù
ê úé ù é ù
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê ú
ë û ë ûê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
g g
g
g
(8)
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where: k
spV : Voltage of fault point from sending side
k
prV : Voltage of fault point from receiving side
k
spI : Current of fault point from sending side
k
prI : Current of fault point from receiving side
Since the voltage is equal at the point of fault, the following equations can be written:
- -
=PR SP
V V (9)
0 0
=PR SP
V V (10)
+ +
=PR SP
V V (11)
The only unknown factor in the above equations is the fault location per line length unit (D) that can
be obtained through solving Equations 9, 10 and 11 using Newton-Raphson algorithm. When the network is
in the form of single-phase lines, instead of Equation 6, the following equation is used:
cosh( ) sinh( )
sinh( )
cosh( )
=
é ù
é ù ê úé ù
ê ú ê úê ú
ê ú ê úê ú
ë ûë û ê ú
ë û
l l
l
l
c
S R
S R
c
z
V V
I I
z
g g
g
g
(12)
In the next sub-section, the fault type detection method in the two groups of phase-to-phase and
phase-to-ground is separately determined and the fault resistance will be calculated.
2.2. Fault Type Determination and Fault Resistance Calculation
To determining the type of fault, using transfer matrix and according to the equations 13 and 14 the
phase voltage and current at the point of fault can be estimated:
0
2
2
1 1 1
1
1
a a
a a
+
-
=
é ùé ùé ù ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê úë û ê úë ûë û
a
b
c
VV
V V
V V
(13)
0
2
2
1 1 1
1
1
a a
a a
+
-
=
é ùé ùé ù ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê ú ê úê úê úë û ê úë ûë û
a
b
c
II
I I
I I
(14)
2.2.1. Phase to Phase Fault
For example, the phase to phase fault for A and B phases by impedance fault ZFab is shown in
Figure 3. The fault current can be obtained as follows:
= -Fa asend a receiveI I I (15)
= -Fb bsend b receiveI I I (16)
= -Fc csend c receiveI I I (17)
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If one of the equations 18, 19 and 20 holds true, there is phase to phase fault:
= -Fa Fb
I I (18)
= -Fa Fc
I I (19)
= -Fb Fc
I I (20)
AB impedance phase-to-phase fault is calculated from the equation 21.
-
= Fa Fb
Fab
Fa
V V
Z
I
(21)
Vfa
Vfb
Zfab
Figure 3. Phase to phase fault model
2.2.2. Phase to Ground Fault
If Equations 18, 19 and 20 do not confirm, it can be concluded that a phase to ground fault has been
occurred. This fault is modelled as shown in Figure 4. The fault impedance matrix can be written like
equation 22:
+
= +
+
é ùé ù é ù
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê ú
ê úê ú ê úê úë û ë ûë û
Fa Fg Fg FgFa Fa
Fb Fg Fb Fg Fg Fb
Fc FcFg Fg Fc Fg
Z Z Z ZV I
V Z Z Z Z I
V IZ Z Z Z
(22)
As a result, due to the fact that the phase voltage and current of the fault point are known, the
impedance matrix can be calculated and according to the values obtained for the fault impedance of equation
22 and the fault current, one can determine which types of faults (Single-phase to ground, two-phase to
ground and three-phase to ground) occurred in the distribution system.
Zfc Zfb Zfa
Zfg
a
b
c
Figure 4. Phase to ground fault model
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3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD ON DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
The proposed method for fault location is based on assumption that the voltage and current of the
two buses in which the fault occurred in the line between them are known. However, only the voltage and
current of a limited number of buses on which PMUs are installed are available. Therefore, in the rest of the
article, a method for PMUs placement with respect to the proposed algorithm is presented to obtain the data
of other buses through using the PMUs data.
3.1. PMU Allocation in Distribution Systems
3.1.1. Network Observability Using PMU
PMU installed on a specific bus can measure the voltage magnitude and phase angle of bus as well
as the magnitude and phase angle of branches currents attached to that bus. As a result, the magnitude and
phase angle of voltage and current of buses connected to the bus that equipped with PMU can also be
estimated using basic rules (KVL, KCL) of electricity. Consider, for example, Figure 5, the buses in which
the PMU is installed (PMU buses) are direct observable, and those buses that are connected to the PMU
buses are indirect observable. The others are not observable [22-23].
Figure 5. Network observability using PMU
3.1.2. PMU Allocation Algorithm
PMU placement should provide the following conditions:
a. According to the placement of PMUs the voltage and current of all buses from two sides can be
calculated. This means that when fault is occurred in one side of a bus, the data of bus can be acquired
from the other side that is intact (completely observability).
b. In all buses not connected from one side to the other bus (end buses), a PMU is installed so that
information is available in the event of a fault on the other side of the end bus.
After allocating PMUs with considering above conditions, the voltage and current of all buses can be
calculated at any time.
3.2. Feeder’s Data Calculation
To better explain the contents of this subdivision, for example, a single-line diagram of a sample
distribution system is shown in Figure 6. According to PMU placement algorithm the PMUs are installed on
buses 1, 5, 6. Therefore, the voltage and current of these buses will be simultaneously and directly available
for fault locator. The calculation of the voltage and current of buses 2 and 4 in the normal mode of the
network will be as follows:
It is assumed that loads in the buses where PMU is not installed are static. From bus 6, using
Equation 6, voltage and current can be obtained. Therefore can be calculated using Equation
23:
46 4
,abc abc
I V 42abc
I
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(23)
From the bus 1, the and from bus 5, are estimated according to equation 6 and then
is obtained via (24):
(24)
According to equation 6 and the obtained , the current is estimated, and:
(25)
Thus, , are known.
Figure 6. A single-line diagram of a sample distribution system
Similarly, according to the proposed method for installing PMUs in each distribution system, the
calculation of the voltage and current of buses with the algorithm presented in this subsection is
generalizable. In the event of a fault in the network, voltages and currents are also calculated, except that
symmetric components are used for observation.
3.3. Fault Location Algorithm
The proposed fault location algorithm is presented as follows
a. The synchronous data are received from all PMUs in a cycle.
b. The calculation of the voltage and current of buses of the entire distribution system according to the
algorithm provided in section 3.2 (estimation of voltage and current of all the pairs of buses at any time)
c. Equation 6 should be checked for all pairs of buses. Pair of buses in which Equation 6 does not hold are
considered as sections with fault. (Go to the next step). If Equation 6 holds for all pairs of buses, go to
step1.
d. According to Equations 7 to 11 and using Newton-Raphson's algorithm, fault location in line unit length
(D) is estimated for all pairs of buses that are considered as the section with fault.
e. Fault has occurred between two buses where 0 <D <1 and D is the fault location per line length unit.
f. The voltage and current of fault point are estimated according to the equations (13) to (17). The
type of fault and fault resistance can be determined according to sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2. The algorithm
flowchart is shown in Figure 7.
4
42 46
4
= + abc
abc abc
L
V
I I
Z
21 2
,abc abc
I V 35 3
,abc abc
I V
32abc
I
3
32 35
3
= + abc
abc abc
L
V
I I
Z
3 32,abc abcV I 23abcI
2
24 21 23
2
= - - abc
abc abc abc
L
V
I I I
Z
4 2,abc abcV V 42 24,abc abcI I
V2abc
V4abc V6abc
V3abc
V5abc
ZL2
ZL4 ZL6
ZL3 ZL5
I1abc I21abc
I46abc I6abc
I5abcI35abc
V1abc
PMU
PMU
PMU
,Fabc Fabc
I V
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Receive Datafrom PMU
(one cycle)
Calculate voltage and current of all
the pair nodes in Distribution network
VS,VR,IS,IR
Select two nodes
(respectively)
Equation 6 is hold fortwo
nodes?
YES
All of the section
is investigate?
NO
NO
Calculate voltage of fault point
according equation (7) & (8)
Vsp,Vpr
Solve the equation Vsp-Vpr=0 using
Newton Rawson algorithm and obtain
unknown D
0<D<1
????
NO
YES
D is location fault per
length
YES
Calculate current of fault point
according to equation (7) & (8)
Isp,Ipr
Ifa=Iasp-Iapr
Ifb=Ibsp-Ibpr
Ifc=Icsp-Icpr
Ifa=-Ifb??
Or
Ifb=-Ifc??
Or
Ifa=-Ifc?? YES
Phase to
Phase Fault
is occured
NO
Phase to
ground Fault
is occured
The fault resistance is
obtain from Eq. 21
The fault resistance is obtain
from Eq. 22
Figure 7. Flowchart of proposed method
4. SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
To evaluate the proposed method using a real system, 25 kV distribution system of Saskpower in
Canada [21] was studied. The 25 kV single-line diagram is shown in Figure 8. The implementation of the
proposed algorithms was done in MATLAB and then the simulation of 25KV distribution system was carry
out by EMTP-RV software. In the conducted simulations, distributed line parameter model was used. All
loads were considered as static load. The percentage of error in fault locating is obtained from the following
equation:
actual fault location-estimate fault location
percentage of error= 100
length of line
´ (26)
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load load
load
load load
load
load
load load
load
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
18
20 21
13
16 15
17
14
load
19
PMU
12
PMU
PMU
PMUPMUPMU
PMU
PMU
PMUPMU
Figure 8. Diagram of 25 kV power distribution system of Canada
Various simulations for three different pairs of buses with different types of faults (single-phase to
ground, phase to phase, 3-phase to ground) were done on the 25 kV distribution system. The results of the
implementation of the proposed method are shown in Table 1. It should be noted that the line between buses
(3-4) and (6-13) is three-phase, and the line between buses (18-20) is single-phase.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for faults with low fault impedances,
faults with 10 ohms of resistance were simulated, and the proposed method in these cases were evaluated,
and the results are shown in Table 1. In this table, in addition to the fault location estimation, the fault
resistance was also estimated. The results show the high accuracy of the proposed method.
As shown in Table 1, fault locating is implemented between three pairs of buses in Canada 25 KV
distribution system. Faults have occurred at three distinct distances between two buses. In order to
demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method in various fault resistances, faults have been investigated
in three distinct fault resistances (10, 100 and 300 ohms). The maximum error rate in the fault location is less
than 0.15%, which indicates the high accuracy of the proposed method. Also, regard to the numbers obtained
in different conditions, it can be concluded that the accuracy of the method does not depend on the fault
conditions and the results indicate the low sensitivity of the proposed method toward the fault resistance,
fault location, and fault inception. Figure 9 to 10 shows fault percentage of error in relation to the fault
resistance of 10, 100 and 300 ohms. As shown in figures, fault locating for each position in different fault
resistance is close to each other.
(a) (b)
Figure 9. (a) Percentage of error between bus 3 and 4 considering different conditions. (b) Percentage of error
between bus 6 and 13 considering different condition
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Figure 10. Percentage of error between bus 18 and 20 considering different conditions
Table 1. Simulation Results
Fault
resistance
Actual fault
location
Type of fault
Single phase to ground Phase to phase Three phase to ground
Fault
between Bus
(3-4)
Fault
Location
from Bus 3
Percentage of
Error
(location)
Fault
Resistance
(ohm)
Percentage of
Error
(location)
Fault
Resistance(ohm)
Percentage of
Error
(location)
Fault
Resistance
(ohm)
10 ohm
1005.75
meter
0.0082190 9.9861 0.01094 10.0134 0.01456 9.9921
100 ohm 0.0074577 100.0379 0.007523 100.0685 0.007612 100.052
300 ohm 0.0074354 300.178 0.007487 300.2094 0.007462 300.1934
10 ohm
2212.65
meter
0.0070608 9.9868 0.01047 10.0069 0.015064 9.9924
100 ohm 0.065043 100.016 0.006545 100.0382 0.006605 100.0279
300 ohm 0.006525 300.1001 0.006526 300.1224 0.00652 300.1126
10 ohm
2816.1
meter
0.006896 9.9896 0.01363 10.0042 0.02107 9.994
100 ohm 0.0029392 100.0084 0.0032659 100.0245 0.003713 100.0175
300 ohm 0.0028556 300.0644 0.002908 300.0806 0.002971 300.0739
10 ohm
603.5
meter
0.015352 10 0.031029 10 0.047291 10
100 ohm 0.0031594 100.0002 0.0043964 100.0002 0.0059012 100.001
300 ohm 0.0026904 300.0006 0.0028942 300.0006 0.0031919 300.003
10 ohm
1327.7
meter
0.014013 10 0.028465 10.0001 0.043621 9.9999
100 ohm 0.0021049 100.0001 0.0035189 100.0006 0.0050663 100.0001
300 ohm 0.0014482 300.0003 0.0017519 300.0004 0.0021499 300.0004
10 ohm
1689.8
meter
0.012104 10 0.024591 10.0001 0.037811 10
100 ohm 0.0015841 100.0001 0.0029080 100.0004 0.0042982 100.0004
300 ohm 0.00087521 300.0002 0.0012204 300.0012 0.0016305 300.0012
10 ohm
804.75
meter
0.080157 10.1206 - - - -
100 ohm 0.028213 107.1013
300 ohm 0.023404 298.0522 - - - -
10 ohm
1770.45
meter
0.038865 9.998
100 ohm 0.022889 99.7842 - - - -
300 ohm 0.01899 298.1764
10 ohm
2253.3
meter
0.14 9.9981 - - - -
100 ohm 0.035857 99.7856
300 ohm 0.019663 298.1952 - - - -
In order to validate the performance of the proposed method, Table 2 examines the error rate in the
fault locating in distribution systems with different methods. As shown in table 2, the method presented in
this paper has a relative superiority to other methods.
Table 2. Comparison between Different Methods
Mean of error (%)
Fault type Proposed method
Ref [24]
Fault res. (10ohm)
Ref [25]
Fault res. (10 ohm)
Ref [26]
Fault res. (100ohm)
Single phase to ground 0.021 - 2.293 1
Phase to phase 0.009 0.065 - -
Three phase 0.013 0.085 2.294 -
11. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Permanent Fault Location in Distribution System Using Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)… (Ali Khaleghi)
2719
5. CONCLUSION
Finding a fast and accurate fault locating method has been of particular importance. In the
meantime, it should be considered that the location of the fault in the distribution system is more complex
than the transmission system. Due to the increasing use of PMUs in power systems for network monitoring,
in this article, the PMUs have been used to provide a method for fault locating. In the proposed method, first,
according to the system topology, the location of the installation of the PMUs should be located so that the
data of all buses can be calculated from both sides during the faults. If a fault occurs in the system, the
information obtained from both sides of a bus is not consistent with each other. Subsequently, based on the
proposed algorithm the fault location and type will be estimated. In the proposed method, according to the
characteristics of the PMUs, the asymmetry and the presence of several laterals in lines, in the fault locating
are ineffective. The maximum percentage of fault locating error is less than 0.15%, indicating the high
accuracy of the proposed method. The results also showed the low sensitivity of the proposed method to
resistance, location and type of the faults. Also, the evaluation of the proposed method and comparison with
other previous work on fault locating in distribution systems indicates the superiority of the proposed
method.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ali Khaleghi was born in 1989 in Kerman, Iran. He obtained his B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering
in 2012 at Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran. He received his M.Sc. degree in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran in
2015. His research interests include Power System Protection, intelligent system, and control
system.
Mahmoud Oukati Sadegh was born in 1966 in Zabol, Iran. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc.
degree in electrical power system engineering from Tehran University, Tehran, Iran, in 1989 and
1992 respectively. the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Strathclyde University in
Glasgow, UK in 2003. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. His research
interests are power system control and operation, Electrical distribution system and Smart grid.
Mahdi Ghazizadeh Ahsaee, received the B.Sc. degree in electronic engineering from Bahonar
University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran, in 2000, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from
Mazandaran University, Babol, Iran, in 2003, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, in 2012. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. His research
interests are power system protection, fault location, and application of flexible ac transmission
systems devices.