Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key aspects include modes of data transfer (parallel, serial), network topologies (bus, star, ring), protocols which establish communication rules, and different types of cabling and wireless options. Networks can be local area networks (LANs) or wide area networks (WANs) and involve hardware, software, and channels to transmit data packets between nodes using standards like the OSI model.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
This document provides an overview of networking topics covered in week 11. It begins with an agenda for the class session, including a discussion of IT news and bringing laptops to the next class. The document then covers why networks are used, including reducing costs, sharing resources, and enabling collaboration. It defines basic networking concepts like clients, servers, and topologies. The rest of the document discusses additional topics like how LANs work, different network types, protocols, cables, connection speeds, and wireless networking standards.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN, WAN, MAN), management (peer-to-peer, client/server), and topology. Common transmission media are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. Local area networks connect computers within a building while wide area networks connect locations further apart like across cities. Protocols like TCP/IP and domains names are used to transmit data packets across interconnected networks.
This document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines a computer network and describes the main objectives of sharing information and resources. It discusses different types of networks like LAN, WAN, MAN and wireless networks. It also covers various networking terminologies like bandwidth, protocols, multiplexing, and network devices like hubs, switches, routers and gateways. Finally, it discusses different data transmission media and modes used in computer networks.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
A computer network allows computers to share resources and exchange information. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographical areas. Networks provide benefits like resource sharing, reliability, reduced costs, and improved communication. They connect using various wired and wireless technologies and different network topologies.
Networking and telecommunication involves the transmission of information over distances using telecommunication networks. There are different types of communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Key aspects of networking and telecommunication discussed in the document include bits, bandwidth, computer networks, networking devices like servers and workstations, transmission media, networking architecture models like client-server and peer-to-peer, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, and communication protocols.
The document defines and describes various components of computer networks. It discusses what a network is, types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network topologies like bus, star and ring topologies. Additionally, it summarizes common networking hardware such as hubs, routers, gateways and modems. The document also touches on network protocols, architectures, and characteristics of data transmission over networks.
This document provides an overview of networking topics covered in week 11. It begins with an agenda for the class session, including a discussion of IT news and bringing laptops to the next class. The document then covers why networks are used, including reducing costs, sharing resources, and enabling collaboration. It defines basic networking concepts like clients, servers, and topologies. The rest of the document discusses additional topics like how LANs work, different network types, protocols, cables, connection speeds, and wireless networking standards.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It defines a network as consisting of two or more connected computers that can share resources and information. Networks allow sharing of hardware, software, files and administration. There are different types of networks classified by transmission medium (wired vs wireless), size (LAN, WAN, MAN), management (peer-to-peer, client/server), and topology. Common transmission media are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. Local area networks connect computers within a building while wide area networks connect locations further apart like across cities. Protocols like TCP/IP and domains names are used to transmit data packets across interconnected networks.
This document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines a computer network and describes the main objectives of sharing information and resources. It discusses different types of networks like LAN, WAN, MAN and wireless networks. It also covers various networking terminologies like bandwidth, protocols, multiplexing, and network devices like hubs, switches, routers and gateways. Finally, it discusses different data transmission media and modes used in computer networks.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including:
1. It defines data communication as the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium. The key aspects are delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
2. It describes different network topologies - star, bus, ring, mesh and hybrid. It explains the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each.
3. It differentiates between different types of networks - LAN, WAN, MAN based on geographical area and transmission medium used.
4. It provides an overview of switching in circuit switched and packet switched networks.
5. It describes the internet as a worldwide system of interconnected commercial, government, educational and other
A computer network allows computers to share resources and exchange information. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographical areas. Networks provide benefits like resource sharing, reliability, reduced costs, and improved communication. They connect using various wired and wireless technologies and different network topologies.
Networking and telecommunication involves the transmission of information over distances using telecommunication networks. There are different types of communication including simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. Key aspects of networking and telecommunication discussed in the document include bits, bandwidth, computer networks, networking devices like servers and workstations, transmission media, networking architecture models like client-server and peer-to-peer, types of computer networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, and communication protocols.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data representation, components of a communication system, types of data flow, physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus and ring configurations, and performance and reliability considerations for networks. The overall purpose is to help readers understand how computer networks operate and the technologies and design factors involved.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines key network concepts like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. It discusses network performance metrics like throughput and delay. It also covers network criteria such as reliability, security, and standards organizations that help networks communicate. Examples of different network configurations are provided to illustrate LANs, WANs, and the various physical topologies.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals including network history, topologies, protocols, and devices. It discusses the evolution of networks from standalone computers connecting via modems to today's large networks. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, and ring. The document outlines the OSI and TCP/IP models and explains the functions of common networking devices like hubs, bridges, routers, and gateways. It also covers wired media like coaxial cable and fiber optic cable as well as wireless networking standards.
Unit_1.pdf computer networks and computer topology22i261
This document provides an overview of the course 19I405 Computer Networks taught by Dr. R. Rekha. It outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the five layers of the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, and application layer. It also lists the recommended textbooks and references for the course. The total number of lectures is expected to be 45.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and communication. It discusses key topics such as data communication components and models, data representation, transmission modes, network types and topologies, protocols and standards. The key points are:
- Data communication involves exchanging data between devices via transmission medium using agreed upon protocols. Its effectiveness depends on delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
- Networks connect devices through various physical topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. They can be LAN, MAN or WAN depending on size and distance covered.
- Protocols and standards govern data communication and ensure interoperability. They are developed by organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and adopted as industry
This document discusses various internet network technologies and protocols. It describes wide area networks that connect across large geographical areas using circuit switching, packet switching, frame relay, or asynchronous transfer mode. Packet switching breaks data into packets that are transmitted individually over the network, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated communications path. Frame relay and ATM aim to improve on packet switching by reducing overhead. The document also discusses local area networks, protocol architecture, protocol data units, standards organizations, and tasks to research standards and translate sections of a reference book.
Basics concept of network and internet mansiMansiGupta298
network, computer network, topology of network, types of computer network,OSI model, TCP/IP model, concept of internet, internet service provider, email
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including network components, topologies, and protocols. It defines what a network is as two or more connected computing devices that can share resources. The basic components are servers, clients, and circuits that connect them. Networks can be classified by size as personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), or wide area networks (WAN). Common network topologies include bus, star, and ring configurations. The document also discusses network devices, links, and communications protocols like TCP/IP that regulate data transmission and packet routing.
This chapter provides an introduction to Computer networks and covers fundamental topics like data, information to the definition of communication and computer networks.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the basic components of a network, common network topologies, network devices, network addressing using IP addresses and subnet masks, network models like OSI and TCP/IP, and basic network communication. Key topics covered include LANs, WANs, Ethernet, wireless networks, routers, switches, TCP, UDP, ports, MAC addresses, and the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models.
Using layered models to analyze network communication:
- Layered models break network communication down into smaller, more manageable parts called layers.
- Each layer performs a specific set of functions to enable data transmission from one computer to another.
- As data passes through each layer, additional information is added to allow communication with the corresponding layer at the destination.
- Layered models standardize network components and allow different hardware/software to communicate using common protocols.
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including recommended textbooks, basics of networking terminology and principles, network hardware, protocols and layering, network addressing, and applications of computer networks. It discusses key topics like transmission technologies, local and wide area networks, wireless networks, protocol hierarchies, network services, and the OSI and TCP network models. The goal is to teach students the fundamentals of how networks work rather than specific configuration skills.
A computer network connects computers and allows communication and collaboration between users. It consists of hosts like PCs and laptops, routers and switches, links like cables, protocols like TCP and IP, applications, and humans. Networks are used to share data, devices, software, and communication. Common network types include local area networks within an office, wide area networks between locations, and hybrid networks like home or campus networks. Networks can be structured as client/server, peer-to-peer, or use a combination. Topologies include star, bus, ring and mesh configurations. Wired networks use cables while wireless uses radio waves. Network hardware and protocols enable communication between nodes on the network.
Computer networks allow computing devices to connect and share resources. A network consists of connected devices like computers, printers, and servers. It uses communication hardware and protocols to transmit data. Common network hardware includes hubs, switches, routers, and cables. Networks can be configured in various topologies like bus, star, ring, or mesh. Networks are also classified based on their scope - a local area network (LAN) connects devices within a building, while a wide area network (WAN) spans a larger geographic area. Key roles are clients, which initiate data requests, and servers, which provide resources and services to clients.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses the history of ARPANET, the first packet switching network and predecessor to the Internet. It then defines what a computer network is and lists common goals of computer networks like sharing resources, performance, reliability, and scalability. The document also outlines some common applications of computer networks and provides details on typical network hardware, software, and cabling technologies.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It explains basic networking concepts such as local and wide area networks, protocols, network topologies, and network devices. It also covers topics like cabling, wireless networks, error detection, and network management.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, networks, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key benefits include better communication, greater efficiency, and improved access to data. Data can be transmitted either serially or in parallel. Computer networks connect devices together to share resources and data. Networks rely on hardware, software, protocols, and various transmission mediums like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow across networks.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networking. It discusses key topics such as data representation, components of a communication system, types of data flow, physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus and ring configurations, and performance and reliability considerations for networks. The overall purpose is to help readers understand how computer networks operate and the technologies and design factors involved.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It defines key network concepts like local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the different physical network topologies including bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid networks. It discusses network performance metrics like throughput and delay. It also covers network criteria such as reliability, security, and standards organizations that help networks communicate. Examples of different network configurations are provided to illustrate LANs, WANs, and the various physical topologies.
This document provides an overview of networking fundamentals including network history, topologies, protocols, and devices. It discusses the evolution of networks from standalone computers connecting via modems to today's large networks. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, and ring. The document outlines the OSI and TCP/IP models and explains the functions of common networking devices like hubs, bridges, routers, and gateways. It also covers wired media like coaxial cable and fiber optic cable as well as wireless networking standards.
Unit_1.pdf computer networks and computer topology22i261
This document provides an overview of the course 19I405 Computer Networks taught by Dr. R. Rekha. It outlines the topics that will be covered in each of the five layers of the OSI model: physical, data link, network, transport, and application layer. It also lists the recommended textbooks and references for the course. The total number of lectures is expected to be 45.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and communication. It discusses key topics such as data communication components and models, data representation, transmission modes, network types and topologies, protocols and standards. The key points are:
- Data communication involves exchanging data between devices via transmission medium using agreed upon protocols. Its effectiveness depends on delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
- Networks connect devices through various physical topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid configurations. They can be LAN, MAN or WAN depending on size and distance covered.
- Protocols and standards govern data communication and ensure interoperability. They are developed by organizations like ISO, ITU, IEEE and adopted as industry
This document discusses various internet network technologies and protocols. It describes wide area networks that connect across large geographical areas using circuit switching, packet switching, frame relay, or asynchronous transfer mode. Packet switching breaks data into packets that are transmitted individually over the network, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated communications path. Frame relay and ATM aim to improve on packet switching by reducing overhead. The document also discusses local area networks, protocol architecture, protocol data units, standards organizations, and tasks to research standards and translate sections of a reference book.
Basics concept of network and internet mansiMansiGupta298
network, computer network, topology of network, types of computer network,OSI model, TCP/IP model, concept of internet, internet service provider, email
This document provides an overview of data communication systems and computer networks. It discusses the basic components of a communication system including the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols. It then describes different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh. The document also defines local, metropolitan, and wide area networks and how they differ in size and scope. Finally, it discusses some important network concepts like protocols, standards, and the organizations that develop standards to ensure interoperability.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including network components, topologies, and protocols. It defines what a network is as two or more connected computing devices that can share resources. The basic components are servers, clients, and circuits that connect them. Networks can be classified by size as personal area networks (PAN), local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), or wide area networks (WAN). Common network topologies include bus, star, and ring configurations. The document also discusses network devices, links, and communications protocols like TCP/IP that regulate data transmission and packet routing.
This chapter provides an introduction to Computer networks and covers fundamental topics like data, information to the definition of communication and computer networks.
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including the basic components of a network, common network topologies, network devices, network addressing using IP addresses and subnet masks, network models like OSI and TCP/IP, and basic network communication. Key topics covered include LANs, WANs, Ethernet, wireless networks, routers, switches, TCP, UDP, ports, MAC addresses, and the layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models.
Using layered models to analyze network communication:
- Layered models break network communication down into smaller, more manageable parts called layers.
- Each layer performs a specific set of functions to enable data transmission from one computer to another.
- As data passes through each layer, additional information is added to allow communication with the corresponding layer at the destination.
- Layered models standardize network components and allow different hardware/software to communicate using common protocols.
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including recommended textbooks, basics of networking terminology and principles, network hardware, protocols and layering, network addressing, and applications of computer networks. It discusses key topics like transmission technologies, local and wide area networks, wireless networks, protocol hierarchies, network services, and the OSI and TCP network models. The goal is to teach students the fundamentals of how networks work rather than specific configuration skills.
A computer network connects computers and allows communication and collaboration between users. It consists of hosts like PCs and laptops, routers and switches, links like cables, protocols like TCP and IP, applications, and humans. Networks are used to share data, devices, software, and communication. Common network types include local area networks within an office, wide area networks between locations, and hybrid networks like home or campus networks. Networks can be structured as client/server, peer-to-peer, or use a combination. Topologies include star, bus, ring and mesh configurations. Wired networks use cables while wireless uses radio waves. Network hardware and protocols enable communication between nodes on the network.
Computer networks allow computing devices to connect and share resources. A network consists of connected devices like computers, printers, and servers. It uses communication hardware and protocols to transmit data. Common network hardware includes hubs, switches, routers, and cables. Networks can be configured in various topologies like bus, star, ring, or mesh. Networks are also classified based on their scope - a local area network (LAN) connects devices within a building, while a wide area network (WAN) spans a larger geographic area. Key roles are clients, which initiate data requests, and servers, which provide resources and services to clients.
This document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses the history of ARPANET, the first packet switching network and predecessor to the Internet. It then defines what a computer network is and lists common goals of computer networks like sharing resources, performance, reliability, and scalability. The document also outlines some common applications of computer networks and provides details on typical network hardware, software, and cabling technologies.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It explains basic networking concepts such as local and wide area networks, protocols, network topologies, and network devices. It also covers topics like cabling, wireless networks, error detection, and network management.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, networks, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication, efficiency, and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network hardware and software, and more. The document provides an overview of fundamental concepts in telecommunications and computer networking.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums. Key benefits include better communication, greater efficiency, and improved access to data. Data can be transmitted either serially or in parallel. Computer networks connect devices together to share resources and data. Networks rely on hardware, software, protocols, and various transmission mediums like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow across networks.
This document discusses telecommunications and computer networks. It defines key terms like communications, telecommunications, and networking. It describes the benefits of telecommunications like better communication and access to data. It also covers topics like modes of data transfer, network topologies, protocols, network devices, cabling, and wireless networks. The document provides an overview of how telecommunications and computer networks work at a high level.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums for communication purposes. A computer network connects computers together to share data and resources. It consists of hardware, software, and communication channels. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring, and hierarchical configurations. Protocols and standards ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are examples of communication media that transmit signals over physical channels.
Telecommunications and networks allow for the electronic transmission of signals across various mediums for communication purposes. A computer network connects computers together to share data and resources. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various cabling and wireless options. Protocols and software are required for effective data transmission and handling network traffic.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring. Common protocols ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are different communication media that networks use to transmit data. Devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow within networks.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, or ring. Common protocols ensure consistent communication between nodes. Cabling, wireless transmission, and telephone lines are different communication media that networks use to transmit data. Devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow within networks.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks use protocols to establish communication rules and access methods to control data transmission. Various media transmit data, including cabling, wireless, and telephone lines. Modems modulate digital signals for analog transmission and demodulate the signals for digital reception. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches help direct and control data flow.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks use protocols to establish communication rules. Cabling, wireless, and telephone lines are used as communication channels to transmit data in either parallel or serial modes.
Telecommunications allow electronic transmission of signals for communication purposes. Networks connect computers to share data and resources. Data is transmitted in packets with headers containing addressing information. Networks can be configured in topologies like bus, star, or ring and use various media like cabling, wireless, or telephone lines. Protocols provide rules for communication between nodes and multiplexing allows sharing channels. Error detection and correction ensure accurate data transfer. Network devices like bridges, routers, and switches control data flow.
This document discusses anti-helminthic drugs used to treat parasitic worm infections. It defines anti-helminthics as drugs that expel or kill parasitic worms without significantly damaging the host. The document describes common helminth infections, classifies anti-helminthic drugs by mode of action and type of infection treated, and provides details on commonly used drugs including Albendazole, Mebendazole, Levamisole, and Pyrantel pamoate. It explains the mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, dosages, and adverse effects of these anti-helminthic drugs.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
3. Telecommunications
The electronic transmission of signals
for communications, including such
means as:
Telephone
Radio
Television
Computer Network
4. Benefits of
Telecommunications
• Better Communication
E-mail, voice mail, faxes, teleconferencing
• Greater Efficiency
Workflow, concurrent access
• Better Access to Data
File transfer, distributed databases
5. Modes of Data Transfer
• Parallel
More than one bit at the same time
Printers, Processors, Motherboards
• Serial
One bit at a time
Slower, but longer distances
8. Modes of Data Transfer
• Simplex
One-way transmission
• Half-Duplex
One-way at a time
• Full-Duplex
Two-way transmission
9. The Concept of Networking
• Computers connected to each other so
they can share data
• Before Networking: SneakerNet
Copy information to a floppy disk and pass
it to anyone who needs it
Risks?
11. A Computer Network
• Hardware
Modems, servers, routers, NICs
• Software
Network operating systems
Communications software
• Communication Channels
Cabling, microwave, etc.
12. Networking
• Local Area Network (LAN)
A group of computers (physically)
connected together within a certain area
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
A network that extends over a larger
area, such as a city block or a country
13. Categories of Networks
• Peer-to-Peer (workgroups)
Typically <10 people
No central communication control device
Each computer acts as client and server
Inexpensive
Limited security
Uses each PC’s resources
Windows, Windows NT/2000
14. Categories of Networks
• Server-based
Dedicated servers
File, application, mail, fax, communication
Centralized, shared resources
Security
Backup
Thousands of users
16. File/Application Server
Databases (and applications) reside on the host
computer (server).
File server transfers data (and programs) to PCs on
the network, where these “fat” PCs perform most
of the processing. 30
File/Application
downloaded to user
17. Client/Server
Applications and databases reside on specialized
servers.
Servers do most or all of the processing and
transmit the results to the “thin” clients. 31
18. Client/Server
• The client makes a request and the server fulfills it…
The client application (front-end) requests data
The request is sent over the network
The server (back-end) processes the request
Only the requested information is returned to the client
The data is presented to the user
• Improved Performance
Minimizes network traffic – only the information needed is
transmitted
19. Network Terminology
• Workstation
Each computer attached to the network
• Node
Each device attached to the network (each has a
unique hexadecimal MAC - Media Access
Control – address e.g. 08:00:69:02:01:FC )
• Server
A central repository for information
• Topology
The overall configuration of the network
20. Network Topology
• Connecting every node to every other
node would require N x (N-1)/2 cables
• Network Topology
A logical model that describes how networks
are structured or configured.
Bus
Star
Ring
24
…or combinations
21. Network Topologies
Ring
A typology
that
contains
computers
and
computer
devices
placed in a
ring.
Bus
Computers
and computer
devices are on
a single line.
Each device
can
communicate
directly to all
devices on the
bus.
Star
All
computers
are
connected
via a central
hub.
Ring
Hierarchical
Star
Bus
Hierarchical
A typology arranged in a
tree-like structure.
22. The Role of Network
Communications Software
• Sending data from one node to another
Recognize the data
Divide the data into manageable chunks
Add information to each chunk of data to
identify the receiver
Add timing and error checking information
Put the data on the network and send it on
its way
23. The OSI Model
(Open Systems Interconnection)
• Describes how network hardware and
software work together in a layered fashion
Each layer provides some service or action that
prepares the data for delivery over the network
Requests are passed from one layer to the next
Each layer adds information to the data packet
24. The OSI Layers
7) Application – Provides application with access to the network
6) Presentation – Determines format used to exchange data among
networked computers
5) Session – Allows two applications to establish a connection
(name recognition, security)
4) Transport – Ensures data is error free. Repackages long
messages.
3) Network – Addresses messages to proper location. Translates
logical addresses into physical addresses and determines path.
2) Data Link – Packages and un-packages data packets
1) Physical – Transmits bits over physical devices
26. Data Packets
• Packets are the basic units of network
communications
Each packet has three sections:
Header:
An alert signal
Source & destination addresses
Clock information
Data
Trailer – Error checking information
27. Protocols
• From the Greek protocollon, which was a
leaf of paper glued to a manuscript volume,
describing its contents
• The special set of rules that nodes in a
telecommunication connection use when
they communicate.
• Protocols exist at several OSI levels in a
telecommunication connection.
• Both nodes must recognize and observe a
protocol.
28. Protocols
• Rules & procedures for communicating
Sending Computer
Breaks the data into packets
Adds addressing information
Prepares the data for transmission
Receiving Computer
Takes packets off the cable
Strips the packets of addressing information
Reassembles the data form the packets
29. Protocols
• For two computers to communicate, they must
be using the same set of protocols (rules)
• Examples of protocols
SMTP – Mail transfer protocol
FTP – File transfer protocol
TCP/IP – Internet protocol
IPX/SPX – Novell protocol
Ethernet – Physical layer protocol
30. Traffic Control
• If two computers put data onto the cable
at the same time, the packets will collide
and be destroyed
• There must be a way to…
Access the cable without running into other
data
Be accessed by the receiving computer with
assurance that it is intact
31. Access Methods
• Carrier-Sense Multiple Access
Each node checks the cable for traffic
before sending
No node can transmit data until the cable
is free (no contention)
If two computers transmit at the same
time, they detect the collision and wait a
random time to re-transmit
• Token Passing
34. Distance Considerations
• Attenuation
Loss of signal quality & strength
Repeaters can extend the distance
• Packet Collisions
• Susceptibility to RF Noise
35. Types of Cabling
• Twisted Pair Wire Cable
Insulated pairs of wires historically used
in telephone service
Category 1 – Telephones
Category 3 – Up to 10Mbps
Category 5 – Up to 100Mbps
36. Twisted Pair Details
• RF Noise
Twisting cancels out electrical noise
Shielded is less susceptible
• Crosstalk
• 10Base-T
• Maximum segment ~100 meters
• RJ-45 connectors
37. Types of Cabling
• Coaxial Cable (BNC)
Consists of an inner conductor wire
surrounded by insulation, called the
dielectric. The dielectric is
surrounded by a conductive shield,
which is surrounded by a non-
conductive jacket. Coaxial cable
has better data transmission rate
than twisted pair
38. Coax Details
• More resistant to interference and
attenuation than TP
• Supports longer distance and faster
rates
• BNC or RG6 connectors
39. Types of Cabling
• Fiber-optic Cable
Many extremely thin fibers of glass or plastic
coated with a cladding and bound together in a
sheathing which transmits signals with light
beams.
Fast transfer rates
Immune to electrical interference (long distances)
Hard to tap into
Takes less space
42. Data Communications Over
Telephone Lines
• Computers generate a digital signal
• Phone circuits were designed to
accommodate an analog signal
43. Analog Signals
• Signals of varying frequency (pitch) and
amplitude (loudness)
Continuous (infinite number of values)
“Analogous” to the original data
e.g. phone lines carry electronic signals analogous
to the original voices
Must be amplified (repeated)
Signal picks up (and amplifies) noise
Cannot differentiate between signal and noise
44. Digital Signals
• Signals with only two possible values
Discrete (fixed number of values)
Repeaters can clean up noise
Expects only “0” or “1”
• Telephones
Use analog over “local loop” to local phone
office
Converted to digital for longer distances
Analog wave is converted to discrete digital signals
45. What a Modem Does
Modem
Modulates a digital signal into an analog signal for transmission via
analog medium, then demodulates the signal into digital for receiving.
46. Modulation
• Converts digital signals into analog
signals
Frequency Modulation – Vary the frequency
(pitch) to express a “1” or “0”
Amplitude Modulation – Vary the amplitude
(volume) to express a “1” or “0”
• Demodulation converts them back
49. Synchronization
• How do analog noises get divided up into
bits?
Asynchronous Communications
Sends stop bit (1) after 7-8 bits per character
Sends start bit (0) to indicate next character
Synchronous Communications
Splits the channel into two channels
Uses the second channel to send a clock
50. Error Detection
• Redundancy
Send everything twice
• Parity
8th bit makes parity even or odd
• Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC)
Checks parity vertically & horizontally per block
• Checksum
Checks the last 7 digits of the sum of a block
51. Error Correction
• Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)
Sender sends a block
Receiver ACKnowledges or…
Receiver sends a Negative Acknowledgement
(NAK)
• Full Duplex
Sender keeps sending numbered blocks while
awaiting acknowledgements
52. Finding a Path
• Circuit Switching
A dedicated channel (circuit) is
established for the duration of the
transmission (e.g. a phone call)
• Packet Switching
A message is divided into packets and
each may take a different path (e.g.
TCP/IP)
• Dedicated Lines
53. Multiplexing
• Sharing Channels
Phone conversation has 4Khz bandwidth
Copper wire pair has 3Mhz bandwidth
• Allows multiple TV signals on coax
• Frequency Division Multiplexing
• Time-Division Multiplexing
55. Carriers and Services
• Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
56Kbps
• Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
128Kbps
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
1,544Kbps
• Cable Modem
Receive 256K-36Mbps; send at 64K-2Mbps
• T-1
1,544Kbps (or multiples/fractions thereof)
56. Network Management
• Network Monitors
Keep track of network traffic, number of
packets, packet size, collisions, re-
transmissions, etc.
Enables planning
• Network Analyzers
Randomly dissects packets, analyzes
problems, and determines the source
57. Networks and Distributed
Processing
• Centralized Processing
Data processing that occurs in a single location or
facility.
• Decentralized Processing
Data processing that occurs when devices are
placed at various remote locations.
• Distributed Processing
Data processing that occurs when computers are
placed at remote locations but are connected to
each other via telecommunications devices.
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58. Bridges, Routers, Gateways and Switches
Repeaters
Repeat transmission signals, allowing a cabled network
to extend farther than it ordinarily would
Bridges
Connects two or more networks, with the same or
different protocols. Can also solve traffic problems by
splitting a network into two segments.
Routers
Feature more sophisticated addressing software than
bridges. Can determine preferred paths, translating only
those packets that need to be routed.
Gateways
Devices that monitors/controls entry to another network
Switches/Hubs
Points of convergence where data arrives from one or
more directions and is forwarded out in one or more
other directions