Washington was unanimously elected the first President of the United States in 1788. He faced many challenges as no precedents had been established for the office. John Adams was elected as the first Vice President. During their terms, the capital was established in Washington D.C. and the country faced conflicts with Native Americans and tensions with European powers like France. Adams succeeded Washington as President in 1796 but faced partisan conflicts between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties.
Covers key events in the presidency of John Adams, including the Quasi-War, the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the development of strict constructionist and broad constructionist interpretations of the United States Constitution.
Covers key events in the presidency of John Adams, including the Quasi-War, the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the development of strict constructionist and broad constructionist interpretations of the United States Constitution.
A 74 slide presentation about the War of 1812. Brief goes from the causes of the war from the end the American Revolution to Tippecanoe and ends with the Battle of New Orleans.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Washington: The Obvious Choice
Acc. To Constitution, president was to
be chosen by “electors” named by
state legislatures
Each elector had two ballots
Washington was unanimous 1st choice
(69 electoral votes)
Under this system, the winner was
president & person with secondgreatest number of votes became VP
(it was Adams with 34 electoral votes)
Washington takes the Oath of Office
3. Washington’s challenges
Everything Washington did was a precedent
“We are in a wilderness without a single
footstep to guide us.” -- Washington
US at the time easy prey
US army < 700 officers and soldiers; no navy
Inaugural Address
4. The First “Cabinet”
Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of the Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
Secretary of War: Henry Knox
Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
5. Judiciary Act of 1789
Provided more details about Judicial Branch
6 Supreme Court justices (John Jay is first Chief
Justice) (#s went up over time)
Other lower federal courts
Affirmed “supremacy clause” of Constitution
(Article 6, Section 2): states could appeal to a
federal court if constitutional issues were raised
(e.g./ election results in Florida in 2000)
6. Hamilton v. Jefferson
Deep philosophical differences
Both men greatly respected by
Washington
Become leaders of first political parties in
US: Jefferson of DemocraticRepublicans, Hamilton of Federalists; the
two-party system becomes wellentrenched after just a few years
This despite Washington’s pleas to avoid
partisanship in private and public
comments (such as his Farewell
Address)
7. Bank of the United States
Hamilton wanted a national
Bank of the United States
to issue paper money and
handle tax receipts and other
government funds
A problem: not called for
directly in Constitution
A debate: strict vs. loose
interpretation (see Article I,
Section 8 – “elastic clause”
Hamilton gets his Bank, by…
8. Our Nation’s Capital
Had been Philadelphia
In 1789, it’s New York City (then
back to Philly)
Plans are made to create a new
city centrally located to appeal to
Northerners and Southerners: the
District of Columbia
Built on a swamp along Potomac
River between Maryland and
Virginia
Pierre L’Enfant and Benjamin
Banneker (African American) are
among the engineers whose grand
vision is realized
Becomes nation’s capital in 1800
(Adams the first president to live in
White House – the “President’s
House”)
To this day, unique relationship to
US; not a state
9. The Whiskey Rebellion
•
•
•
•
•
The federal government needed
money
The first federal tax on Americans
was an excise tax on distilleries
(alcohol producers)
Farmers in Western Pennsylvania
distilled corn into whiskey; more
profitable & practical
Some attacked tax collectors and
many refused to pay the tax
In 1794. Washington called up
15,000 militiamen and personally
led them over Allegheny
Mountains in show of force;
rebellion ended with no loss of life
10. Meanwhile, in Europe…
In summer of 1789, as new US government
is forming, French Revolution begins
French citizens demand “liberte, egalite,
fraternite”
During Reign of Terror , the guillotine
becomes a symbol of the mob out of
control; in fight against tyranny, the mob
becomes tyrannical
The rest of Europe (Old Order) is scared
revolutionary ideas will spread and fight
France
Most radical leaders in France are
Jacobins ; their supporters in US are
labeled Jacobins, too
Jefferson (& Democratic-Republicans) a
strong supporter of France; Hamilton (&
Federalists) of Great Britain
Washington decides in 1793 to remain
neutral
Jefferson soon resigns from Cabinet
11.
War with Native Americans,
Britain?
American settlers continue to move west of the
Appalachian Mountains into lands US “won” in American
Revolution in Northwest Territory
Native Americans disagree that their lands were won by
anyone and resist
Native Americans successful at first but eventually suffer
great losses at Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794
12. Jay’s Treaty
The
Jay Treaty signed between US
and Great Britain in 1794 after Battle of
Fallen Timbers; many Americans angry
with details: no assurance that Americans
could not be “pressed” into service in
British navy, British allowed to continue fur
trade along Canadian border; but Britain
did agree to leave Northwest territory and
war had been averted
14. Adams’ turn
Adams as VP: active as President
of the Senate (more tiebreaking
votes – 31 -- than any other VP &
spent more time in Senate
presiding than any other VP)
But greatly frustrated by the job:
“Gentlemen, I feel a great difficulty
how to act. I am Vice President. In
this I am nothing, but I may be
everything.”
Washington decides not to seek a
third term, retires to Mount Vernon
(where he dies three years later)
In Washington’s Farewell
Address , he warns against
entangling alliances with
European countries
15. Election of 1796
Parties…
Negative campaign ads (Adams is called “His
Rotundity”, Jefferson labeled a coward and
atheist)
Adams (a Federalist) receives 71 electoral
votes, Jefferson (a Democratic-Republican)
receives 68
A problem: Pres and VP from different parties
sectionalism
16 states (incl. Vermont, Kentucky, and
Tennessee)
16.
17. War with France?
French upset about the Jay
Treaty
French navy begins seizing
American ships bound for Britain
18.
19. XYZ Affair and undeclared war
Pinckney, Marshall and Elbridge Gerry to France on
secret peace mission
“X, Y, and Z”; they demand payment (bribe) of
$250,000 to let the Americans meet with top French
foreign minister
War seems imminent; in fact, it’s an undeclared war
for 2 years as Congress creates navy and
authorizes American ships to seize French vessels;
Washington called out of retirement to lead army
Official war is averted – Adams considers it one of
greatest accomplishments, in part because he
denies Hamilton power to become an American
“Bonaparte” (army is disbanded since there’s no one
to fight)
20. Alien and Sedition Acts
Idea emerged out of anti-French sentiment
In 1798, Federalists pushed through Congress four measures
that became known as the Alien and Sedition Acts (& Adams
signed into law)
Alien acts gave president power to deport or jail any alien
considered undesirable
Sedition Act prohibited any expression of “false, scandalous,
and malicious statements” against the government
Still law when Adams ran for re-election in 1800
12 had been charged and convicted under the law (incl. NJ
man who made fun of Adams posterior – arrested and fined
$150)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: states’ rights???
Madison and Jefferson (leading Democratic-Republicans)
secretly wrote these resolutions proposing nullification
Sedition Act terminated in 1801